Suchergebnisse

[ES] The III National R & D Plan for the period 1996-99 — approved by the Government in July 1995 — includes a National Water Resources Programme, which aims to increase knowledge of resources and demands. The scientific and technical objectives of the programme have been grouped under the following strands: water resource management, water quality, water related environmental problems, applications of new technologies, surface and groundwater hydrology, and agrohydrology. The main recipients of the results of the programme will be the Directorate-General for Hydraulic Works, responsible for the National Hydrological Plan, the Directorate-General for Water Quality, which manages the National Plan for Waste Water Sanitation and Depuration, and the Directorate-General for Rural Planning and Natural Environment, which is currently drawing up the National Irrigation Plan, and the socio-economic sectors involved in water issues. Other programmes of the National R & D Plan relate to this programme, in particular those for the Environment and Agricultural R & D, which respectively include aspects of pollution, water erosion and measures to protect them. The objectives of this programme are also partly in line with those of the Fourth European Framework Programme, although the latter's objectives are particularly focused on the impact of climate change on water resources, as well as on technologies for forecasting and preventing hydrological risks, with a greater focus on lasinundation than droughts. The instruments to implement the Programme are primarily R & D projects, the results of which inform national water management plans. However, the participation of companies in projects and in the transfer of research results will be enhanced, especially with regard to new technologies and water-related materials and equipment. Martínez Beltrán, J. (1995). The National Water Resources Programme. Water engineering. 2 (3): 69-72. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1995.2683 ; 69 72 2 3 ; [ES] The III National R & ...

[ES] This article carries out a review of the different treatment methods for biosolids obtained in waste water treatment plants. First, processes such as digestion, pasteurisation, drying or composting are addressed, among others, the main objective of which is to stabilise sludge for subsequent use. Secondly, methods aimed at eliminating organic matter as much as possible, such as aqueous oxidation and incineration, are described. Data on treatment and destination of biosolids obtained from a survey carried out in different Spanish WWTP are presented in the final part. Mahamud, M.; Gutiérrez, A.; Sastre, H. (1996). Biosolids generated from water purification: (II). Methods of treatment. Water engineering. 3 (3): 45-54. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1996.2703 Amorena Udabe, A. (1994), Agricultural valorisation of purification plants in the Pamplona district. Technical Days: Biosolids and purified water as Resources. R. Mujeriego and L. Sala (Eds.). PAG 53-66. Sant Feliu de Guísols, Gerona. Arbiol, M. (1994), Composting of Gardinería and Fangos de Depuradora Biosolids in Castelldefels. Technical Days: Biosolids and Water purified as Resources. R. Mujeriego and L. Sala (Eds.). PAG 75-88. Sant Feliu de Guísols, Gerona. Basteron, R.K. (1994), United States Regulations and Practical Experience on Biosolids Reuse and Disposal, Technical Days: Biosolids and Water purified as Resources. R. Mujeriego and L. Sala (Eds.). PAG 169-192. Sant Feliu de Guísols, Gerona. Chains, A., Cañellas, N., Amengual, A., Calafat, J. (1993), Lode Composting Experimental Plant, Chemical Engineering. 104-106, June 1993. Caus Pía, J.M., Amengual Vich, A. and Cañellas Serrano, N. (1994), Composting and Reuse of Biosolids in Agriculture: The Felanitx case in Mallorca. Technical Days: Biosolids and purified water as Resources. R. Mujeriego and L. Sala (Eds.). PAG 67-74. Sant Feliu de Guísols, Gerona. Fuchs, L., Schwinning, H. (1993), Aeróbic thermophilic digestion. An Economic Process for Low Processing, Water Technology. 109, 47-50. García Ramos, ...

It specifically analyzes how it is carried out and how the management of water resources can be improved for its integral management. It is emphasized that what is really important is to give a comprehensive treatment to the water system, its collection and evacuation basins, regardless of whether the management system itself is integrated or not. To facilitate the analysis a systemic approach is used. The conceptual framework provides a classification of management levels into four categories: scientific-environmental, economic-productive, technical-normative and political-social; these levels are associated with different management areas. In order to conduct environmental management processes, in particular for management of water resources for multiple use, two delimitation criteria must be taken into account: the political-administrative and the geographical-ecological. If management systems are brought together in relation to these two limits, it is possible to arrive at a more effective form of environmental management.

