In this paper we propose a reading from the perspective of cultural conflict to an opposition to a so-called mining project "Pampa Colorada" which intended to draw groundwater in the Andean area of San Pedro de Atacama, and involving the Atacama communities of Socaire, Peine, Toconao y San Pedro, mining companies and the State. This situation is analysed from a conceptual interactionist perspective, where interethnic frictions of cultural conflict are based on different uses and interpretations that give different agents to valued object in the desert as it is the water and how this case transformed the political relations in the Atacama Salar area, beginning the era of judicialization of environmental and cultural conflicts with new actors, practices and discourses. A qualitative methodology is used from an ethnographic approach developed in the affected communities. ; El presente artículo es parte de una serie de resultados donde proponemos una lectura bajo el prisma de conflicto cultural a un proyecto minero denominado "Pampa Colorada", que pretendía extraer aguas subterráneas en la zona altoandina de San Pedro de Atacama, y que involucró a las comunidades atacameñas de Socaire, Peine, Toconao y San Pedro, las empresas mineras y el Estado. Tal situación se analiza desde una perspectiva conceptual interaccionista, donde las fricciones interétnicas del conflicto cultural se basan en los distintos usos e interpretaciones que le dan distintos actores a un objeto valorado en el desierto como es el agua y cómo esta experiencia transformó las relaciones etnopolíticas en el Salar de Atacama, iniciando la era de la judialización de los conflictos ambientales y culturales con nuevos actores, prácticas y discursos. Se utiliza una metodología cualitativa desde un enfoque etnográfico desarrollado en las comunidades afectadas.
With the implementation of neoliberalism in Honduras since the early nineties, class conflict tended to become invisible; taking various forms of struggle in which other actors not previously involved were incorporated for the protection of areas that previously were not recognized as areas of conflict or if they were they were not noticed. This paper pretends to analyze, based on the four major social environmental conflicts that have arisen in the past two decades in Honduras, how social actors involved construct the spaces of interaction that are intended to create social change in forest protection, water, mining and agriculture. To understand more accurately the situation, is pertinent to recall that two of the pillars of neoliberalism lies in the liberalization of trade and investment, and privatization (Friedman, 1992). Therefore, the deterioration of a relatively strong state for decades, contributed to values of change, elements that were universally accessible as water and forests. Adding the factor privatization, the State gives up all these resources to new economic who join the traditional and transnational corporations that own land and mines conforming a political-economic elite. In fact, these contexts of conflict generated spontaneous revolts that took particular organizational forms progressively in each case. That's how initiatives such as MAO, CAVS, and CNRP MUCA emerge. In light of the theory of new social movements, this work aims to provide methodological inputs for the eclectic and more holistic analysis of these new forms of social organization seeking to develop changes, based on local experience and particular problems; under this theoretical approach is intended to identify the limits and scope of these forms of collective action. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i8.703 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, No. 8, junio 2011 pp.93-106 ; Con la implementación en Honduras del neoliberalismo desde la década de los noventa, los conflictos clasistas tendieron a invisibilizarse; tomando diversas formas atomizadas de lucha en las que otros actores sociales antes no involucrados se incorporaron para la defensa de espacios que previamente no eran reconocidos como espacios de conflicto o si lo era pasaban desapercibidos. El presente trabajo pretende analizar, a partir de cuatro de los principales conflictos socioambientales suscitados en las últimas dos décadas en Honduras, cómo los actores sociales involucrados construyen espacios de interacción que pretenden generar cambios sociales en la protección del bosque, el agua, explotación minera y agricultura Para comprender de manera más exacta esta situación, es pertinente recordar que dos de los pilares del neoliberalismo radican en la liberalización del comercio y de las inversiones, así como la privatización (Friedman, 1992). Por ende, el deterioro de un Estado medianamente fuerte, durante las décadas precedidas, tributó en la adjudicación de valores de cambio; elementos que antes eran de acceso universal como el agua y los bosques. Al agregar el factor privatización, el Estado se desprende totalmente de estos recursos y los sede a actores de las nuevas élites económicas que se unen a las tradicionales y transnacionales que poseen tierras y minas conformándose una élite político- económica. De hecho, estos contextos de conflictividad generaron revueltas espontáneas que progresivamente tomaron formas organizativas particulares en cada uno de los casos. Así surgen iniciativas como el MAO, CAVS, MUCA y el CNRP. A la luz de la teoría de los nuevos movimientos sociales, este trabajo pretende aportar insumos metodológicos para el análisis ecléctico y más holístico de estas nuevas formas de organización social que pretenden desarrollar cambios; partiendo de experiencias locales y problemas particulares. Así bajo este mismo enfoque teórico se pretenden identificar los límites y alcances de estas formas de acción colectiva. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i8.703 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, No. 8, junio 2011 pp.93-106
In Latin America, water governance is facing the problem of rising demand for water resources, increased hydrological variability in a context of climate change, proliferating contamination and thus —in general— increasing scarcity of water in terms of quantity, quality, and opportunity. This creates competition and conflicts among stakeholders. The issue coincides with the urgent international problem of concentration of land, which is heavily intertwined with the concentration of water in the hands of the few. Globalization and a neoliberal political climate facilitate that powerful actors accumulate water rights and volumes at the expense of less powerful water users. This paper examines some exemplary situations in Peru. It is based on literature review, reports and archival research. The paper concludes that the unfair distribution of land and water, at the expense of rural families, communities and indigenous territories, constitutes a serious threat to environmental sustainability, water security and food security. ; En Latinoamérica, la gobernanza del agua se enfrenta con el problema del aumento de la demanda de recursos hídricos, la creciente variabilidad hidrológica en un contexto de cambio climático, y la contaminación que sigue proliferándose. Por lo tanto, se observa una creciente escasez de agua, en cantidad y calidad, generando competencia y conflictos entre los actores involucrados. El problema coincide con el urgente temario internacional de la concentración de tierra, que está muy entrelazado con la concentración del agua en pocas manos. La globalización y un clima político neoliberal facilitan que actores poderosos acumulen derechos y volúmenes de agua a expensas de usuarios de menor poder. Este documento tiene por objetivo examinar el contexto nacional poniendo atención especial en la acumulación en casos ejemplares de la costa peruana. Se basa en revisión de literatura, informes y archivos pertinentes. Concluye que la distribución injusta de tierra y agua, a expensas de familias rurales y de territorios comunales e indígenas, constituye una grave amenaza para la sostenibilidad ambiental, la seguridad hídrica y la seguridad alimentaria.
Ecuador has promoted important inputs to the discussion of XXI century Environmental Law, since the recognition of the Nature as a subject of rights, and for it proposes to protect the biodiversity. The Ecuadorian congressman has included in the national water law a new figure of water protection areas, a sui generis category, because it has similar conditions like a national park, and it accomplishes the conservation of fragile ecosystems which could guarantee the human right of water during drought especially due climate change effects. This paper study the constitution and secondary normative with an historical vision, especially focus in the evolution of environmental law, the work put emphasis on the success of the norm in relation to this new figure of protection and show the process with the purpose to make it exportable to other legislation. The figure of water protection areas shows how the combination of efforts between different actors: public, private and communitarian, could obtain positive results for the environment protection and as an action against climate change, as mitigation and adaptation measures. The paper study the constitution and secondary normative with an historical vision, especially focus in the evolution of environmental law, the work put emphasis on the success of the norm in relation to this new figure of protection and show the process with the purpose to make it exportable to other legislation. The figure of water protection areas shows how the combination of efforts between different actors: public, private and communitarian, could obtain positive results for the environment protection and as a mitigation and adopting measures against climate change. ; El Ecuador ha generado importantes aportes en la discusión del derecho ambiental en el siglo XXI, desde el reconocimiento de los derechos de la naturaleza, así como propuestas para la protección de su biodiversidad. En materia de aguas, el legislador ecuatoriano incluye la protección de las fuentes de agua a través de las Áreas ...
