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Discusses contemporary approaches to social equality between men & women, or "gender equality" to argue that equal treatment is a constitutive feature of justice. Gender stereotypes of British domestic policy deny men the possible opportunity to become active parents, & thus designate the role of primary care to women. The grand principles of justice & equality are also weakened in a sexual stereotype based concept of gender. Analysis of British legislation on the "principle of equal treatment" & the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act are bogged down in counter-productive clauses. The common division of labor between normative social & political theory & policy design is concluded to not serve the contemporary objectives of equality & justice. Critical interrogation of assumptions about the principle of equal treatment & stereotypes must reconsider sex discrimination measures, & reinterpret what is relevant for both men and women. References. J. Harwell

Italy lagged somewhat behind the rest of Europe in setting up offices to promote equal status for women. The solution Italy chose in the 1980s was a plurality of agencies rather than a single department or ministry, so that there would be better focus on the different issues within each agency. Equal Status & Equal Opportunity National Commission (ESONC) was charged with promoting equal opportunity for women in the fields of communication, culture, politics, & power positions. The Equal State Committee for the Implementation of Equal Treatment & Equal Opportunities for Men & Women in the Workplace (ESC) focused on equality in the workplace. The establishment, organization, & activities of these two agencies & the interaction between women's political machinery & the women's movement in Italy are reviewed. ESONC has had a cultural impact, but limited influence, on policy making. ESC has recently been important in affirmative action labor legislation, but has not yet infiltrated the collective bargaining process. M. Pflum

Article 8b of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) extends municipal & European electoral rights to all Union citizens residing in each member state. This is clearly one of the most controversial provisions of the TEU, since municipal political rights have traditionally been extended only to the citizens of a particular state. In discussing the potential consequences of this principle of equal treatment, it is argued that Article 8b will necessarily have some effect on the overall regulation of the political participation of nonnationals in various member states & that it will ultimately require a full guarantee of the political freedoms of expression, assembly, & association. M. Maguire

Article 8 of the European Community (EC) Treaty defines EC citizens in economic terms, but laws providing for the free movement of persons between member states suggest that EC citizens might also have certain social rights. After outlining these limited social rights, the troubling question about the legal basis for EC social policies is addressed. How a broader interpretation of the principle of equal treatment, as provided in Article 6 of the EC Treaty, might expand the substantive content of EC citizenship is also discussed, as are the potential consequences of any extension of EC competence in the social field. M. Maguire

Editor's introduction that establishes the theme of the future of "gender" as a research trajectory. The distinctions between "gender" & "sex" are contextualized in the history of the terms as biological endowments & functions. Comparative definitions identify gender as the description of social characteristics of feminine & masculine that is distinguished from "sex" as analysis based on a priori assumptions about behavior. The contributions are briefly organized into three sections: reorienting the feminist imagination, variations on the theme of gender, & gender & political practice. The author concludes that antidiscrimination measures should he separated from the goal of "gender equality" via a reinterpretation of the "relevant respects" for equal treatment of men & women. References. J. Harwell