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Human Rights by its origin and nature only advocate the welfare and well-being of all persons with equal treatment everywhere, it never discriminate towards any individual, class or group of people in any society. But Indian Governments at all level have failed to protect, the human rights even civil rights of sex workers. It covers problems of the sex workers and their children or child sex workers entered in sex trade by force & fraud but rescued from sex trade and advocates only claim of sex workers to live with dignity as they are also human being and have human rights. It shall focus on responsibility of government to make effective policy and for its good governance to provide justice to the sex workers and their children under the mandate of judicial directions. But this paper does not advocate demand of sex workers to encourage sex trade by any way.

AbstractDrawing on the concept of representative bureaucracy, this article examines how two multilingual states – Canada and Switzerland – deal with issues related to the participation of different linguistic communities in the federal public service. Following a political mobilization of the linguistic cleavage, strategies to promote multilingualism in the public service have been adopted in both countries. The Canadian strategy focuses on equal treatment of Anglophones and Francophones in the public service. In Switzerland, adequate representation of the linguistic communities is the primary goal. These differences are explained by the characteristics of the linguistic regimes in each of the two countries as well as by the peculiarities of consociational democracy in Switzerland. In both countries, the linguistic origins of public administration staff, overall, mirrors the proportions of the linguistic communities in the wider society. Within administrative units, however, linguistic diversity is hampered by the logics of language rationalization, where minorities are under pressure to communicate in the language of the majority.

Bogotá is facing the problem of a large and rapidly growth to its periphery, reducing green areas, affecting the environment and stressing the city's infrastructure just to name some negative effects. This scenario is even worse when looking to the city centre in which many buildings are abandoned or not used to their full potential. Other buildings need an intervention in order to meet current legislation and activities requirements. Environmental architecture seems not to be part of the agenda. In the other hand, many of the new buildings are not aware of how the design can affect the quality of the space and the environmental performance of the building. Glazed facades facing all orientations, equal treatment to all facades, lack of solar control elements, heating and cooling in a climate where sometimes coupling with the outside is desirable are just some of the things that suggest a review of what is being done.

AbstractThis article compares the performance of state institutions and compliance with EU law in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia. The public institutions highlighted are of crucial relevance when it comes to enforcing EU social standards and include the court and legal systems as well as labour inspectorates and equal treatment authorities. Expert and practitioner assessments point to major shortcomings in their institutional performance. The procedural compliance pattern to which these shortcomings give rise closely resembles that found by previous studies in some Western European countries, notably Ireland and Italy. Thus, the four countries examined here fall within a 'world of dead letters' as far as their compliance with EU law is concerned. In this 'world', EU directives tend to be transposed in a politicised mode (although so far, this happened rather timely and correctly) and there is frequent non-compliance at the later stages of monitoring and enforcement.

This article explores issues of workplace justice and organization legitimacy founded in formal employee grievance programs and procedures designed to afford aggrieved employees procedural due process, equal treatment and fairness. The depth and breadth of the discussion and debate about what constitutes a successful employee grievance program is interdisciplinary and complex. It focuses on the inevitable tension between management prerogatives and employee rights in the public workplace. At issue is the relationship between workplace justice and legitimacy and its effect on organization efficiency and effectiveness. The author contends that workplace justice and organization success are closely tied to the legitimate actions of first-line supervisors and human resource managements' abilities to design institutions capable of fulfilling their social responsibilities in self-preserving ways. This will require a better understanding of how formal employee grievance procedures alter cooperative, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms for resolving employees' workplace concerns, complaints, and disputes in public organizations.

Appendix: FDI-related Notification and Application Forms ; I. Overview ; 1.Definition 2.FDI-related laws Acts and Laws 3.FDI-allowed businesses II. FDI Protection & Liberalization ; 1. Guarantee of Overseas Remittance 2.Equal Treatment 3.FDI Liberalization III. FDI Notification & Registration ; 1. Principls of FDI Notification 2.FDI Procedures 3. Processing of Civil Petitions by Foreign investors 4.Follow-up Management of Foreign-invested Companies IV. Support for FDI: 1.Tax Incentives 2.Incentives for Lease of National/Local Government Properties 3.Customs Support 4.Others V. Cash Grants for FDI: 1.Criteria 2.Utilization of Cash Grants VI. Designation/Operation of Project Manager ; 1.Purpose 2.Designation of Project Manager 3.Role of Project Manager VII. Foreign Investment Zones (FIZ) ; 1.Types and Designation of Foreign Investment Zones 2.Designation/Development/Management of Foreign Investment Zones 3.Support for Foreign-Invested Companies in FIZ

This paper analyses the consequences of the planned enlargement on the EU budget for the years 2007 and 2013. It concentrates on the EU's Common Agricultural Policy and Structural Policy and calculates the possible fiscal consequences of enlarging the EU for various policy scenarios. Enlarging the EU could be financed without overstepping the current upper limit for the EU budget, but it increases the pressure for EU policy reform. The main aim of such reforms is to reduce income support in agricultural policy and to concentrate structural policy on needy member states. These reforms would lead to a distribution of net burdens which was more strongly orientated according to the relative income of EU members. The burden for net contributors would remain under control, financial support for needy member states in the present EU would continue and new members would receive equal treatment from expenditure-related programmes.

Noting that democratic perspectives have largely neglected the normative issue of language recognition, three approaches (official multiculturalism, language rationalization, & language maintenance paradigms) for reconceptualizing the problem of language recognition are critiqued. It is contended that official multiculturalism accommodates the communication needs of second-language speakers, symbolically confirms second languages, & promotes the identities of second-language speakers. After addressing potential objections to official multiculturalism, the language rationalization & language maintenance models are presented as alternatives to the aforementioned paradigm. Although language rationalization possesses several advantages (eg, the capacity to increase social mobility), three significant problems with the model are identified including the approach's ability to actually achieve linguistic convergence. The benefits & shortcomings of the language maintenance model are also discussed. Even though no single model is perceived as dominant, it is suggested that official multilingualism does little to threaten the equal treatment of speakers of different languages. J. W. Parker

In the early 1990s, the development of asylum systems began in earnest as a dramatic surge in applications for asylum in Western Europe, North America, & Australia was registered. The existing asylum systems must be kept in good working order &, if possible, improved. In the EU, this means the harmonization of policies to ensure fair & equal treatment of asylum seekers & to deter "asylum shopping." At this point, the cost of maintaining asylum systems is relevant. However, the question that requires attention is in regard to the investment of the international community of such a disproportionate amount of available "protection funds" in industrialized countries compared to what is made available to large host countries in the developing world. The present asylum systems in place in Europe, North America, & Australia are expensive to the country of asylum & the asylum seeker. There is a strong justification for the exploration of alternatives to asylums, such as offering protection in the region or country of origin. E. Sanchez

Access to genetic testing touches on human rights (self-determination, privacy, equal treatment) and therefore ought to be regulated rather than left to market forces. Developing an appropriate regulatory framework requires combining several types of regulations (legal as well as professional rules) depending on the nature of the standards (substantive or technical). At a time of economic globalisation, however, nations tend to become minor regulatory players on the world scene. They are made even less significant by the increasingly free movement of people and by the spectacular growth of telecommunications and e-commerce. The 'interconnected global village' therefore calls for stronger involvement of international and supranational organisations and for promoting international harmonisation. It is suggested that, as a first step, the Council of Europe could play a decisive role by drafting an additional protocol on medical genetics to the 1997 Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine.

This Article explores the evolution of the European Union's effort to achieve gender equality in employment and the impact of the Amsterdam Treaty on this effort. It examines the developments of the European Union, the legislation promulgated to promote equality between men and women in employment, and the decisions of the European Court of Justice in relation to such legislation. The Article then contrasts those efforts with United States law and focuses on positive action in the European Union, analyzes the relevant decisions in this area-Kalanke v. Freie Hansestadt Bremen and Marschall v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen. It then contrasts them with the United States experience with affirmative action. FinaUy, the Article discusses the Amsterdam Treaty and both its impact on equality between men and women in employment and beyond the workplace through positive action. The likelihood of success of the Amsterdam Treaty in eradicating gender discrimination and promoting equal treatment between men and women is assessed.

Abstract. Despite a recent claim to the contrary, Herbert J. Davenport was firmly against the Henry George proposal to try to raise all public funds from a tax on land. This is evidenced by two papers he wrote on the subject. Davenport argued that the single tax on land would prompt the inefficient use of substitutes for land, that it would tend to destroy the base upon which the tax was levied, and that it would offend our sense of justice, or the equal treatment principle. The most important and effective of his arguments appears to be the first. It was, more specifically, that in the event of a land tax, individuals would economize on land. They would farm more intensively, they would construct higher buildings, and they would exploit potential underground living space. This paper describes Davenport's arguments and shows why they have been misinterpreted in the past as supporting Henry George's tax theory.

A review of the innovative measures for conducting multilateral diplomatic negotiations proposed during the Helsinki (Finland) Conference on European Cooperation & Security (CSCE). Comparing its procedures & achievements with the standard established by other international conferences, it is noted that the CSCE model is unique for its nonbiased, equal treatment of participant states. CSCE procedural norms take this principle into account, & include consensus for decision making, yearly rotation of president, tolerance of restricted groups & representatives during negotiation sessions, & a purely technical role for the CSCE executive secretary. These principles were implemented during diplomatic negotiations by the CSCE 1972-1975. Both small & medium-sized states participating in the process were given liberty to take appropriate actions. The benefits & drawbacks of the consensus process are assessed. The impact of the innovative & original CSCE approach on other multilateral diplomatic negotiations, particularly within the UN, is discussed. AA Tr & Modified by J. Sadler