Examines water resources in the Mediterranean region; some focus on potential conflict in the Middle East river basin.

The paper addresses how critical the supply of irrigation water is, due to the overexploitation of underground natural water reservoirs during the seventies and eighties. Different land use patterns are described, as well as the different amounts of water which they demand. Besides, the article analyzes the economic indicators of the typical farm units in «La Mancha». After examining those indicators and the corresponding farm budgets within the Common Agricultural Policy framework, the paper advances lists of sustainahle, both profitable and environmentally respectful, crops. ; Repercusiones de la sobreexplotación de acuíferos y de la PAC en la sustentabilidad de la agricultura manchega. El agua subterránea era un recurso abundante en La Mancha occidental hasta comienzos de los años ochenta de nuestro siglo. A partir de esa fecha, diversos factores han incidido en la sobreexplotación del acuífero 23, causando importantes impactos ecológicos y socio-económicos. En este artículo se repasa la evolución de los aprovechamientos del agua en relación con las transformaciones de los usos del suelo. Por otra parte, se analizan los indicadores económicos de las explotaciones agrícolas más frecuentes en La Mancha occidental. Una vez comparados los índices y balances económicos en el marco de las directrices que marcan las políticas agrarias vigentes, se recomiendan los cultivos alternativos más rentables y más respetuosos con el ambiente. [fr] Répercussions de la surexploitation des aquiferes et de la PAC dans la soutenabilité de l'agriculture «manchega». L'exploitation des eaux souterraines dans La Mancha n'a pas posé des problemes jusqu'au commencement de la décade des 80s. Depuis ce moment, malgré l'avertissement des plusiers groupes, Je surexploitation des aquiferes est un fact constatable. Nous étudions quelq'uns de facteurs de ce change et les usages du sol correspondants a ses différents étapes.

[ES] World urbanisation processes have produced significant hydro-environmental impacts. The problem of river flooding, increased by the drainage of urban rainwater drainage, has now become a continuously increasing hydroenvironmental risk. These problems could not be solved by structural works. New problems appear at a faster pace than the generation of solutions. Non-structural actions are therefore necessary such as land use and land take control in areas at risk of flooding. The technical basis for these solutions is the construction of flood maps. Delimitation can be done with appropriate precision by hydrodynamic mathematical modelling. This work describes a two-dimensional mathematical model and its application for the determination of flood risk maps in Arroyo Ludueña in the Rosario district, Argentina. The maps were made for floods with 50,100 and 500 years of average return period and for the maximum probable growth. Based on the results achieved, the municipal authorities have planned non-structural measures with corresponding associated legislation for future developments. On this path, hydrological hydrodinamic modelling contributes to the planning and monitoring of water resources for sustainable development. Riccardi, AG. (1997). Preparation of flood risk maps by means of hydrodynamic mathematical modelling. Water engineering. 4 (3): 45-56. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1997.2729 ; 45 56 4 3 ; [ES] World urbanisation processes have produced significant hydro-environmental impacts. The problem of river flooding, increased by the drainage of urban rainwater drainage, has now become a continuously increasing hydroenvironmental risk. These problems could not be solved by structural works. New problems appear at a faster pace than the generation of solutions. Non-structural actions are therefore necessary such as land use and land take control in areas at risk of flooding. The technical basis for these solutions is the construction of flood maps. Delimitation can be done with appropriate precision by ...

