Suchergebnisse

The article discusses the problem of providing safe drinking water to the
population of the Ivanovo region. The main causes of poor water quality are
revealed. Activities in order to optimize the system of providing the population of the
Ivanovo region with drinking water of standard quality and sufficient quantity are
proposed.

The water consumed by humans should have no negative impact on their health. In 1998, the European Council adopted Directive 98/83/EC of3 November 3, 1998, on the quality of water intended for human consumption, aimed at protecting public health. The directive considers the standards for drinking water and the conditions for providing the EU population with clean and healthy water. Clean drinking water supply is inextricably related to the state of surface water. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union, which entered into force on December 22, 2000, addresses the issues of establishing a framework for protecting all waters (inland surface water, transitional, coastal and groundwater). This EU Directive considers both chemical aspects of water protection, and also its environmental aspects, such as flow regime, composition and abundance of aquatic organisms. EU countries pay much attention to surface water monitoring and related studies. Surface water monitoring requirements are different in different EU countries and may even vary within one country. Considerable monitoring efforts were made as part of Eurowaternet, or Eionet. For transboundary waters, a United Nations Economic Commission for Europe manual was issued. ; "Interaction of Environment and Human Health: Experience of the European Union", with the reference number 2016-2592 / 001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE Содержание данного материала отражает мнение авторов, Европейская Комиссия не несет ответственности за использование содержащейся в нем информации

Water pollution has become a pressing issues in the European Union. EU Water protection legislature plays major role in the development of national policies in many of the EU countries. EU is currently implementing Water Framework Directive. The Directive demonstrates an innovative approach to water resources management based on river basins. According to the Directive, EU countries take a responsibility to prevent further deterioration and make effort to restore and improve the state of water ecosystems and wetlands. ; Проект № 2016-2592/001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE, при финансовой поддержке Европейской Комиссии

The end of the twentieth – beginning of the twenty first presented the world with a number of global challenges where the issue of clean drinking water plays a special part. European Union plays an important part in developing solutions for this problem. The article studies the major stages of evolution of environmental management policy and European in regard to clean drinking water. It analyses current issues of maintaining quality of drinking water in EU countries. ; Проект № 2016-2592/001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE, при финансовой поддержке Европейской Комиссии

The specific objectives of this Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) are to: 1) Review the existing situation in the sector, identify priority areas for policy changes or investments, and consider the role of the government, the private sector, and donors in implementing this agenda 2) Assess macroeconomic-environmental linkages and measures that affect long-term sustainability and financial viability within the priority areas 3) Provide a basis for defining the Bank's future involvement in the sector. The following environmental issues have been identified as critical, based on the negative impact of the current environmental conditions on human health, the economy, and natural ecosystems: Deteriorating trends in water, sanitation, and waste management; threat of coastal zone deterioration; air pollution hot spots; energy inefficiency; excessive industrial pollution; weak environmental management system, institutionally and legally; economic instruments that are more geared to revenue generation than to providing incentives for environmentally responsible behavior; quality and quantity of water resources; transboundary water and global environmental issues; and lack of sustainable forest management. The report recommends improving waste management, particularly hazardous waste; increasing provision of basic water and sanitation services to urban and rural poor; addressing environmental hot spots; strengthening institutional capacity for environmental management; preparing a coastal zone strategy; including in the environmental assessment potential liabilities in the advent of privatization; introducing measures to enhance energy efficiency and use renewable energy sources; instituting measures to reduce nutrient run-off to the Danube; preparing a biodiversity strategy, identifying threatened species, and preparing an action plan; and preparing a management plan for Lake Skadar and introducing environmentally friendly natural resource use practices.

In the system of political relations, more attention is paid to environmental diplomacy. The article considers the issues of the formation of environmental diplomacy in Uzbekistan. It Focuses on the environmental problems of local end global importance which exist in territory of Central Asia.

In this article, the improvement of the land-water management system in agriculture is considered through the prism of the tasks formulated in the Development Strategy of Uzbekistan for 2017–2021, emphasizing the process of reorganization of the legal status of the state administration bodies of the State Committee for Land Resources of Geodesy, Cartography and State Inventory, the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, with a special role of local authorities, which are the subjects of agricultural production; in the conclusion of current article the role of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Measures for Cardinal Improvement of Payment Discipline in the Sphere of Providing water supply and wastewater disposal " is emphasized and conclusions on improving the land-water management system in the agriculture are provided.

Исследованы особенности налогообложения сбросов загрязняющих веществ, входящих в структуру показателя «минерализация воды», выявлены противоречия между требованиями экологической безопасности специального водопользования и налогового законодательства. Показано, что нормативы ПДК, использованные в Налоговом кодексе, являются неадекватными критериями для определения ставок экологического налога, а принцип налогообложения не учитывает хозяйственного содержания водопользования. Обнаружен эффект и установлены причины ошибочного двойного налогообложения компонентов минерализации возвратной воды. Оценены объемы ошибочного налогообложения для Украины в целом и для отдельных регионов. ; Investigated the peculiarities in principles of taxation for discharges of pollutants included in the structure of the indicator "mineralization of water" and explored the contradictions between the requirements for environmental safety of special water use and tax legislation. Shown that maximum admissible concentrations (MACs) for water bodies which given in Tax Code must be considered as inadequate criterions for determining the environmental taxation, and the principle of taxation does not takes into the account the industrial content of water use. Discovered the effect and the causes of erroneous double taxation for components of mineralization of returned water. Evaluated the sums of erroneous taxation in general for Ukraine and for different regions.

Выявлены ошибки налогообложения сбросов загрязняющих веществ, входящих в структуру показателя минерализация воды, исследованы противоречия между требованиями экологической безопасности специального водопользования и налогового законодательства. Показано, что нормативы ПДК, использованные в Налоговом кодексе, являются неадекватными критериями для определения ставок экологического налога, а принцип налогообложения не учитывает хозяйственного содержания водопользования. Обнаружен эффект и установлены причины ошибочного двойного налогообложения компонентов минерализации возвратной воды. Оценены объемы ошибочного налогообложения для Украины в целом и для отдельных регионов. ; Found the errors in principles of taxation for discharges of pollutants included in the structure of the indicator mineralization of water and explored the contradictions between the requirements for environmental safety of special water use and tax legislation. The Tax Code of Ukraine wrongly provides payment from water users with dual environmental tax: as for water mineralization, as and for its components - chlorides and sulfates. Shown that maximum admissible concentrations (MACs) for water bodies which given in the Tax Code must be considered as inadequate criterions for determining the environmental taxation. Also the principle of taxation does not takes into the account industrial content of water use, resulting the tax applies to the mass of discharged pollutant as a whole, rather than to mass increment due to the use of water. Discovered the effect and the causes of erroneous double taxation for components of mineralization of returned water. Evaluated the sum of erroneous taxation in general for Ukraine and for different regions. Shown that the taxation of the masses mineralization, chlorides and sulfates, discharged in Ukraine and its regions in 2014, performed at the rates stipulated in the Tax Code, it leads to absurd a large amount of taxes (comparable to the income of the state budget of Ukraine) and indicates methodically wrong approach to the principles of taxation for discharge of pollutants. It is shown that in the Tax Code of Ukraine it is necessary to distinguish between two cases: for which the MAC is needed, but not yet installed, and when the MAC do not must installed.