Water policy in Spain, as in all Europe, is being subjected to a deep process of change throughout the last decade. There are several cultural, economic and social factors that explain this political shift, among which the new European Water Framework Directive has to be carefully taken into account. In this article the main characteristics, potentialities and difficulties of this water policy framework are revised. After this, the article assesses the implementation of this process in Andalucía, specifically through the most recent documents of the Guadalquivir river basin management planning. Special attention is paid to issues concerning governance, policies integration, cost recovery and public participation. ; La política del agua en España, como en toda Europa, está sometida a un proceso de cambio profundo. A los factores polí- ticos, económicos y sociales generales que motivan esta transformación se añade la aplicación de la nueva Directiva marco del agua europea de 2000, que en buena parte es expresión institucional de aquellos. En este artículo se analizan las características, potencialidades y dificultades fundamentales de este nuevo marco de política del agua y se valora el proceso, todavía inicial, de su aplicación en Andalucía, haciendose especial referencia a los aspectos de gobernabilidad, integración de políticas, responsabilidad económica de los usuarios y participación pública en la cuenca del Guadalquivir.
As a result of the Symposium A Strategy for Water Sector Capacity Building organized by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Institute for Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering in Delft in 1991, it was recognized the need of focusing on three main priority areas to be strenghtened: human resources; capacity building, incluiding public participation; and the establishment of an adequate policy and legal framework. Supported by the UNDP the Mexican Institute of Water Technology carried out the analysis of the Water Sector Capacity Building through a consulting process based on workshops with the participation of government officials, academics, and NGO´s. This report summarizes the results obtained in two of the six workshops on the topics of Water Quality and Environmental Impact Assessment and includes related background in regard with policies, regulations, capacity building and human resources; presents constraints and suggested priority areas to be streghtened. Main results comprise the identification of actions to be taken, involved institutions and terms in which they have to be achieved. ; Como resultado del Simposium Internacional sobre Formación de Capacidades del Sector Agua, llevado a cabo por el Programa de la Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, PNUD, y el Instituto de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental en Delft, Holanda, en junio de 1991, se reconoció la necesidad de dirigir los esfuerzos de fortalecimiento a tres grandes campos prioritarios: los recursos humanos; el desarrollo institucional, incluyendo la participación comunitaria, y: el establecimiento de una política y una legislación apropiadas. A través del PNUD el Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, llevó a cabo el análisis del fortalecimiento del sector agua en el país, por medio de consultas en dependencias, a especialistas y bajo el esquema de talleres de participación general. El presente documento concentra los resultados obtenidos en dos de los seis talleres realizados, sobre los temas de calidad del agua e impacto ambiental. La información se presenta tomando en consideración los antecedentes de los temas señalados, en cuanto a las políticas, normatividad, desarrollo institucional y recursos humanos, su problemática actual y las áreas sugeridas de acción para su fortalecimiento. Los resultados del análisis comprenden las acciones específicas a emprender, la identificación de instituciones involucradas y los plazos en que deberán realizarse.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Environmental Adjustment Contract for pig production (EAC) in improving the water quality in Pinhal River sub-basin, located in Concordia, west part of Santa Catarina State. The monitoring of water parameters occurred in eight sites of the river, during three years (2006-2009). To assess whether the EAC was efficient, Brazilian Water Law was used. The average annual concentrations of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were: 130.2 mg/L, 137.0 mg/L, and 99.8 mg/L. Turbidity showed the same trend of TDS. Concentrations of nitrate and Total Phosphorus (TP) decreased from 2006 to 2009; nitrate from 1.81 mg/L NO3-N to 1.54 mg NO3-N; TP from 0.29 mg/L to 0.10 mg/L, respectively. The same trends occurred for Fecal Coliforms and E. coli. These results show that obligations proposed by EAC had potentially improved water quality. These results can help the government, farmers, and society to establish environmentally sound and sustainable programs for pig production. ; The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Environmental Adjustment Contract for pig production (EAC) in improving the water quality in Pinhal River sub-basin, located in Concordia, west part of Santa Catarina State. The monitoring of water parameters occurred in eight sites of the river, during three years (2006-2009). To assess whether the EAC was efficient, Brazilian Water Law was used. The average annual