Advances on research, technology and applications for detergent processes increase rapidly. They keep provoking, as during last decades, repercussions on several fields (domestic, industrial, sanitary, energetic, environmental, legislative). To control as much as possible these repercussions, it is necessary to assess the actual knowledge about detergency mechanisms. This informative article starts by reviewing the essential elements for detergent processes (substrate, soil, cleaning bath). Subsequently several physico-chemical key factors for effectiveness of the textile washing are discussed. These factors are: a) removal of liquid oily soils (by rolling-up, or by spontaneous microemulsification); b) separation of solid particles (by interfacial or electrostatic interactions); c) antiredeposition effects (by solubilization, emulsification or suspension); d) water hardness influence; e) washing physical conditions (temperature, agitation, time). The article ends by establishing the necessity for maintaining close collaboration among experts on different fields to optimize both detergent processes and their repercussions. ; Los avances en investigación, tecnología y aplicaciones de las operaciones detersivas aumentan rápidamente. Estos siguen provocando, como durante las últimas décadas, repercusiones en muy diversos campos (domésticos, industriales, sanitarios, energéticos, medioambientales, legislativos). Para controlar en lo posible estas repercusiones, resulta necesario valorar los conocimientos actuales sobre los mecanismos de la detergencia. Este artículo de información comienza revisando los elementos esenciales de las operaciones detersivas (sustrato, suciedad, baño). A continuación discute varios factores químicofísicos clave para la eficacia en el lavado de artículos textiles. Estos factores son: a) eliminación de suciedades oleosas líquidas (por «rolling-up», o por microemulsificación); b) separación de partículas sólidas (por interacciones interfaciales y electrostáticas); c) efectos de antirredeposición (por solubilización, emulsificación o suspensión); d) influencia de la dureza del agua; y e) condiciones físicas del lavado (temperatura, agitación, tiempo). El artículo termina estableciendo la necesidad de mantener una estrecha colaboración entre expertos de diferentes campos para optimizar las operaciones detersivas, así como las repercusiones de las mismas.

17 páginas, 13 figuras.-- Artículo de revisión. ; [ES] Los avances en investigación, tecnología y aplicaciones de las operaciones detersivas aumentan rápidamente. Estos siguen provocando, como durante las últimas décadas, repercusiones en muy diversos campos (domésticos, industriales, sanitarios, energéticos, medioambientales, legislativos). Para controlar en lo posible estas repercusiones, resulta necesario valorar los conocimientos actuales sobre los mecanismos de la detergencia. Este artículo de información comienza revisando los elementos esenciales de las operaciones detersivas (sustrato, suciedad, baño). A continuación discute varios factores químicofísicos clave para la eficacia en el lavado de artículos textiles. Estos factores son: a) eliminación de suciedades oleosas líquidas (por «rolling-up», o por microemulsificación); b) separación de partículas sólidas (por interacciones interfaciales y electrostáticas); c) efectos de antirredeposición (por solubilización, emulsificación o suspensión); d) influencia de la dureza del agua; y e) condiciones físicas del lavado (temperatura, agitación, tiempo). El artículo termina estableciendo la necesidad de mantener una estrecha colaboración entre expertos de diferentes campos para optimizar las operaciones detersivas, así como las repercusiones de las mismas. ; [EN] Advances on research, technology and applications for detergent processes increase rapidly. They keep provoking, as during last decades, repercussions on several fields (domestic, industrial, sanitary, energetic, environmental, legislative). To control as much as possible these repercussions, it is necessary to assess the actual knowledge about detergency mechanisms. This informative article starts by reviewing the essential elements for detergent processes (substrate, soil, cleaning bath). Subsequently several physico-chemical key factors for effectiveness of the textile washing are discussed. These factors are: a) removal of liquid oily soils (by rolling-up, or by spontaneous microemulsification); b) separation of solid particles (by interfacial or electrostatic interactions); c) antiredeposition effects (by solubilization, emulsification or suspension); d) water hardness influence; e) washing physical conditions (temperature, agitation, time). The article ends by establishing the necessity for maintaining close collaboration among experts on different fields to optimize both detergent processes and their repercussions. ; Peer reviewed

