Over the last decades of the 20th and the start of the 21st century, the main features of changes in public administration have involved the evolution of traditional forms of such administration into postmodern public governance systems. This paper examines the evolution of public governance theory and practice. The underlying research question is: what is metagovernance and what structure does it take (in terms of the governance of governance)? To answer this, the article uses meta-analysis, theoretical modelling, comparative analysis, and interpretative and prognostic methods as a basis to evaluate many definitions of new public governance. The description of the development of metagovernance connects and combines the line of new forms and doctrines of public governance as good, smart governance, post new public management and new public services. All these theoretical definitions and models of new forms of transformation of governance can be characterised as forms, subsystems or elements of basic metagovernance systems. The term "metagovernance" encompasses the complexity of modern governance and suggests including hierarchies, market and network forms of governance. Metagovernance can be defined as a mutual, hybrid form of three ideal types of governance in the 21st century. The concept combines the best features of theory and governance practice from traditional public administration, new public management and postmodern forms of new public governance. ; Straipsnyje analizuojama metavaldymo, kaip XXI a. viešojo valdymo doktrinos, formavimosi prielaidos. XXI a. pradžioje viešojo administravimo teorija, veikiama globalių pokyčių, vykstančių viešojo valdymo sisteminių-procesinių modernizavimo reformų, leidžia viešojo valdymo teoretikams ir praktikams pateikti platų pokyčių procesus ir jų rezultatus viešojo valdymo sferoje įvardijančios terminijos spektrą. Dažniausiai sutinkami XXI a. viešąjį valdymą charakterizuojantys terminai yra: "geras", "daugialygis", "sumanus" valdymas ir kt. Juos konstruojantys autoriai neretai yra linkę orientuotis į mezo ir makro lygmens reformas, inovacines viešojo valdymo kaitos formas. Straipsnio autoriaus nuomone, XXI a. viešojo valdymo specifiką, visų pirma, jo kompleksines charakteristikas ir reikšmes pilniau atskleidžia metavaldymo terminas, turintis žymiai platesnes jungtis su anksčiau egzistavusių viešojo administravimo paradigmų ir doktrinų išliekamąja ir vertinga patirtimi, kuri praturtina XXI a. pradžios viešojo valdymo struktūrą ir turinį, leidžia geriau identifikuoti itin sparčios viešojo valdymo evoliucijos problemas ir prognozuoti galimas jo kaitos kryptis ir tendencijas.
Over the last decades of the 20th and the start of the 21st century, the main features of changes in public administration have involved the evolution of traditional forms of such administration into postmodern public governance systems. This paper examines the evolution of public governance theory and practice. The underlying research question is: what is metagovernance and what structure does it take (in terms of the governance of governance)? To answer this, the article uses meta-analysis, theoretical modelling, comparative analysis, and interpretative and prognostic methods as a basis to evaluate many definitions of new public governance. The description of the development of metagovernance connects and combines the line of new forms and doctrines of public governance as good, smart governance, post new public management and new public services. All these theoretical definitions and models of new forms of transformation of governance can be characterised as forms, subsystems or elements of basic metagovernance systems. The term "metagovernance" encompasses the complexity of modern governance and suggests including hierarchies, market and network forms of governance. Metagovernance can be defined as a mutual, hybrid form of three ideal types of governance in the 21st century. The concept combines the best features of theory and governance practice from traditional public administration, new public management and postmodern forms of new public governance.
In the master's thesis titled "The issue of essence of the particular proceeding" is being tried to analyse the main features of the particular proceeding in Lithuanian Republic Civil Process Code, the interaction between disputes and particular proceeding, the interaction between those both proceedings, the innovation in the present Civil Process Code, which are related with the regulation of dispute and particular proceeding, to analyze innovation in detail, to exhibit its purport and to give a proof of the fixation of the attitudes in the Lithuanian Civil Process Law. While the present Civil Process Code took effect, the particular proceeding process was reformatted with the choice of the Germanic particular proceeding conception. Having rejected the dispute for law as the main criteria, which deliminates proceeding, in Civil Process Code the attitude is fixed, which prohibits to transfer particular proceeding case to a judge by the dispute proceeding method if the dispute for law (right) arises in it. The main criteria, as the ground of which in Lithuanian Civil Process Law the dispute and particular proceedings are deliminated and the public interest and expediency exist in civil legal regulation. There is consolidated inquisitorial model of particular proceeding with the official, inperative principles, also with the principles of limited publicity and of literal character, which are characteristic to this model. There is also consolidated judge's active statute, ascertaining the objective truth in the cases of the particular proceeding. In the masters theses was tried to estimate the position of legislator, on the ground of the existing practice of courts in the cases of particular proceeding. Also, the main problems, which arise in cases, related with the ascertainment of fatcts having legal importance, marriage termination and in cases of other categories are discussed. In the master's theses the proportion between particular proceeding and dispute proceeding is analysed, disclosing the main differences which appear while analyzing the aspects of the process documents, the role of judge and the court and jurisdiction.