concentrations of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were: 130.2 mg/L, 137.0 mg/L, and 99.8 mg/L. Turbidity showed the same trend of TDS. Concentrations of nitrate and Total Phosphorus (TP) decreased from 2006 to 2009; nitrate from 1.81 mg/L NO3-N to 1.54 mg NO3-N; TP from 0.29 mg/L to 0.10 mg/L, respectively. The same trends occurred for Fecal Coliforms and E. coli. These results show that obligations proposed by EAC had potentially improved water quality. These results can help the government, farmers, and society to establish environmentally sound and sustainable programs for pig production. ; O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência do Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta (TAC) da suinocultura na melhoria da qualidade da água na sub-bacia do Rio Pinhal, localizada em Concórdia, Oeste de Santa Catarina. O monitoramento dos parâmetros de qualidade da água ocorreu em oito pontos entre os anos de 2006 a 2009. Para avaliar se o TAC foi eficiente, utilizou-se como referência a lei brasileira de classificação das águas. As concentrações anuais médias de Sólidos Totais Dissolvidos (STD) foram: 130,2 mg/L, 137,0 mg/L e 99,8 mg/L. A Turbidez mostrou a mesma tendência das concentrações de STD. As concentrações de nitrato e fósforo total (PT) reduziram de 2006 a 2009; nitrato de 1,81 mg/L NO3-N para 1,54 mg/L NO3-N; PT de 0,29 mg/L para 0,10 mg/L, respectivamente. As mesmas tendências foram verificadas para coliformes fecais e E. coli. Os resultados demonstram que o EAC proporcionou melhorias na qualidade da água. Os resultados poderão ajudar governos, agricultores e sociedade para estabelecer programas sustentáveis para a produção de suínos.
The excessive amount of pesticides applied in agricultural areas may reach surface water, thereby contaminating it. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of pesticides used in a sub-basin headwater with coffee crops, situated in the Dom Corrêa district, Manhuaçu, Minas Gerais. The region of study is a great producer of coffee. Crops occupy steep areas and are situated close to surface water bodies. In this study, four sample collection points were selected in streams as well as a point in the distribution network and two points in the water treatment station (raw and treated water) a total of seven points. The samples were collected in rainy and dry seasons. Organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and triazoles pesticides were identified by liquid and gas chromatography analysis with tandem mass spectrometry. The occurrence of pesticides was more evident in the rainy season. A total of 24 distinct pesticides were detected. At least one pesticide was identified in 67% of the samples collected during the rainy season and in 21% of the samples collected during drought. Many pesticides detected in water are not regulated in Brazilian legislation regarding potability. ; The excessive amount of pesticides applied in agricultural areas may reach surface water, thereby contaminating it. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of pesticides used in a sub-basin headwater with coffee crops, situated in the Dom Corrêa district, Manhuaçu, Minas Gerais. The region of study is a great producer of coffee. Crops occupy steep areas and are situated close to surface water bodies. In this study, four sample collection points were selected in streams as well as a point in the distribution network and two points in the water treatment station (raw and treated water) a total of seven points. The samples were collected in rainy and dry seasons. Organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and triazoles pesticides were identified by liquid and gas chromatography analysis with tandem mass spectrometry. The occurrence of pesticides was more evident in the rainy season. A total of 24 distinct pesticides were detected. At least one pesticide was identified in 67% of the samples collected during the rainy season and in 21% of the samples collected during drought. Many pesticides detected in water are not regulated in Brazilian legislation regarding potability. ; O excedente dos agrotóxicos aplicados nas áreas agrícolas pode atingir as águas superficiais, contaminando-as. Assim, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença dos agrotóxicos em águas superficiais e utilizadas para abastecimento público em uma sub-bacia de cabeceira, com cultivo de café, situada no distrito de Dom Corrêa em Manhuaçu, Minas Gerais. A região de estudo é grande produtora de café, as lavouras ocupam áreas íngremes e situam-se próximas aos cursos d´água. Para isso, foram selecionados quatro pontos de coletas de amostras de água nos córregos, um ponto na rede de distribuição e dois pontos na estação de tratamento (água bruta e tratada), totalizando sete pontos. As amostras foram coletadas em período chuvoso e seco. Agrotóxicos organoclorados, organofosforados, piretróides, carbamatos e triazóis foram constatados por meio de análise por cromatografia líquida e gasosa com espectrometria de massas em tandem. A ocorrência de agrotóxicos foi mais evidente no período chuvoso. Vinte e quatro agrotóxicos distintos foram detectados. Pelo menos um agrotóxico foi detectado em 67% das amostras coletadas, durante a estação chuvosa, e em 21% das amostras coletadas durante a estação seca. Muitos agrotóxicos detectados não estão relacionados na legislação brasileira de potabilidade.