Aquesta és una ressenya dels continguts generals i del nivell de participació en el VIII Coloquio de Geografía Rural (AGE), celebrat a la residència universitària de Jaca (Osca) entre els dies 11 i 14 de juny de 1996. Els temes de treball es van pensar en consonància amb els temps actuals i les preocupacions de l'àmbit rural espanyol, ja integrat a la Unió Europea. El lema general és Recursos y desarrollo rural, concretat en quatre ponències: «Desarrollo rural de las zonas de montaña» «Agua y Agricultura: transformaciones recientes, problemas medioambientales i socioeconómicos» «Agroindustria y Comercialización de Productos Agropecuarios» i «Cuestiones de desarrollo rural en Iberoamérica». ; En esta reseña se reúnen los contenidos generales y el nivel de participación en el VIII Coloquio de Geografía Rural (AGE), celebrado en la residencia universitaria de Jaca (Huesca) entre los días 11 y 14 de junio de 1996. Los temas de trabajo se pensaron en consonancia con los tiempos actuales y las preocupaciones del ámbito rural español, ya integrado en la Unión Europea, siendo el lema general Recursos y desarrollo rural, concretado en cuatro ponencias: «Desarrollo rural de las zonas de montaña», «Agua y Agricultura: transformaciones recientes, problemas medioambientales i socioeconómicos», «Agroindustria y Comercialización de Productos Agropecuarios» y «Cuestiones de desarrollo rural en Iberoamérica». ; Voilà le compte rendu du contenu général, ainsi que du niveau de participation du VIII Colloque de Géographie rurale (AGE) qui a eu lieu dans la résidence universitaire de Jaca (Huesca), de l'11 au 14 juin 1996. Les sujets du travail ont été conçus en accord avec l'époque actuelle et avec les soucis du milieu rural espagnol, déjà integré dans l'Union Européenne. Le titre général a été Ressources et développement rural et s'est concreté dans quatre exposés: «Desarrollo rural de las zonas de montaña» (Développement rural des zones de montaigne), «Aigua y Agricultura: transformaciones recientes, problemas medioambientales y socioeconómicos» (Eau et Agriculture: changements récents, problèmes socioéconomiques et de l'environement), «Agroindustria y Comercialización de Productos Agropecuarios» (Agroindustrie et Commercialisation de Produits Agricoles) et «Cuestiones de desarrollo rural en Iberoamérica (Questions de développement rural en Amérique latine)». ; This is a short report on the contents and participants at the VIII Colloquium of Rural Geography of the Assotiation of Spanish Geographers (AGE) held at the the university residences at Jaca (Huesca) from 11th to 14th June 1996. The study topics chosen coincided with present trends and interests in the rural areas of Spain, now integrated in the European Union. The general theme was Resources and rural development and four subgroups were formed under the following titles: «Rural development in mountainous areas»; «Water agriculture: Recent transformations, environmental and socioeconomic problems»; «Agroindustries and the marketing of agricultural products»; and «Rural development in Latin-America».

Como resultado de la investigación, en el área de estudio se establecieron zonas con problemas comunes, sobre la base de la consideración de los siguientes aspectos. Características físicas, que inciden, sobre todo, en razón del modelado, en la existencia de sectores frecuentemente inundados. Características meteorológicas, ligadas a inversiones térmicas, que configuran en conjunto un sitio desfavorable desde el punto de vista de la contaminación. Un espacio urbanizado -en cuya evolución se señalan cuatro etapas-, que destaca la renovación de la construcción a partir especialmente del sismo de 1985, la subutilización de superficies, y el incremento de terrenos baldíos y villas miserias. Los espacios verdes son insuficientes. La degradación ambiental se manifiesta elocuentemente en la contaminación del aire, pero también es significativa la del agua y la proliferación, prácticamente incontrolada, del ruido. En síntesis, las condiciones naturales son desfavorables, pero los principales ataques que sufre el medio se deben a la falta de conciencia de los habitantes y funcionarios. ; Diagnostic de la pollution de l'environnement dans la ville de Mendoza. Les résultats de la recherche montrent que, dans l'aire d'étude choisie, on peut distinguer des zones ayant des problèmes communs, en tenant compte des aspects suivants. Caractéristiques physiques, qui, en raison du modelage, agissent en particulier sur les secteurs fréquemment inondés. Caractéristiques météorologiques, liées aux inversions thermiques, qui configurent dans l'ensemble un site défavorable du point de vue de la pollution. Un espace urbanisé -dans l'évolution duquel se distinguent quatre étapes- qui marque le renouvellement de la construction á partir notamment du séisme de 1985, le sous-emploi des superficies, et l'accroissement de terrains vagues et de bidonvilles. Les espaces verts sont insuffisants. ; Diagnosis of environmental pollution in the city of Mendoza. As the outcome of this research in the field, different zones with shared problems were established, taking into account the following aspects. Physical aspects that mainly affect the topography, with the presence of frenquently flooded areas. Meteorological aspects that go hand with thermal inverses, that make up a unit, an unfavourable site from the point of view of pollution. An urbanizad space, in the evolution of which four stages are detected, the building renewal as from the 1985 earthquake, the subutilization of urban spaces, the Increase of vacant lots and of shanty towns. The insufficiency of green areas. Degradation of the environment is clearly detected not only in the air pollution but also into a fairly high degree of water pollution and in the unrestricted increase of noise. Summing up, the natural conditions are infavourable, but the main issue concerning environment lies in the lack of awareness of government officials and citizens. ; Fil: Mannino, María Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas