Suchergebnisse

This study reviews and evaluates the national drug formulary system used to improve patient access to new drugs by making reimbursement decisions for new drugs as part of the South Korean national health insurance system. The national health insurance utilizes three methods for improving patient access to costly drugs: risk-sharing agreements, designation of essential drugs, and a waiver of cost-effectiveness analysis. Patients want reimbursement for new drugs to be processed quickly to improve their access to these drugs, whereas payers are careful about listing them given the associated financial burden and the uncertainty in cost-effectiveness. However, pharmaceutical companies are advocating for drug prices above certain thresholds to maintain global pricing strategies, cover the costs of drug development, and fund future investments into research and development. The South Korean government is expected to develop policies that will improve patient access to drugs with unmet needs for broadening health insurance coverage. Simultaneously, the designing of post-listing management methods is warranted for effectively managing the financial resources of the national health insurance system.

The article analyzes the portrayal of the Kolpa as a border river in the leading Slovenian liberal newspaper Slovenski narod from 1868 to 1918. A border river is understood both in terms of the political concept of a border river and in terms of a natural border in a landscape. The differences between these two concepts can occur over long historical periods and can change significantly (e.g. due to floods, changes in the riverbed and the loss or acquisition of the status of a border river). In the period examined, the Kolpa formed an internal border between the Hungarian and Austrian parts of the Habsburg Monarchy. In addition, since the Late Middle Ages it has been a political border between Carniola and Croatia. The article analyzes the following aspects: a) the Kolpa as a border and a political concept, b) the management of the Kolpa (construction and maintenance of bridges, traffic bans, and restrictions), c) the Kolpa as a dangerous river, and d) border disputes.

In 1877, the major towns of the Straits Settlements - Singapore, George Town, Penang Island and Malacca - suffered a drought of exceptional magnitude. The drought's natural instigator was the El Niño phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a climatic phenomenon then not understood by contemporary observers. The 1877 event has been explored in some depth for countries including India, China and Australia. Its impact on Southeast Asia however is less well-known and the story of how the event unfolded in Singapore and Malaysia has not been told. This paper explores how the contemporary British government responded to the drought, arguing that its impact on hydraulic management was at best minimal yet, it did have impact on other areas, such as forest reservation with the hope of preserving future rainfall. It also highlights how, in contrast to studies on urban water plans in other British Asian colonies, the colonial authorities in the Straits Settlements had a far less coherent and meaningful relationship with water in their town planning schemes.

This paper evaluates an innovative tax revenue-sharing scheme in Brazil, designed to promote the conservation and management of protected areas. Known as the 'ICMS Ecolgico', the scheme was introduced by the state of Paran in Brazil and subsequently by several other states. The scheme aims to compensate municipal governments for the loss of potential tax revenue from the designation of protected areas (mainly by the state and federal government). It is also intended to have an incentive effect, encouraging both better management of existing protected areas as well as the designation of new conservation areas. The paper examines the experience with the ICMS Ecolgico in the states of Minas Gerais and Rondnia, two states which present a marked contrast in terms of land use, population density and forest resources. It considers the extent to which the compensation and incentive objectives have been achieved in the two states. The distributional impact of the ICMS Ecolgico is also examined through an analysis of the characteristics of the counties which are winners or losers under the scheme. ; PES-1 (Payments for Environmental Services Associate Award)

In order to propose a strategy to increase the response capacity of the Colombian Financial Sector in the face of global environmental challenges, a diagnosis was made of the state of progress in the implementation of the Green Protocol, an initiative that brings together the banking union and the national government to work on the inclusion of environmental issues in the management of the Banks in Colombia. Based on the diagnosis, it is found that the participation of banking entities in the Green Protocol has increased by 71% by 2021, compared to 2013. ; Con el objetivo de proponer una estrategia para aumentar la capacidad de respuesta del Sector Financiero Colombiano frente a los desafíos ambientales globales, se realizó un diagnóstico del estado de avance en la implementación del Protocolo Verde, iniciativa que reúne al gremio bancario y al gobierno nacional para trabajar en la inclusión de asuntos ambientales en la gestión de los Bancos en Colombia. A partir del diagnóstico se encuentra que la participación de las entidades bancarias en el Protocolo Verde ha aumentado en un 71% al año 2021, en comparación con el año 2013.