El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una reflexión crítica de la normatividad sobre el agua en Colombia a la luz tanto de las discusiones y directrices internacionales como de las contradicciones entre la democratización y privatización que emergen con los ajustes y cambios relacionados con el agua impuestos en el país, principalmente, desde los años 90. La metodología utilizada fue la revisión bibliográfica y documental. Como resultados de la investigación pudimos entender que existen dos cuerpos normativos para la gestión del agua en Colombia. En primer lugar, las generalidades de lo que concierne a la conservación y uso del agua como recurso natural que se encuentran contempladas en el Código de Recursos Naturales Renovables de 1974, la Ley 99 de 1993 y en la Política Nacional de Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico. En segundo lugar, lo atinente al servicio público domiciliario de agua potable que se encuentra regulado por la Ley 142 de 1994. Ello evidencia una fragmentación en la normatividad y lo que se requiere es entender los sistemas hídricos como una unidad dinámica y compleja. Adicionalmente, con esta ley 142 se posibilitó la privatización de parte de las actividades de abastecimiento de agua potable, con lo cual el Estado pasó de ser el prestador del servicio de acueducto a ser su regulador. Como conclusión consideramos necesario introducir un enfoque de equidad en la provisión de agua y el fortalecimiento del sector público descentralizado en el país, que promueva una gestión ambiental coordinada. Por otra parte, se evidencia que la defensa del agua como bien común intenta materializarse en estrategias que se oponen a la privatización y se fundamentan en la noción de que el acceso al líquido vital es un derecho humano y en el presupuesto de que el agua, a diferencia de cualquier commodity, es insustituible. ; The objective of this work is to make a critical reflection of the normativity on water in Colombia, in the light of international discussions and guidelines and the contradictions between democratization and privatization that emerge with the adjustments and changes related to water imposed in the country, mainly since the 90s. The methodology used was bibliographic and documentary review. As results and conclusions of the research, it was possible to understand that there are two regulatory bodies for water management in Colombia. In the first place, the generalities concerning the conservation and use of water as a natural resource, which are considered in the Code of Renewable Natural Resources of 1974, Law 99 of 1993 and in the National Policy of Comprehensive Management of Water Resources. In the second place, what concerns the residential water service, which is regulated by Law 142 of 1994. This demonstrates a fragmentation in the normativity and what is required is to understand the water resource as a dynamic and complex unit. Additionally, it was possible to privatize the part of the drinking water supply activities with Law 142, with which the State went from being the provider of the water service to being its regulator. In conclusion, it is considered necessary to introduce an equity approach in the provision of water and the strengthening of the decentralized public sector in the country which promotes coordinated environmental management. On the other hand, it is evident that, the defense of water as a common good, tries to materialize in strategies that oppose privatization and are based on the notion that, access to the vital liquid is a human right, and in the assumption that, water, unlike any commodity, is irreplaceable.
