Programa de Doctorado en Administración y Dirección de Empresas ; Línea de Investigación: Métodos Cuantitativos en Gestión ; Clave Programa: DAE ; Código Línea: 5 ; The main aims of my thesis can be summarized in two parts. On one hand, it is to integrate the Water Framework Directive (WFD) economic analysis with the environmental accounting developed by Sytem of Environmental Economic Analysis Central Framework (SEEA-CF), and specifically in SEEA-Water (UNSD 2012). SEEA-Water has been developed by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat with the support of other institutions (EUROSTATamong them). It provides a conceptual framework for organizing hydrological and economic information in a coherent and consistent manner. The system has its origin in economics, but also includes physical information. The hybrid nature of the accounts gives the analyst the opportunity to study both dimensions.This will allow the harmonization of EU member states water economic analysis create an standard tool that, if adopted widely, would allow international comparison of the state of water resources and specifically for European policy, it would facilitate Member States' WFD reporting to the European Commission. On the other hand, the objective is to analyse and compare the sustainability of the integral water cycle in the Spanish River basins and to determine the dimensions that may be enhanced to improve Basin¿s sustainability in order to fulfil the objectives and requirements set by the WFD on basin management. Even though the concept of sustainability has been traditionally associated with the triple bottom line (TBL) framework, composed by economic, environmental and social dimensions, the analysis enlarges sustainability by including governance and participation issues. A multicriteria decision analysis approach is proposed to aggregate all sustainability dimensions. Data for each BWA has been obtained from the hydrological plans for the second planning cycle (2015-2021). Experienced stakeholders participated in the evaluation process. Results show a classification of the Spanish basins according to their sustainability and the performance of each basin in every particular dimension. It also illustrates the importance of each indicator in contributing to sustainability, being a starting point to improve water management in Spanish basins for future planning cycles. ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Departamento de Economía, Métodos Cuantitativos e Historia Económica ; Postprint
This article analyzes the Mennonite migration process from the arid plains of Chihuahua in northern Mexico to South America's Santa Cruz in Bolivia, associating intensive use of underground water resources to migration as a trigger. The analysis in this research suggests that the Mennonite migration model has found social conditions in Latin American countries, particularly in their transition from Mexico to Bolivia, that has allowed it to flourish. The results indicate opportunities for devising social integration policies that promote environmental sustainability at the Mennonite migration host communities.
Although numerous modelling efforts have integrated food and water considerations at the farm or river basin level, very few agro-economic models are able to jointly assess water and food policies at the global level. The present report explores the feasibility of integrating water considerations into the CAPRI model. First, a literature review of modelling approaches integrating food and water issues has been conducted. Three agro-economic models, IMPACT, WATERSIM and GLOBIOM, have been analysed in detail. In addition, biophysical and hydrological models estimating agricultural water use have also been studied, in particular the global hydrological model WATERGAP and the LISFLOOD model. Thanks to the programming approach of its supply module, CAPRI shows a high potentiality to integrate environmental indicators as well as to enter new resource constraints (land potentially irrigated, irrigation water) and input-output relationships. At least in theory, the activity-based approach of the regional programming model in CAPRI allows differentiating between rainfed and irrigated activities. The suggested approach to include water into the CAPRI model involves creating an irrigation module and a water use module. The development of the CAPRI water module will enable to provide scientific assessment on agricultural water use within the EU and to analyze agricultural pressures on water resources. The feasibility of the approach has been tested in a pilot case study including two NUTS 2 regions (Andalucia in Spain and Midi-Pyrenees in France). Preliminary results are presented, highlighting the interrelations between water and agricultural developments in Europe. As a next step, it is foreseen to further develop the CAPRI water module to account for competition between agricultural and non-agricultural water use. This will imply building a water use sub-module to compute water use balances.