The results of studies of river water of the Vladimir city district for the content of heavy metals conducted in August 2022 are presented and the anionic-cationic composition of water is analyzed. It is shown that a number of heavy metals (lead, iron, cadmium, zinc, copper and vanadium) and ions (ammonium, magnesium, sulfates, nitrates, fluorides, phosphates) in water samples of the rivers of the city district exceed hygienic and fishery standards, which is due to both human economic activity and regional specifics of the geochemical composition of water-bearing rocks and features of groundwater functioning and feeding. The potassium concentration in water of the Nerl river, which is a drinking water source for Vladimir, corresponds to the lower threshold of physiological competence, which can affect the health of city residents if they use such water for a long time. It is shown that insufficient extraction of biogenic elements at the treatment facilities of enterprises could lead to their ingress into water bodies in concentrations exceeding hygienic and fishery standards. This in turn could contribute to the accumulation of other elements. Strict requirements for the content of chemical elements in fishery water bodies make it necessary to improve the equipment and technological schemes of purification at treatment facilities. Small rivers of cities are vulnerable and poorly protected; therefore they require special attention of environmental authorities. Being tributaries of larger rivers, small rivers form the quality of their waters. If they are used for the household and drinking purposes, they become a factor determining the health of urban residents.

An article about the directions and priorities of the regional policy of the state to regulate the regional water consumption in the Omsk region. The authors analyze the situation with the water consumption in China, Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, as well as alternative ways of solving problems, and the economic impact of the construction of a dam on the river Irtysh.

The purpose of the work is to discuss the main environmental problems of the state of waters in the Sevastopol Bay and to identify the causes affecting their quality. Four seasonal surveys of the Sevastopol Bay water area in 2022 confirmed the prime impact of the Black River runoff, a main source of nutrients, on the hydrochemical composition of the bay waters.At the same time, it is noted that the hydrochemical parameters of the South Bay waters are predominantly affected by freshwater runoff in the estuarine part of the area rather than by the Black River water. It is assumed that the runoff is permanent, and not emergency, as previously thought. With the winds of the southern directions, the spread of the South Bay water to the central part of the Sevastopol Bay is possible, thus affecting the state of its ecosystem.In summer an additional source of ammonium ions was recorded in the estuarine part of the Artillery Bay, next to which the Crystal city beach is located, with concentrations 80 times higher than the background. Since ammonium is a product of organic matter oxidation, its appearance may indicate the predominance of destructive processes, which affect living conditions of biological organisms and, in general, the ecological state of waters. In the warm season a constant deficiency of oxygen was observed in the bottom waters of an artificial depression under the floating dock, which in some cases leads to the formation of hydrogen sulfide. All detected threats affect the ecological state of entire ecosystem of the bay, the living conditions of biological organisms and the recreational potential of the bay

The article describes the current environmental legislation in Russia, the effectiveness of which is generally evaluated as low. The author of the article sees the main reason for such a situation in the absence of a federal specialized executive body in the environmental sphere, which would be directly interested in the development of environmental law. It is emphasized that the current increase in the number of environmental laws, as a rule, does not entail an improvement in environmental affairs. This is largely due to the insufficient elaboration of the mechanism for the implementation of various legal norms reflecting issues of compliance, use, application and punishment for violations in the environmental sphere, as well as due to the lack of effective levers that would encourage enterprises to introduce environmental protection measures. This, in particular, convincingly confirms the current situation in the field of forestry and water management, by the example of which the main problematic aspects of the application of forest and water legislation are analyzed. It is shown that the adoption of editions of the Water (2006) and Forest (2007) codes not only did not improve the situation in the field of water and forest management, but also greatly aggravated the existing and gave rise to new problems. The consequences of serious gaps in forest and water law are disclosed and measures are proposed for the development of environmental legislation in force in Russia. ; В статье дается характеристика действующего в России экологического законодательства, результативность которого оценивается в целом как невысокая. Основную причину такого положения автор статьи видит в отсутствии федерального специализированного органа исполнительной власти в экологической сфере, который был бы непосредственно заинтересован в развитии экологического права. Подчеркивается, что происходящее увеличение числа природоохранных законов, как правило, не влечет за собой улучшения дел в сфере охраны окружающей среды. Во многом это связано с недостаточной проработкой механизма реализации различных правовых норм, отражающих вопросы соблюдения, использования, применения и наказания за нарушения в экологической сфере, а также из-за отсутствия действенных рычагов, которые бы стимулировали предприятия к внедрению природоохранных мероприятий. Это, в частности, убедительно подтверждает и сложившаяся ситуация в сфере лесного и водного хозяйства, на примере которых проанализированы основные проблемные аспекты применения лесного и водного законодательства. Показано, что принятие редакций Водного (2006 г.) и Лесного (2007 г.) кодексов не только не привело к улучшению ситуации в сфере водо-и лесопользования, но и во многом усугубило существующие и породило новые проблемы. Раскрыты последствия серьезных пробелов в лесном и водном праве и предложены меры по развитию действующего в России природоохранного законодательства.

Abstract. Aim.The subject of the research are economic payments, their normative regulation, problems and perspectives. The aim of the research is to study and analyze the problems of ecological charges calculation and payment.Methods.The following scientific methods were used in this research: 1. Heuristic: collective notepad method, brainstorming, synectics method, case method. 2. Traditional: method of comparison; method of relative and comparative values; graphic method; group method. 3. Method of deterministic factors: the method of chain production; the method of absolute differences; the method of relative differences. 4. Methods of stochastic factor analysis: correlation and regression analysis; analysis of variance; analysis of compnents; multidimensional analysis. 5.Methods of optimized indicators: economic and mathematical methods; programming; the theory of mass examination; game theory; operations research. Innovative approaches. Data mining term is used to indicate the aggregate methods of information detection necessary to make decisions in different spheres of the economy; and it is also the software which allows to optimize and simplify the analysis procedure. The most widespread of them are: Vortex, SPSS, Statistica.Results.The terms of ecological charges are considered and generalized, the estimation of waste negative impact on the environment is given, the ecological legislation is analyzed, recommendations on basic and technical norms are given.The area of research results application may be the ecological legislation and its economic aspects.Main conclusions.The general order of payment calculation for the negative influence on the environment is used if users of natural resources beside the waste of business activity affect the Environment the other way: polluting stuff emission into the atmosphere or water objects. ; Негативное воздействие на окружающую среду в соответствии с Законом об охране окружающей среды является платным. При этом Законодательство РФ четко выделяет три категории воздействия, которые предусматривают обязанность природопользователей по уплате платежей (сбросы и размещение, выбросы). Однако, несмотря на изобилие нормативных актов в данной сфере, реализация их положений на практике (в частности исчисление и уплата платежей за негативное воздействие на окружающую среду) зачастую вызывает вопросы. Не застрахованы от них и ИП, поскольку в силу закона они являются такими плательщиками, если их деятельность связана с природопользованием.

The global market economy creates a number of threats to the world community, including in connection with human activities that negatively affect climate change, the state of nature, including flora and fauna, land and water resources, etc. This is also stated in the Report on Global Risks presented at the World Economic Forum in January 2020. In the modern domestic and foreign economic literature, the concepts of sustainable development are developed taking into account environmental constraints, both in theoretical and practical terms, which emphasize the preservation of natural balance, biodiversity, and the formation of an environmentally sustainable society. There are also diverse areas of research on nature management, but they usually focus on applied issues of nature research and the use of its benefits. The authors propose to systematically consider the development of society as anthropogenicoriented, involving three target areas: economic well-being, socio-political wellbeing and environmental well-being. But the implementation of these directions is possible, according to the authors, only under the condition of an adequate legal nature and society of the institutional environment and effective public and state control. The methodological basis of the theory of the formation of the ecologicalsocio-economic type of development is the synthesis of political economy and institutionalism. The empirical basis was the research experience of one of the authors (a Turkish citizen), who has been working for several years on the topic «The political economy of climate change and the environment in Turkey: sustainable development, privatization and energy policy». The article has a theoretical and methodological orientation, suggesting recommendations of a fundamental nature.