Water, energy and food are essential resources for economic development and social well-being. Framing integrated policies that improve their efficient use requires understanding the interdependencies in the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus. Stakeholder involvement in this process is crucial to represent multiple perspectives, ensure political legitimacy and promote dialogue. In this research, we develop and apply a participatory modelling approach to identify the main interlinkages within the WEF nexus in Andalusia, as a starting point to developing a system dynamic model at a later stage. The application of fuzzy cognitive mapping enabled us to gain knowledge on the WEF nexus according to opinions from 14 decision-makers, as well as contributing to raising awareness and building consensus among stakeholders. Results show that climate change and water availability are key drivers in the WEF nexus in Andalusia. Other variables with significant interlinkages within the WEF nexus are food production, irrigated agriculture, energy cost, socio-economic factors, irrigation water use, environmental conservation, and farm performance indicators. The scenario analysis reveals the interdependencies among nexus sectors and the existence of unanticipated effects when changing variables in the system, which need to be considered to design integrated policies.
O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o histórico de ocupação nas áreasde mananciais na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e a evolução da legislação relacionada a essa problemática do ponto de vista da gestão de recursos hídricos. Foi utilizada metodologia descritiva, com pesquisas a material bibliográfico e documental, buscando apresentar as principais leis relativas à proteção das áreas de mananciais da RMSP e sobre gestão de recursos hídricos e ambiental. Foi possível observar um avanço na concepção da legislação e do formato proposto para o gerenciamento das áreas de mananciais, porém, limitado pela ausência de um mecanismo mais efetivo para gestão metropolitana. A construção da gestão metropolitana na RMSP poderia ampliar a capacidade de integração entre municípios e setores. A integração entre a gestão de recursos hídricos e a gestão territorial mostrou-se fundamental para a proteção dos mananciais. A nova lei de proteção aos mananciais, Lei Estadual nº 9.866/97, se apresenta como descentralizada, participativa, com foco em ações não estruturais e na gestão integrada. Porém, a efetiva implementação da lei depende ainda da harmonização de políticas públicas setoriais, de uma extensa coordenação e cooperação entre municípios e o avanço no grau de comprometimento dos governos. ; This paper presents the history of occupation in the water source areas in São Paulo Metropolitan Region (hereinafter SPMR) and the evolution of the legislation related to this issue, from the point of view of the environmental and water management. A descriptive methodology was used, with searches into bibliographical and documental materials, in order to present the main laws for the protection of the water supply areas of SPMR and environmental and water management. It was possible to observe some progress in the premises of the both legislation and the format proposed for the management of the water source areas. However, such progress is limited due to the lack of a more effective mechanism for metropolitan management. The construction of the metropolitan management in SPMR would enlarge the capacity of integration between municipalities and sectors. The integration between the management of water and the land use management showed to be fundamental for the protection of the water sources. The new law for protection of the water sources, State Law nº 9.866/97, is decentralized and participative, focusing on non-structural actions and integrated management. However, the effective implementation of the law still depends on the harmonization of sectoral public policies, extensive coordination and cooperation among municipalities and the progress in the degree of the commitment of the governments. ; O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o histórico de ocupação nas áreasde mananciais na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e a evolução da legislação relacionada a essa problemática do ponto de vista da gestão de recursos hídricos. Foi utilizada metodologia descritiva, com pesquisas a material bibliográfico e documental, buscando apresentar as principais leis relativas à proteção das áreas de mananciais da RMSP e sobre gestão de recursos hídricos e ambiental. Foi possível observar um avanço na concepção da legislação e do formato proposto para o gerenciamento das áreas de mananciais, porém, limitado pela ausência de um mecanismo mais efetivo para gestão metropolitana. A construção da gestão metropolitana na RMSP poderia ampliar a capacidade de integração entre municípios e setores. A integração entre a gestão de recursos hídricos e a gestão territorial mostrou-se fundamental para a proteção dos mananciais. A nova lei de proteção aos mananciais, Lei Estadual nº 9.866/97, se apresenta como descentralizada, participativa, com foco em ações não estruturais e na gestão integrada. Porém, a efetiva implementação da lei depende ainda da harmonização de políticas públicas setoriais, de uma extensa coordenação e cooperação entre municípios e o avanço no grau de comprometimento dos governos.