Chapter 1-Introduction: Anthropogeomorphology and Geospatial Technology -- Chapter 2-Geospatial Hydrometeorology -- Chapter 3-Remote Sensing Based Assessment of Water Management and Anthropogenic Process -- Chapter 4-Riverine Geomorphology Using Geospatial Technology & Anthropogenic Process -- Chapter 5-Coastal Geomorphology using RS and GIS and Anthropogenic Process -- Chapter 6-GIS based Study of Forest Ecology and Anthropogenic Process -- Chapter 7-Web GIS based Decision Support System for Agricultural Landscape and Anthropogenic Process -- Chapter 8-Satellite based Monitoring of Soil Erosion Mapping and Modelling and Anthropogenic activity -- Chapter 9-Geoinformatics for Urbanogenic Intervention and Anthropogenic Process -- Chapter 10-Industrogenic intervention and Anthropogenic Process -- Chapter 11-Anthropogenic Process and Montanogenic Intervention: Geospatial Information Based Study -- Chapter 12-Application of Geospatial Technology on Tourism activity and Anthropogenic impact.

Technological entrepreneurship is an underlying and fundamental approach that enables the transformation of a creative idea into an entrepreneurial opportunity. The entrepreneur needs tools to be able to transform his ideas into operational innovation for hunting environmental opportunities. The growth of information and communication technology, as well as the wideness and ubiquity of the Internet, have provided these people with the right opportunity and tools. Entrepreneurial dreams can be turned into reality by using information technology facilities. According to the development of knowledge-based economies and the importance of using new technologies in economic growth, the field of technological entrepreneurship is expanding every day and includes wider dimensions. Technological entrepreneurship plays an important role in the process of creating a regional economy and sustainable development in the country. The need for technological entrepreneurship is because technology-based industries are rapidly expanding and replacing traditional industries. In this regard, the present research aims to identify the factors affecting the development of technological entrepreneurship capabilities in FMCG companies in order to develop and grow the culture of technological entrepreneurship. In this research, a conceptual framework is presented for the development of technological entrepreneurship, which can be a valuable guide for improving processes in knowledge-based organizations.

В статье тестируются ключевые детерминанты формирования и развития природохозяйственной системы как совокупности экономических отношений между государством, бизнесом и домохозяйствами по поводу присвоения, использования, охраны и воспроизводства экосистемных благ, обеспечивающих бесконфликтное существование общества и природы. К ключевым детерминантам формирования и развития природохозяйственной системы автор относит экологические риски и вызовы общественному развитию; императивы устойчивого развития на основе принципов «зеленой» экономики; постиндустриальные трансформации, включающие вектор структурно-технологической модернизации общественного производства, инновационные императивы как проявление «экономики знаний», а также возрастающие требования к комфортности жизнеобеспечивающей человека среды, т.е. рост качества жизни; учет в экономической политике и хозяйственной практике средообразующей ценности экосистемных услуг; воспроизводственный подход, предусматривающий простое и/или расширенное воспроизводство экосистемных благ, необходимых для нормального протекания естественных процессов, а также достаточных для удовлетворения жизнеобеспечивающих потребностей общества и ресурсных общественного производства; экосистемный подход как основа комплексного управления и организации хозяйственного природопользования с учетом структурной и функциональной целостности экологических систем; процессы глобализации, обусловленные прежде всего глобальным характером значительной части экологических благ, общей собственностью на подобные блага, наличием «общечеловеческого интереса сохранения и рекреации природы», крупномасштабным характером экологических угроз и природных бедствий; ассоциированный формат природопользования в границах экологических систем, предполагающий сопряжение пространственного и отраслевого развития, совместное присвоение экосистемных благ и ресурсных потоков, консолидацию разрозненных природохозяйственных практик; учет национальной и региональной специфики в экономической политике и хозяйственной практике природопользования; партнерство, равноправный диалог ключевых субъектов отношений по поводу природопользования государства, бизнеса и домохозяйств, консолидированное разделение между ними бремени экологической ответственности. ; The paper tests the key determinants of formation and development of the natural economic system as a set of economic relations between the government, businesses and households about the assignment, use, protection and reproduction of the ecosystem benefits that provide conflict-free existence of society and nature. According to the author, the key determinants of the formation and development of the natural economic system are: environmental risks and challenges to social development; the imperatives of sustainable development based on the principles of "green" economy; postindustrial transformations that include the vector for structural and technological modernization of public production, innovation imperatives as a manifestation of the "knowledge economy", as well as increasing demands for comfort of life supporting environment of a human, which is improvement of life quality; accounting in economic policy and economic practices of the ecological value of ecosystem benefits; reproductive approach implying simple and/or expanded reproduction of ecosystem benefits necessary for the normal course of natural processes, as well as benefits sufficient to meet the needs of society and public production; the ecosystem approach as the basis for the integrated management and economic organization of nature in view of the structural and functional integrity of ecological systems; globalization caused by a significant part of the global nature of environmental benefits, common ownership of such benefits, the presence of "human interest of conservation and recreation of nature," a large scale of environmental threats and natural disasters; associated format of the nature management within the boundaries of ecological systems, involving coupling of spatial and sectoral development, a joint assignment of ecosystem benefits and resource flows, consolidation of separate practices in nature management; allowance of national and regional specifics in economic policy and business practices of nature management; partnership, equal dialogue of key stakeholders about the nature management of the government, business and households, consolidated sharing of environmental responsibility among them all.

International audience ; Crop modelling has the potential to contribute to global food and nutrition security. This paper briefly examines the history of crop modelling by international crop research centres of the CGIAR (formerly Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research but now known simply as CGIAR), whose primary focus is on less developed countries. Basic principles of crop modelling building up to a Genotype × Environment × Management × Socioeconomic (G × E × M × S) paradigm, are explained. Modelling has contributed to better understanding of crop performance and yield gaps, better prediction of pest and insect outbreaks, and improving the efficiency of crop management including irrigation systems and optimization of planting dates. New developments include, for example, use of remote sensed data and mobile phone technology linked to crop management decision support models, data sharing in the new era of big data, and the use of genomic selection and crop simulation models linked to environmental data to help make crop breeding decisions. Socio-economic applications include foresight analysis of agricultural systems under global change scenarios, and the consequences of potential food system shocks are also described. These approaches are discussed in this paper which also calls for closer collaboration among disciplines in order to better serve the crop research and development communities by providing model based recommendations ranging from policy development at the level of governmental agencies to direct crop management support for resource poor

International audience ; Crop modelling has the potential to contribute to global food and nutrition security. This paper briefly examines the history of crop modelling by international crop research centres of the CGIAR (formerly Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research but now known simply as CGIAR), whose primary focus is on less developed countries. Basic principles of crop modelling building up to a Genotype × Environment × Management × Socioeconomic (G × E × M × S) paradigm, are explained. Modelling has contributed to better understanding of crop performance and yield gaps, better prediction of pest and insect outbreaks, and improving the efficiency of crop management including irrigation systems and optimization of planting dates. New developments include, for example, use of remote sensed data and mobile phone technology linked to crop management decision support models, data sharing in the new era of big data, and the use of genomic selection and crop simulation models linked to environmental data to help make crop breeding decisions. Socio-economic applications include foresight analysis of agricultural systems under global change scenarios, and the consequences of potential food system shocks are also described. These approaches are discussed in this paper which also calls for closer collaboration among disciplines in order to better serve the crop research and development communities by providing model based recommendations ranging from policy development at the level of governmental agencies to direct crop management support for resource poor

International audience ; Crop modelling has the potential to contribute to global food and nutrition security. This paper briefly examines the history of crop modelling by international crop research centres of the CGIAR (formerly Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research but now known simply as CGIAR), whose primary focus is on less developed countries. Basic principles of crop modelling building up to a Genotype × Environment × Management × Socioeconomic (G × E × M × S) paradigm, are explained. Modelling has contributed to better understanding of crop performance and yield gaps, better prediction of pest and insect outbreaks, and improving the efficiency of crop management including irrigation systems and optimization of planting dates. New developments include, for example, use of remote sensed data and mobile phone technology linked to crop management decision support models, data sharing in the new era of big data, and the use of genomic selection and crop simulation models linked to environmental data to help make crop breeding decisions. Socio-economic applications include foresight analysis of agricultural systems under global change scenarios, and the consequences of potential food system shocks are also described. These approaches are discussed in this paper which also calls for closer collaboration among disciplines in order to better serve the crop research and development communities by providing model based recommendations ranging from policy development at the level of governmental agencies to direct crop management support for resource poor

36 p. ; This paper presents and illustrates design principles in a programme of applied science and stakeholder consultation on sustainable agriculture in New Zealand. We report procedures and tools for building deliberations around agriculture performance, societal responsibilities and regional planning challenges, focussing on the question of how effectively to mobilise knowledge from different sources and at different scales about environmental and economic systems to address sustainability policy challenges. A five step framework for stakeholder-based integrated appraisal of collective resource management challenges, called "INTEGRAAL", is used as a basis for identifying different types of deliberation tasks carried out through dialogues facilitated by social science researchers and consultants, engaging scientists, decision-makers and other stakeholders. These tasks can be considered as components in comprehensive integrated assessment procedures. We highlight, with examples from workshops engaging representatives of New Zealand farming and regional government stakeholder communities, how the individual deliberation tasks can be effective as "piecewise" contributions to social learning and capacity building for addressing the dilemmas and complex information needs of contemporary sustainability challenges. In this way, integrative perspectives can be applied progressively, at modest cost and in a decentralised way, adapted to local circumstances and changing needs. ; Cet article présente et illustre des principes de design d'un programme de science appliquée et de consultation autour de l'agriculture soutenable en Nouvelle Zélande. Nous détaillons des outils et procédures pour des délibérations sur la performance de l'agriculture, des responsabilités vers la société au large et, des défis d'aménagement de gouvernance territoriale. La question clé est comment mobiliser les connaissances des diverses sources et à des échelles différentes afin d'affronter les défis de soutenabilité économique et ...

AbstractEnvironmental law in general to solve environmental problems especially caused by human activities. Environmental problems for humans can be seen in terms of environmental quality decline.The presence of massive coal mining activities in Tenggarong Seberang sub-district of Kutai Kartanegara Regency has caused damage to the environment in the region. Surely this is very inconvenient for the life of the surrounding community. One of the efforts to reduce the level of environmental pollution as a result of coal mining activities is through strict environmental monitoring and law enforcement against companies that pollute the environment.There are 3 (three) things studied in this research are: 1) How many cases and types of environmental imaging conducted by coal mining companies in Tenggarong Seberang Sub-district Kutai Kartanegara Regency during the last 5 years (2011-2015)? ; 2) what are the forms given to companies for environmentalists in Tenggarong Seberang sub-district of Kutai Kartanegara Regency for the last 5 years (2011-2015)? and 3) What are the procedures for monitoring and sanctioning the companies that pollute the environment? The method used in this research is the normative method and sociological method (empirical).Based on the results of research that has been done, the number of environmental dispute cases related to coal mining activities in Tenggarong Seberang District Kutai Kartanegara Regency during the period 2011-2015 as many as 52 cases and environmental components which are the activities of air (17 cases), soil (36 cases), air / vibration (3 cases) and cumulative (1 case). The number of companies reported as many as 27 companies and cases that have been completed as many as 50 cases while 2 cases are still in the process of completion. The highest number of cases in 2012 is as many as 14 cases while the number of cases occurred in the year 2013 as many as 6 cases. All cases.Implementation of sanctions to coal mining company in Tenggarong Seberang Sub-district Kutai Kartanegara Regency for 2011-2015 period as many as 8 companies with billing forms namely written warning (3 companies), government coercion (3 companies) and freezing of environmental permit (2 companies), while the word replacement termination no company got the order. The amounts divided in 2011 and 2012 are 3 companies each and in 2013 as 2 temporary companies in the last 2 years (2014-2015) there is no company. Forms of sanction given to companies that conduct the environment (pollution and / or environmental damage). Not all cases are sick or only 15.38% of cases of pollution and / or environmental damage are given sanctions.The Regional Environment Agency (BLHD) of Kutai Kartanegara Regency already has Standard Operating (SOP) related to environmental law enforcement in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, namely: 1) SOP of Administrative Sanction Implementation in the field of Environmental Protection and Management and SOP of Environmental Law Enforcement. Nevertheless BLHD Kutai Kartanegara does not yet have SOP related to law enforcement related to. The main obstacle of BLHD Kutai Kartanegara in conducting supervision and enforcement of environmental law is the number of personnel (PPNS and PPLHD) and limited operational fund.

This is an open access book. This book offers the first overview of the 'wicked problems' literature, often seen as complex, open-ended, and intractable, with both the nature of the 'problem' and the preferred 'solution' being strongly contested. It contextualises the debate using a wide range of relevant policy examples, explaining why these issues attract so much attention. There is an increasing interest in the conceptual and practical aspects of how 'wicked problems' are identified, understood and managed by policy practitioners. The standard public management responses to complexity and uncertainty (including traditional regulation and market-based solutions) are insufficient. Leaders often advocate and implement ideological 'quick fixes', but integrative and inclusive responses are increasingly being utilised to recognise the multiple interests and complex causes of these problems. This book uses examples from a wide range of social, economic and environmental fields in order to develop new insights about better solutions, and thus gain broad stakeholder acceptance for shared strategies for tackling 'wicked problems'.

This article examines how climate change, drought, environmental conditions, and natural resource management contributed to instability in Syria and Egypt leading up to the events of 2011. It further examines the Failed States Index and the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index as two popular indices and predictive tools utilized by foreign policy and security analysts, to determine how (or if) climate and natural resource variables were well-integrated into those indices prior to the Arab uprisings. The article concludes that climate events in China, Russia, and Syria in the years prior to the Arab uprisings interacted with existing water and food insecurities, as well as natural resource mismanagement, to create conditions that contributed to insecurity and unrest in the two countries. The article's findings also show that the indices and predictive tools used by analysts to examine state fragility and the likelihood of state fragility, respectively, did not include sufficient attention to these natural resource dynamics.