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Since the beginning of the 2000s, water allocation policies became central in Europe and France to reach Water Framework Directive goals. Improvements in irrigation efficiency is one of the main policy measure aiming to save billions of cubic meters at the European level. However, water savings environmental benefits have been debated in scientific literature and public organisms that sustain such measures. Indeed, improvements in irrigation efficiency redistribute water flows between users and the environment at the river basin scale. Multiple factors influence the outcomes, such as increasing irrigated lands and yields, caps on water abstraction, farmers' behavior, etc. The technical aspects of this question have been widely debated, but its political dimensions far less, in particular concerning environmental water reallocation. In the southeast of France, the Durance River Basin represents an ideal case study because saved water reallocations are made visible by large water infrastructure and canals. Water officials have implemented water savings policies for about 50 years and created specific policy instruments for environmental reallocation. Anchored in political science and political ecology approaches, we analyze water savings and environmental water reallocation policies paradigms, instruments and territorialization. Rather than a technical « no regret » measure, we show that improvements in irrigation efficiency rely on multiple negotiations and compromises allowing the arrangement of worldviews, norms of action, interdependent water uses and discourses of diverse hydro-social territories, whereas environmental benefits remain uncertain. Consensus building is constrained by historical interests and institutions legacy, and rely on both translation processes from national or hydrographic scales to the local level, and bottom-up forces from territories for policy instrument adaptations. We show the critical role of ambiguities in institutional change, and how policy instruments such as quantification ...

Since the beginning of the 2000s, water allocation policies became central in Europe and France to reach Water Framework Directive goals. Improvements in irrigation efficiency is one of the main policy measure aiming to save billions of cubic meters at the European level. However, water savings environmental benefits have been debated in scientific literature and public organisms that sustain such measures. Indeed, improvements in irrigation efficiency redistribute water flows between users and the environment at the river basin scale. Multiple factors influence the outcomes, such as increasing irrigated lands and yields, caps on water abstraction, farmers' behavior, etc. The technical aspects of this question have been widely debated, but its political dimensions far less, in particular concerning environmental water reallocation. In the southeast of France, the Durance River Basin represents an ideal case study because saved water reallocations are made visible by large water infrastructure and canals. Water officials have implemented water savings policies for about 50 years and created specific policy instruments for environmental reallocation. Anchored in political science and political ecology approaches, we analyze water savings and environmental water reallocation policies paradigms, instruments and territorialization. Rather than a technical « no regret » measure, we show that improvements in irrigation efficiency rely on multiple negotiations and compromises allowing the arrangement of worldviews, norms of action, interdependent water uses and discourses of diverse hydro-social territories, whereas environmental benefits remain uncertain. Consensus building is constrained by historical interests and institutions legacy, and rely on both translation processes from national or hydrographic scales to the local level, and bottom-up forces from territories for policy instrument adaptations. We show the critical role of ambiguities in institutional change, and how policy instruments such as quantification ...

Since the beginning of the 2000s, water allocation policies became central in Europe and France to reach Water Framework Directive goals. Improvements in irrigation efficiency is one of the main policy measure aiming to save billions of cubic meters at the European level. However, water savings environmental benefits have been debated in scientific literature and public organisms that sustain such measures. Indeed, improvements in irrigation efficiency redistribute water flows between users and the environment at the river basin scale. Multiple factors influence the outcomes, such as increasing irrigated lands and yields, caps on water abstraction, farmers' behavior, etc. The technical aspects of this question have been widely debated, but its political dimensions far less, in particular concerning environmental water reallocation. In the southeast of France, the Durance River Basin represents an ideal case study because saved water reallocations are made visible by large water infrastructure and canals. Water officials have implemented water savings policies for about 50 years and created specific policy instruments for environmental reallocation. Anchored in political science and political ecology approaches, we analyze water savings and environmental water reallocation policies paradigms, instruments and territorialization. Rather than a technical « no regret » measure, we show that improvements in irrigation efficiency rely on multiple negotiations and compromises allowing the arrangement of worldviews, norms of action, interdependent water uses and discourses of diverse hydro-social territories, whereas environmental benefits remain uncertain. Consensus building is constrained by historical interests and institutions legacy, and rely on both translation processes from national or hydrographic scales to the local level, and bottom-up forces from territories for policy instrument adaptations. We show the critical role of ambiguities in institutional change, and how policy instruments such as quantification ...

National audience ; Qu'est-ce-que l'eau ? Dans cet ouvrage, Jamie Linton nous livre une réponse nuancée et novatrice à cette question prétendument commune. À la manière d'autres géographes politiques, s'inspirant de la sociologie des sciences et de la political ecology, il livre une autre histoire d'un élément que nous pensions bien connaître. Le sujet est ici l'« eau moderne », que l'auteur définit comme l'identité contemporaine de l'eau. Il retrace le processus d'abstraction qui expliquerait la transformation d'une eau autrefois hétérogène et complexe par une eau unidimensionnelle, quantitative, monétaire, puis rare. L'auteur livre un travail d'analyse ambitieux, scrutant les traits de l'« eau moderne » à travers la littérature, les sciences, mais également l'histoire environnementale et politique des États modernes occidentaux.

National audience ; Qu'est-ce-que l'eau ? Dans cet ouvrage, Jamie Linton nous livre une réponse nuancée et novatrice à cette question prétendument commune. À la manière d'autres géographes politiques, s'inspirant de la sociologie des sciences et de la political ecology, il livre une autre histoire d'un élément que nous pensions bien connaître. Le sujet est ici l'« eau moderne », que l'auteur définit comme l'identité contemporaine de l'eau. Il retrace le processus d'abstraction qui expliquerait la transformation d'une eau autrefois hétérogène et complexe par une eau unidimensionnelle, quantitative, monétaire, puis rare. L'auteur livre un travail d'analyse ambitieux, scrutant les traits de l'« eau moderne » à travers la littérature, les sciences, mais également l'histoire environnementale et politique des États modernes occidentaux.

National audience ; Qu'est-ce-que l'eau ? Dans cet ouvrage, Jamie Linton nous livre une réponse nuancée et novatrice à cette question prétendument commune. À la manière d'autres géographes politiques, s'inspirant de la sociologie des sciences et de la political ecology, il livre une autre histoire d'un élément que nous pensions bien connaître. Le sujet est ici l'« eau moderne », que l'auteur définit comme l'identité contemporaine de l'eau. Il retrace le processus d'abstraction qui expliquerait la transformation d'une eau autrefois hétérogène et complexe par une eau unidimensionnelle, quantitative, monétaire, puis rare. L'auteur livre un travail d'analyse ambitieux, scrutant les traits de l'« eau moderne » à travers la littérature, les sciences, mais également l'histoire environnementale et politique des États modernes occidentaux.

Future studies were designed to critically address trends, or "business as usual" analyses, to question, and make visible boundary making processes that separate endogenous and exogenous variables, determinisms and random events, and upon which public policies are based. How can future studies contribute to shed the light on the political choices that underlie environmental policies? To address this issue, this article is based on the study of the Blue Plan, an ambitious international foresight programme designed to feed international and regional debates on cooperation on environmental matters of concern. Analyzing the foresight studies carried out by the Blue Plan on water issues allows us discussing their impacts on environmental public policies in the Mediterranean countries, as well as the nature of the Blue Plan and its strategic action. ; Les réflexions sur la prospective sont nées d'une critique de la tendance, d'une remise en question des frontières entre variables exogènes et endogènes, entre déterminismes et hasards, sur lesquelles les politiques publiques se fondent. Comment la prospective peut-elle alors contribuer à mettre en lumière les choix politiques déterminants qui sous-tendent les politiques environnementales ? En s'appuyant sur l'exemple du Plan Bleu, un ambitieux programme international de prospective chargé d'alimenter le débat sur la coopération en matière d'environnement en Méditerranée, cet article analyse plus spécifiquement les travaux engagés dans le domaine de l'eau, et discute de leurs effets à la fois sur les politiques publiques environnementales des pays méditerranéens concernés, ainsi que sur la nature même du Plan Bleu et son action stratégique.

International audience ; Territorialized agri-environmental measures (MAEt) were introduced in France for the 2007-2013 Common Agricultural Policy program, in order to improve the cost-effectiveness of agri-environmental policies. This paper assesses qualitatively the innovations of MAEt with special attention paid to water pollution issues. We analyze the advantages and limits of the partial decentralization of decision-making in the setting-up of agrienvironmental projects; of improved targeting through the identification of eligible priority areas; and of greater flexibility introduced in the design of agri-environmental contracts. This analysis is illustrated by the results of a survey conducted with farmers in a French sub-region, Eure-et-Loir. This survey helps us to identify the reasons why farmers choose to sign agri-environmental contracts or not. The article concludes with a set of recommendations to improve the French agri-environmental system in the perspective of the 2013 CAP reform. ; Les Mesures agro-environnementales territorialisées (MAEt) ont été introduites en France pour la programmation 2007-2013 de la Politique agricole commune, afin d'améliorer le bilan coût-efficacité du dispositif agro-environnemental français. Cet article évalue de manière qualitative les innovations des MAEt avec une attention particulière portée aux enjeux de lutte contre les pollutions de l'eau d'origine agricole. Nous analysons la décentralisation croissante du dispositif agro-environnemental, le ciblage et l'adaptation aux territoires à enjeux prioritaires, et les éléments de flexibilité introduits pour construire les cahiers des charges des agriculteurs. Cette analyse est illustrée par les résultats d'une enquête réalisée en Eure et Loir auprès d'agriculteurs. Ces deux analyses complémentaires nous permettent d'apporter des éléments d'explication au trop faible taux d'adoption des mesures de réduction d'intrants en grandes cultures et de proposer des améliorations au dispositif actuel.

International audience ; Territorialized agri-environmental measures (MAEt) were introduced in France for the 2007-2013 Common Agricultural Policy program, in order to improve the cost-effectiveness of agri-environmental policies. This paper assesses qualitatively the innovations of MAEt with special attention paid to water pollution issues. We analyze the advantages and limits of the partial decentralization of decision-making in the setting-up of agrienvironmental projects; of improved targeting through the identification of eligible priority areas; and of greater flexibility introduced in the design of agri-environmental contracts. This analysis is illustrated by the results of a survey conducted with farmers in a French sub-region, Eure-et-Loir. This survey helps us to identify the reasons why farmers choose to sign agri-environmental contracts or not. The article concludes with a set of recommendations to improve the French agri-environmental system in the perspective of the 2013 CAP reform. ; Les Mesures agro-environnementales territorialisées (MAEt) ont été introduites en France pour la programmation 2007-2013 de la Politique agricole commune, afin d'améliorer le bilan coût-efficacité du dispositif agro-environnemental français. Cet article évalue de manière qualitative les innovations des MAEt avec une attention particulière portée aux enjeux de lutte contre les pollutions de l'eau d'origine agricole. Nous analysons la décentralisation croissante du dispositif agro-environnemental, le ciblage et l'adaptation aux territoires à enjeux prioritaires, et les éléments de flexibilité introduits pour construire les cahiers des charges des agriculteurs. Cette analyse est illustrée par les résultats d'une enquête réalisée en Eure et Loir auprès d'agriculteurs. Ces deux analyses complémentaires nous permettent d'apporter des éléments d'explication au trop faible taux d'adoption des mesures de réduction d'intrants en grandes cultures et de proposer des améliorations au dispositif actuel.

International audience ; Territorialized agri-environmental measures (MAEt) were introduced in France for the 2007-2013 Common Agricultural Policy program, in order to improve the cost-effectiveness of agri-environmental policies. This paper assesses qualitatively the innovations of MAEt with special attention paid to water pollution issues. We analyze the advantages and limits of the partial decentralization of decision-making in the setting-up of agrienvironmental projects; of improved targeting through the identification of eligible priority areas; and of greater flexibility introduced in the design of agri-environmental contracts. This analysis is illustrated by the results of a survey conducted with farmers in a French sub-region, Eure-et-Loir. This survey helps us to identify the reasons why farmers choose to sign agri-environmental contracts or not. The article concludes with a set of recommendations to improve the French agri-environmental system in the perspective of the 2013 CAP reform. ; Les Mesures agro-environnementales territorialisées (MAEt) ont été introduites en France pour la programmation 2007-2013 de la Politique agricole commune, afin d'améliorer le bilan coût-efficacité du dispositif agro-environnemental français. Cet article évalue de manière qualitative les innovations des MAEt avec une attention particulière portée aux enjeux de lutte contre les pollutions de l'eau d'origine agricole. Nous analysons la décentralisation croissante du dispositif agro-environnemental, le ciblage et l'adaptation aux territoires à enjeux prioritaires, et les éléments de flexibilité introduits pour construire les cahiers des charges des agriculteurs. Cette analyse est illustrée par les résultats d'une enquête réalisée en Eure et Loir auprès d'agriculteurs. Ces deux analyses complémentaires nous permettent d'apporter des éléments d'explication au trop faible taux d'adoption des mesures de réduction d'intrants en grandes cultures et de proposer des améliorations au dispositif actuel.

The enforcement of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is not such an administrative issue in France as it is in other countries, since competent authorities (water agencies) already have jurisdiction over major watersheds (districts). As far as the WFD implementation is concerned, setting and reaching objectives of water quality (good status) and implementing cost recovery policy are more challenging for France and will require necessary changes and adjustments. Water in France is not managed according to its ownership, but its uses. In this chapter, after (i) an overview of the water governance institutional framework, (ii) the water governance arrangements is tackled: the main stakeholders is described and key issues of the current process of making decision are dealt with, in the general context of implementing the WFD. The original institutional tools developed to integrate different water uses for the sake of ecosystems preservation are also considered.