Cuestiones referentes a la justicia y la equidad social enmarcadas en el ámbito medioambiental han tenido lugar en el movimiento por la justicia ambiental. Anteriormente, el movimiento medioambientalista se había centrado, casi exclusivamente, en la conservación del medio biogeofísico, así como en la reducción de elementos contaminantes de la atmósfera, la tierra y el agua. El paradigma de la justicia ambiental, sin embargo, ha tratado de incorporar, desde sus orígenes en Estados Unidos hace tres décadas, cuestiones de justicia social en el movimiento medioambiental, con actuaciones de gran éxito nacional. El concepto de "justicia ambiental" es dual, tanto por su faceta como movimiento social, como en calidad de paradigma con enormes implicaciones en la esfera de actuación pública. Este artículo considerará, teóricamente, el estado de la cuestión de la justicia ambiental, con el propósito de evaluar el impacto que este paradigma tiene sobre el movimiento medioambiental y sobre actuaciones políticas. ; Issues of social justice and equity related to the environment have taken place in the environmental justice movement. Previously, the environmental movement had focused, almost exclusively, on issues related to the conservation of the physical environment as well as the reduction of pollutants from the atmosphere, land and water. The environmental justice paradigm, however, has sought, since its origins in the United States three decades ago, to incorporate issues of social justice in the environmental movement, with performances of great national success. The concept of environmental justice is dual, both as a social movement, and as a paradigm with enormous implications in the area of public action. This article will consider, theoretically, the state of the art of environmental justice, with the aim of evaluating the impact this paradigm has on the environmental movement and on political issues. ; Publicado
Issues of social justice and equity related to the environment have taken place in the environmental justice movement. Previously, the environmental movement had focused, almost exclusively, on issues related to the conservation of the physical environment as well as the reduction of pollutants from the atmosphere, land and water. the environmental justice paradigm, however, has sought, since its origins in the united States three decades ago, to incorporate issues of social justice in the environmental movement, with performances of great national success. the concept of environmental justice is dual, both as a social movement, and as a paradigm with enormous implications in the area of public action. this article will consider, theoretically, the state of the art of environmental justice, with the aim of evaluating the impact this paradigm has on the environmental movement and on political issues. ; Cuestiones referentes a la justicia y la equidad social enmarcadas en el ámbito medioambiental han tenido lugar en el movimiento por la justicia ambiental. anteriormente, el movimiento medioambientalista se había centrado, casi exclusivamente, en la conservación del medio biogeofísico, así como en la reducción de elementos contaminantes de la atmósfera, la tierra y el agua. El paradigma de la justicia ambiental, sin embargo, ha tratado de incorporar, desde sus orígenes en Estados unidos hace tres décadas, cuestiones de justicia social en el movimiento medioambiental, con actuaciones de gran éxito nacional. El concepto de "justicia ambiental" es dual, tanto por su faceta como movimiento social, como en calidad de paradigma con enormes implicaciones en la esfera de actuación pública. Este artículo considerará, teóricamente, el estado de la cuestión de la justicia ambiental, con el propósito de evaluar el impacto que este paradigma tiene sobre el movimiento medioambiental y sobre actuaciones políticas.
The watershed of the Pirajibu-Mirim River, in Sorocaba-SP, contributes to production and the municipal water supply, and is located in a high-priority region for the implementation of a Payment for Environmental Services (PES) program. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the conservation of its water springs and environmental compliance with the legislation of Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs). A macroscopic diagnosis of the water springs was therefore made in the field in order to subsequently classify their condition. The assessment of environmental compliance with the PPAs was performed with the aid of RapidEye (2014) satellite images and the Quantum GIS 1.6 program. The results indicated that water quality stands out positively, while the land use and occupation of the springs areas showed negative results. No water spring is located in protected areas and only one was found on an agricultural farm; none had signs indicating its presence. Most of them show evidence of human disturbance, such as degradation of vegetation and garbage dumping. The evaluation of environmental compliance demonstrated that 30.7% of the PPAs lack adequate vegetative cover, and thus may potentially be included in an intervention program for recovery due to degradation. The profile analysis of the properties that have water springs indicated the predominance of lands without any commercial use that included recreational country houses. The work indicated some environmental and socioeconomic characteristics of the watershed that can support public policy for the conservation of water resources in the region, if considered in the establishment of a PSA program. ; A microbacia hidrográfica do rio Pirajibu-Mirim, localizada em Sorocaba-SP, contribui para produção e o abastecimento de água do município, além de estar inserida em uma região prioritária para implantação de um programa de Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais (PSA). Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a conservação de suas nascentes e a adequação ambiental de suas Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs). Para tanto, foi realizado em campo um diagnóstico macroscópico das nascentes, para sua posterior classificação. A avaliação da adequação ambiental nas APPs foi realizada com o auxílio de imagens do satélite RapidEye (2014) e do programa Quantum GIS 1.6. Os resultados apontam que a qualidade da água destaca-se positivamente, enquanto o uso e ocupação do solo e a área das nascentes apresentam resultados negativos. Nenhuma nascente está localizada em área protegida e apenas uma está em propriedade rural agrícola, além de não possuírem placas indicativas. A maioria apresenta sinais de perturbação antrópica, como a degradação da vegetação e depósito de lixo. A avaliação da adequação ambiental mostrou que 30,7% das APPs da microbacia estão sem vegetação e, assim, deveriam sofrer intervenções visando à recuperação das áreas degradadas. A análise do perfil das propriedades que possuem nascentes indicou a predominância de terrenos ociosos e chácaras. Os dados encontrados evidenciam algumas características ambientais e socioeconômicas da microbacia que, se consideradas na implementação do programa de PSA, podem contribuir para a sustentabilidade de uma política pública de conservação dos recursos hídricos na região. ; A microbacia hidrográfica do rio Pirajibu-Mirim, localizada em Sorocaba-SP, contribui para produção e o abastecimento de água do município, além de estar inserida em uma região prioritária para implantação de um programa de Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais (PSA). Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a conservação de suas nascentes e a adequação ambiental de suas Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs). Para tanto, foi realizado em campo um diagnóstico macroscópico das nascentes, para sua posterior classificação. A avaliação da adequação ambiental nas APPs foi realizada com o auxílio de imagens do satélite RapidEye (2014) e do programa Quantum GIS 1.6. Os resultados apontam que a qualidade da água destaca-se positivamente, enquanto o uso e ocupação do solo e a área das nascentes apresentam resultados negativos. Nenhuma nascente está localizada em área protegida e apenas uma está em propriedade rural agrícola, além de não possuírem placas indicativas. A maioria apresenta sinais de perturbação antrópica, como a degradação da vegetação e depósito de lixo. A avaliação da adequação ambiental mostrou que 30,7% das APPs da microbacia estão sem vegetação e, assim, deveriam sofrer intervenções visando à recuperação das áreas degradadas. A análise do perfil das propriedades que possuem nascentes indicou a predominância de terrenos ociosos e chácaras. Os dados encontrados evidenciam algumas características ambientais e socioeconômicas da microbacia que, se consideradas na implementação do programa de PSA, podem contribuir para a sustentabilidade de uma política pública de conservação dos recursos hídricos na região.
This article addresses the main shortcomings and opportunities regarding the regulation of environmental flows in Cuban legislation, particularly in Law Nº 124. "On Terrestrial Waters" approved in 2017. Issues such as legal gaps and contradictions in the definition are addressed of the concept of environmental flow, its link to other aspects such as the integrated management of water resources (IWRM), as well as the regime for granting water rights in Cuba, developing concrete proposals for possible legal reform. ; Este artículo trata sobre las principales deficiencias y oportunidades en la regulación del caudal ambiental en la legislación cubana, particularmente en la Ley Nº 124. "De las Aguas Terrestres" aprobada en el año 2017. Se abordan temas como los vacíos legales y contradicciones en la definición del concepto de caudal ambiental, su vinculación a otros aspectos como el de la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos (GIRH), así como en el régimen de otorgamiento de derechos de agua en Cuba, elaborando propuestas concretas de posible reforma legal.