This is the second issue developed by members of the WATERLAT-GOBACIT Network's Thematic Area 10, Water and Violence. Research done by members of this TA focuses on how violence, whether systemic-structural, subjective, symbolic, or in any other of its many forms, has become the key mechanism through which the relations between human beings, and between humans and Nature, are de-structured and reconfigured, and new kinds of relations are created, producing new forms of territorial, social and political power and domination. TA10 aims to explore, examine, and contribute to a better understanding of the often-traumatic experiences emerging from these processes of social reordering, whose consequences of socio-ecological dispossession can be observed in the form of environmental deterioration and destruction of the material basis of life, and most notably in the case of water sources. Its objective is to also contribute towards the development of conceptual and methodological frameworks that place the emphasis on understanding and explaining how the use of violence as a mechanism has an impact in the evolving forms of water politics and management currently being implemented worldwide, particularly looking at the consequences of these processes, as well as at the potential alternatives to confront the rapid increase of inhuman and anti-democratic practices and discourses in the processes of water control and accumulation. Within this framework, the present issue, organized by Dr Karina Kloster, from the Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM), includes four articles that are the result of ongoing research covering experiences of water-related violences and injustices identified in Brazil, Guatemala, and Mexico. Many of these events are the result of criminal activities carried out by governments' security forces, illegal groups, and other violent actors, often working jointly to impose the appropriation of land, water, and other resources belonging to rural, indigenous and peasant communities. The issue is an ...
Review-Essay of: YOUNG, Oran (ed.) Global Governance. Drawing Insights from the Environmental Experience, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1997. CONCA, Ken, Governing Water. Contentious Transnational Politics and Global Institution Building, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2006. ; Review-Essay de: YOUNG, Oran (ed.) Global Governance. Drawing Insights from the Environmental Experience, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1997. CONCA, Ken, Governing Water. Contentious Transnational Politics and Global Institution Building, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2006.
Se analiza información sobre el proyecto de la planta cervecera Constellation Brands, ubicada en el municipio de Mexicali, Baja California, a efecto de determinar en qué medida este proyecto está considerando las condiciones de semiaridez, la amenaza de escasez y la sobreexplotación de fuentes de agua. A través de una revisión documental, se indaga en documentos oficiales y estudios técnicos del proyecto. El análisis arroja una falta de apego a los conceptos de Seguridad del Agua, sostenibilidad y gobernanza ambiental democrática, mismos que buscan garantizar un acceso equitativo y justo al agua, minimizar los riesgos ambientales y promover la participación amplia y efectiva de actores sociales en la toma de decisiones vinculadas al proyecto. Se observan inconsistencias en la información y los datos técnicos de consumo, así como un predominio de procesos poco transparentes en la promoción del proyecto, lo que derivó en un conflicto entre los promotores y diversos sectores de la sociedad local. ; This article examines data of the Constellation Brands brewery project in Mexicali, Baja California, to determine the extent to which the context of imminent shortages and current overexploitation of water sources threatening Mexicali's semiarid region is considered into the project. Through a documentary review, official documents and technical studies used as the basis of the brewery project are investigated. The analysis shows the lack of adherence to the concepts of water security (WS), sustainability, and democratic environmental governance, which seek to guarantee fair and equitable access to water, minimize environmental risks and promote the broad and effective participation of social actors in critical decision-making processes. Inconsistencies in technical data related to water consumption are observed, as well as lack of transparency along the process of promotion of the project which resulted in conflicts between promoters and several sectors of local society.
One of the most important elements in most ecosystems is biota (Álvarez, Benítez, Velásquez and Cogollo, 2013), which ranges from microorganisms (such as bacteria) to large organisms with an impact on the earth. (like humans) New definitions of "ecosystem" concepts include man, due to the important role he has played in recent decades (O'Neill, 2001). These impacts range from alterations to natural ecosystems, through the creation of artificial ecosystems, to the elimination of natural ecosystems (WHO, 2010). One of the natural resources that has been most affected is the marine water resources (Rangel-Buitrago and Posada-Posada, 2013) and continental (Rúa-García, 2015). These resources are of great importance for the maintenance of all ecosystems on planet earth, since they are directly or indirectly linked to the hydrological cycle (Wetzel, 2001). ; Uno de los elementos más importantes en la mayoría de los ecosistemas es la biota (Álvarez, Benítez, Velásquez y Cogollo, 2013), la cual abarca desde los microorganismos (como las bacterias), hasta los organismos de gran tamaño e impacto en la tierra (como los humanos). Las nuevas definiciones de los conceptos de "ecosistemas" incluyen al hombre, debido al importante papel que ha jugado en las últimas décadas (O´Neill, 2001). Estos impactos incluyen desde alteraciones a los ecosistemas naturales, pasando por la creación de ecosistemas artificiales, hasta la eliminación de ecosistemas naturales (OMS, 2010). Uno de los recursos naturales que más se ha visto afectado, son los recursos hídricos marinos (Rangel-Buitrago y Posada-Posada, 2013) y continentales (Rúa-García, 2015). Estos recursos, poseen una gran importancia para el mantenimiento de todos los ecosistemas en el planeta tierra, ya que están vinculados al ciclo hidrológico de manera directa o indirecta (Wetzel, 2001).
Summary analyses information on the Constellation Brands brewery project, located in the municipality of Mexicali, Baja California, in order to determine the extent to which this project is considering the semi-aridity conditions, the threat of scarcity and the overexploitation of water sources. Through a desk review, official documents and technical studies of the project are investigated. The analysis reveals a lack of adherence to the concepts of water safety, sustainability and democratic environmental governance, which aim to ensure equitable and fair access to water, minimise environmental risks and promote the broad and effective participation of social actors in decision-making linked to the project. There are inconsistencies in consumer information and technical data, as well as a predominance of non-transparent processes in promoting the project, resulting in a conflict between promoters and various sectors of local society. ; Resumen Se analiza información sobre el proyecto de la planta cervecera Constellation Brands, ubicada en el municipio de Mexicali, Baja California, a efecto de determinar en qué medida este proyecto está considerando las condiciones de semiaridez, la amenaza de escasez y la sobreexplotación de fuentes de agua. A través de una revisión documental, se indaga en documentos oficiales y estudios técnicos del proyecto. El análisis arroja una falta de apego a los conceptos de Seguridad del Agua, sostenibilidad y gobernanza ambiental democrática, mismos que buscan garantizar un acceso equitativo y justo al agua, minimizar los riesgos ambientales y promover la participación amplia y efectiva de actores sociales en la toma de decisiones vinculadas al proyecto. Se observan inconsistencias en la información y los datos técnicos de consumo, así como un predominio de procesos poco transparentes en la promoción del proyecto, lo que derivó en un conflicto entre los promotores y diversos sectores de la sociedad local.
A lo largo de la presente investigación se pone de manifiesto al tratar de las dimensiones ambientales del agua que pese a la proliferación de algunos factores como son, los avances tecnológicos en comunicación y transportes o la cooperación de muchos países en temas relacionados con la seguridad, narcotráfico, terrorismo y materia medioambiental, en algunos casos, la fuerte democratización de los sistemas políticos estatales, han beneficiado a que las administraciones públicas y los políticos nacionales se inclinen hacia un trato cercano al ciudadano y, por lo tanto, de su descentralización, floreciendo las posiciones que defienden las esferas locales, regionales o nacionales (de hecho un claro ejemplo lo localizamos en el derecho comunitario, en el que el principio de subsidiariedad, prevalece de forma cada vez más creciente en la administración pública y en la gestión política) , con lo que aquellas cuestiones que puedan responderse y solucionarse eficientemente desde un ámbito local, excluyen su realización en otros perímetros provinciales, regionales o nacionales (así sucesivamente, aquello que pueda hacerse desde la escala regional, relega y descarta la actuación de las administraciones nacionales, e igual con el horizonte nacional en relación con el supranacional). No obstante la aparición de problemas ambientales (y humanos en general), de magnitud y trascendencia global, ha favorecido la labor de organizaciones supranacionales que a través de la cooperación internacional intentan dar respuesta (primordialmente desde el compromiso y la vinculación jurídica del mayor número de estados posibles), a los contratiempos a los que se enfrenta (debido a la acción del ser humano), nuestro planeta (su entorno natural), y que repercuten de manera dramática en la existencia de millones de personas en todo el mundo. ; Throughout this research, it is clear when dealing with the environmental dimensions of water that despite the proliferation of some factors such as technological advances in communication and transport or the cooperation of many countries on issues related to safety, drug trafficking, terrorism and environmental matters, in some cases, the strong democratization of state political systems, have benefited the public administrations and national politicians to lean towards a treatment close to the citizen and, therefore, their decentralization, flourishing the positions defended by local, regional or national spheres (in fact, we can find a clear example in community law, in which the principle of subsidiarity prevails more and more in public administration and political management), what those questions that can be answered and solved efficiently from a local level, exclude their realization in other provincial, regional or national perimeters (so on, what can be done from the regional scale, relegates and discards the action of national administrations, and the same with the national horizon in relation to the supranational). Despite the appearance of environmental problems (and human problems in general), of global magnitude and significance, it has favored the work of supranational organizations that, through international cooperation, try to respond (primarily from the commitment and legal connection of the largest number of possible states), to the setbacks it faces (due to human action), our planet (its natural environment), and which have a dramatic impact on the existence of millions of people around the world. ; Tout au long de cette recherche, il est clair, face aux dimensions environnementales de l'eau, qu'en dépit de la prolifération de certains facteurs tels que les progrès technologiques en matière de communication et de transport ou la coopération de nombreux pays sur des questions liées à la sécurité, trafic de drogue, terrorisme et questions environnementales, dans certains cas, la forte démocratisation des systèmes politiques étatiques, ont profité aux administrations publiques et aux politiciens nationaux pour pencher vers un traitement proche du citoyen et, par conséquent, leur décentralisation, florissante les positions défendues par les sphères locale, régionale ou nationale (en fait, on peut trouver un exemple clair dans le droit communautaire, où le principe de subsidiarité prévaut de plus en plus dans l'administration publique et la gestion politique), avec ce que ces questions qui peuvent être répondues et résolues efficacement à partir d'un environnement local l, exclure sa réalisation dans d'autres périmètres provinciaux, régionaux ou nationaux (ainsi de suite, ce qui peut être fait à l'échelle régionale, relègue et écarte l'action des administrations nationales, et de même avec l'horizon national par rapport à celui supranational). Malgré l'apparition de problèmes environnementaux (et de problèmes humains en général), d'ampleur et d'importance mondiale, il a favorisé le travail des organisations supranationales qui, à travers la coopération internationale, tentent de répondre (principalement par l'engagement et le lien juridique du plus grand nombre de états possibles), aux revers auxquels elle est confrontée (du fait de l'action de l'être humain), à notre planète (son environnement naturel), et qui ont un impact dramatique sur l'existence de millions de personnes dans le monde.
In this issue we feature five articles focused on experiences from Bolivia, Chile, France, and Spain, presenting research results, some originated in doctoral dissertations. Article 1 was authored by Christelle Pezon, from the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), at the Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Action-oriented Sciences (LIRSA), Paris, France. The paper presents a synthetic historical overview of the changing institutional arrangements for the provision of water and sanitation services in France. The focus is on the expected far-reaching impacts of the 2015 NOTRe Law, which prompted a historical reform by transferring the responsibility over water services from 36,600 municipalities to 2,000 urban and rural communities. The author argues that the reform presents unprecedented challenges for rural areas and small towns but may also end the long-standing dichotomic choice between public and private management of water services facing local governments since the 19th century and induce the development of more complex arrangements dependent on political negotiations between local authorities, service providers, and users. Article 2 was written by Cristian Flores Fernandez from the Integrative Institute of Research on Transformations of Human-Environmental Systems (IRI THESys), and Department of Geography, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. The paper addresses the Chilean model of privatized urban water and sanitation services, and presents a critical assessment aimed at exposing the "myths" associated with this experience. The author provides a historical overview of the Chilean model of privatization and uses the 2019 sanitary crisis that affected over 140 thousand people in the city of Osorno as an empirical example of the failures and risks associated with the privatization of essential water and sanitation services. The Chilean case is also the object of Article 3, by Melissa Bayer, from the Institute of Geography, University of Münster, Germany. The author examines the situation ...
The article reviews the issue of water, a renewable natural resource, but unevenly distributed, which has become a rare commodity for some populations. The access to clean water is essential to health, one of the basic human rights and a component of effective policies for the protection of health (WHO, 2006), both in Peru and the world. ; El artículo revisa la característica del agua, un recurso natural renovable, pero distribuido de forma irregular, que se ha convertido en un bien escaso para algunas poblaciones. El acceso al agua potable es fundamental para la salud, uno de los derechos humanos básicos y un componente de las políticas eficaces de protección de la salud (OMS, 2006), tanto en el Perú como el mundo entero
ABSTRACT In Colombia many rivers and other inland aquatic systems, especially into the Andean Region (the most populated of the country), suffer several anthropogenic impacts related to land use and land cover compromising their water quality and quantity, and the provision of other goods and ecosystem services for the future. It is imperative that the Colombian government may initiate new and updated policies, plans, programs in constant consultation and cooperation with other institutions, civilian and environmental authorities, and researchers from the country (or elsewhere), to obtain amply responsibility on the sustainable river management, especially in this region. Thus, a more integrative watershed river assessment and related riverine issues are necessaries for the current freshwater use and management, and before that new development projects going to start. Decision
The neoliberal globalization design, alien to the most elementary ethical principles, far from slowing down the environmental degradation, reduce the wealth inequalities and guarantee fundamental right to the most poor, as the access to drinkable water, has open the water management to the market, as a business space, fostering then the water resources depredation and making weak people more vulnerable. In sum, we face a global water crisis that will get worse, mostly for vulnerable populations and particularly for the poorest communities, if the right politics of adaption are not adopted against droughts and rainfall that are going to be more intense and frequent. We need a new ethic scope, based on sustainability, equity and non violent principles. We face the need to promote a New Water Culture that recovers, from modernity, the old wisdom of ancient cultures based on prudence and respect for the nature. ; El vigente modelo neoliberal de globalización, ajeno a los más elementales principios éticos, lejos de frenar la degradación ecológica, reducir los gradientes de riqueza y garantizar a los más pobres derechos fundamentales, como el acceso al agua potable, ha abierto al mercado la gestión de aguas como espacio de negocio, acelerando la depredación de los recursos hídricos y aumentando la vulnerabilidad de los más débiles. En síntesis, afrontamos una crisis global del agua que sin duda se agravará por efecto del cambio climático en curso si no se adoptan adecuadas políticas de adaptación que amortigüen la vulnerabilidad de la población, particularmente de las comunidades más pobres, ante los riesgos de sequía y de fuertes precipitaciones, que aumentarán en intensidad y frecuencia. Se requiere un nuevo enfoque ético, basado en principios de sostenibilidad, equidad y no-violencia. Nos encontramos ante la necesidad de promover una "Nueva Cultura del Agua" que recupere, desde la modernidad, la vieja sabiduría de culturas ancestrales que se basaba en la prudencia y en el respeto a la naturaleza.
El objetivo de este trabajo es fomentar el reconocimiento del acceso al agua potable, como derecho humano universal, indivisible e imprescriptible. La metodología utilizada fue documental, mediante la recopilación de información factible respecto al tema y análisis de la información donde se analizó, evaluó e interpretó las coincidencias y discordancias del material bibliográfico recopilado. Los principales resultados evidencian que todavía no existe un mercado de servicios ambientales, ni hidrológicos, las experiencias mencionadas operan en un rango de compensación indirecta hasta llegar a la compensación directa. Se concluye expresando que la dimensión cultural del agua es demasiado importante y política para ser ignorada o menospreciada. ; The objective of this work is to promote the recognition of access to drinking water, as a universal, indivisible and imprescriptible human right. The methodology used was documentary, through the collection of feasible information regarding the subject and analysis of the information where the coincidences and disagreements of the collected bibliographic material were analyzed, evaluated and interpreted. The main results show that there is still no market for environmental or hydrological services, the mentioned experiences operate in an indirect compensation range until direct compensation is reached. It is concluded by expressing that the cultural dimension of water is too important and political to be ignored or belittled.
[ES] The III National R & D Plan for the period 1996-99 — approved by the Government in July 1995 — includes a National Water Resources Programme, which aims to increase knowledge of resources and demands. The scientific and technical objectives of the programme have been grouped under the following strands: water resource management, water quality, water related environmental problems, applications of new technologies, surface and groundwater hydrology, and agrohydrology. The main recipients of the results of the programme will be the Directorate-General for Hydraulic Works, responsible for the National Hydrological Plan, the Directorate-General for Water Quality, which manages the National Plan for Waste Water Sanitation and Depuration, and the Directorate-General for Rural Planning and Natural Environment, which is currently drawing up the National Irrigation Plan, and the socio-economic sectors involved in water issues. Other programmes of the National R & D Plan relate to this programme, in particular those for the Environment and Agricultural R & D, which respectively include aspects of pollution, water erosion and measures to protect them. The objectives of this programme are also partly in line with those of the Fourth European Framework Programme, although the latter's objectives are particularly focused on the impact of climate change on water resources, as well as on technologies for forecasting and preventing hydrological risks, with a greater focus on lasinundation than droughts. The instruments to implement the Programme are primarily R & D projects, the results of which inform national water management plans. However, the participation of companies in projects and in the transfer of research results will be enhanced, especially with regard to new technologies and water-related materials and equipment. Martínez Beltrán, J. (1995). The National Water Resources Programme. Water engineering. 2 (3): 69-72. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1995.2683 ; 69 72 2 3 ; [ES] The III National R & ...