Suchergebnisse

Comprehensive data on the public health workforce are fundamental to workforce development throughout the public health system. Such information is also a critical data element in public health systems research, a growing area of study that can inform the practice of public health at all levels. However, methodologic and institutional issues challenge the development of comparable indicators for the federal, state, and local public health workforce.

The enumeration conducted for the purposes of the Second
Population Census of Pakistan, 1961 was carried out, with some minor
exceptions', between January 12,1961 and January 31,1961. An earlier
housing census provi¬ded a frame for the population census. The housing
census was carried out, depending on the area of the country, some two
or three months before the population census. This note is concerned
solely with the observations made during the field enumeration conducted
for the purposes of the popula¬tion census. It discusses no aspects of
the housing census unless immediately relevant to the observations
carried out. It is further limited in as much as it discusses
practically no aspects of pre-enumeration preparations including
problems of questionnaire design, and not at all the question of
analysis of results. The taking of a decennial population census is a
big event in the life of a nation under any circumstances. It is
particularly important when it is a second census, which, apart from the
interest, in its own findings, will also enhance the value of the first
census due to the inter-censal comparisons which can be made.
Furthermore, it is of outstanding importance in the circumstances of an
economy with sights fixed far and high on the horizon of better future,
but the hopes of which can be fulfilled or broken by the size of this
one variable: population growth. Its results are likely to provide the
main source of information for demographic research in the next decade.
It was not possible to consult with the census authorities on the
carrying out of an independent post-enumeration check2. In the
circumstances the some¬what unusual alternative of observing the
enumeration by the two of us was decided upon.

When introducing the Bill of Rights in Congress, James Madison explained that judges would "consider themselves in a peculiar manner the guardians" of those enumerated rights. This famous passage, often treated as authoritative, is conventionally understood to endorse the judicial enforceability of enumerated rights and deny the judicial enforceability of unenumerated rights. Enumeration, in other words, is considered as both a necessary and a sufficient condition for the judicial enforcement of rights against contrary legislation. This Essay disputes each of these orthodox views. Instead, it argues, Madison was commenting on judicial psychology and judicial politics, not judicial duty. Enumeration, in short, would facilitate the enforcement of rights, even if judges were already legally obliged to uphold them. Moreover this Essay argues, both Madison's proposed bill of rights and his speech in support were deliberately noncommittal about the legal significance of enumeration. Addressing an audience that had conflicting views on that issue, he drafted and defended the Bill of Rights to obtain support from all sides. Consequently, neither the Bill of Rights nor Madison's advocacy reveal whether legally speaking, enumeration is a necessary or sufficient condition for the judicial enforcement of rights against contrary legislation.

AbstractIsolation is a concept originally conceived in the context of clique enumeration in static networks, mostly used to model communities that do not have much contact to the outside world. Herein, a clique is considered isolated if it has few edges connecting it to the rest of the graph. Motivated by recent work on enumerating cliques in temporal networks, we transform the isolation concept to the temporal setting. We discover that the addition of the time dimension leads to six distinct natural isolation concepts. Our main contribution is the development of parameterized enumeration algorithms for five of these six isolation types for clique enumeration, employing the parameter "degree of isolation." In a nutshell, this means that the more isolated these cliques are, the faster we can find them. On the empirical side, we implemented and tested these algorithms on (temporal) social network data, obtaining encouraging results.