In the master's thesis titled "The issue of essence of the particular proceeding" is being tried to analyse the main features of the particular proceeding in Lithuanian Republic Civil Process Code, the interaction between disputes and particular proceeding, the interaction between those both proceedings, the innovation in the present Civil Process Code, which are related with the regulation of dispute and particular proceeding, to analyze innovation in detail, to exhibit its purport and to give a proof of the fixation of the attitudes in the Lithuanian Civil Process Law. While the present Civil Process Code took effect, the particular proceeding process was reformatted with the choice of the Germanic particular proceeding conception. Having rejected the dispute for law as the main criteria, which deliminates proceeding, in Civil Process Code the attitude is fixed, which prohibits to transfer particular proceeding case to a judge by the dispute proceeding method if the dispute for law (right) arises in it. The main criteria, as the ground of which in Lithuanian Civil Process Law the dispute and particular proceedings are deliminated and the public interest and expediency exist in civil legal regulation. There is consolidated inquisitorial model of particular proceeding with the official, inperative principles, also with the principles of limited publicity and of literal character, which are characteristic to this model. There is also consolidated judge's active statute, ascertaining the objective truth in the cases of the particular proceeding. In the masters theses was tried to estimate the position of legislator, on the ground of the existing practice of courts in the cases of particular proceeding. Also, the main problems, which arise in cases, related with the ascertainment of fatcts having legal importance, marriage termination and in cases of other categories are discussed. In the master's theses the proportion between particular proceeding and dispute proceeding is analysed, disclosing the main differences which appear while analyzing the aspects of the process documents, the role of judge and the court and jurisdiction.
In the master's thesis titled "The issue of essence of the particular proceeding" is being tried to analyse the main features of the particular proceeding in Lithuanian Republic Civil Process Code, the interaction between disputes and particular proceeding, the interaction between those both proceedings, the innovation in the present Civil Process Code, which are related with the regulation of dispute and particular proceeding, to analyze innovation in detail, to exhibit its purport and to give a proof of the fixation of the attitudes in the Lithuanian Civil Process Law. While the present Civil Process Code took effect, the particular proceeding process was reformatted with the choice of the Germanic particular proceeding conception. Having rejected the dispute for law as the main criteria, which deliminates proceeding, in Civil Process Code the attitude is fixed, which prohibits to transfer particular proceeding case to a judge by the dispute proceeding method if the dispute for law (right) arises in it. The main criteria, as the ground of which in Lithuanian Civil Process Law the dispute and particular proceedings are deliminated and the public interest and expediency exist in civil legal regulation. There is consolidated inquisitorial model of particular proceeding with the official, inperative principles, also with the principles of limited publicity and of literal character, which are characteristic to this model. There is also consolidated judge's active statute, ascertaining the objective truth in the cases of the particular proceeding. In the masters theses was tried to estimate the position of legislator, on the ground of the existing practice of courts in the cases of particular proceeding. Also, the main problems, which arise in cases, related with the ascertainment of fatcts having legal importance, marriage termination and in cases of other categories are discussed. In the master's theses the proportion between particular proceeding and dispute proceeding is analysed, disclosing the main differences which appear while analyzing the aspects of the process documents, the role of judge and the court and jurisdiction.
In the master's thesis titled "The issue of essence of the particular proceeding" is being tried to analyse the main features of the particular proceeding in Lithuanian Republic Civil Process Code, the interaction between disputes and particular proceeding, the interaction between those both proceedings, the innovation in the present Civil Process Code, which are related with the regulation of dispute and particular proceeding, to analyze innovation in detail, to exhibit its purport and to give a proof of the fixation of the attitudes in the Lithuanian Civil Process Law. While the present Civil Process Code took effect, the particular proceeding process was reformatted with the choice of the Germanic particular proceeding conception. Having rejected the dispute for law as the main criteria, which deliminates proceeding, in Civil Process Code the attitude is fixed, which prohibits to transfer particular proceeding case to a judge by the dispute proceeding method if the dispute for law (right) arises in it. The main criteria, as the ground of which in Lithuanian Civil Process Law the dispute and particular proceedings are deliminated and the public interest and expediency exist in civil legal regulation. There is consolidated inquisitorial model of particular proceeding with the official, inperative principles, also with the principles of limited publicity and of literal character, which are characteristic to this model. There is also consolidated judge's active statute, ascertaining the objective truth in the cases of the particular proceeding. In the masters theses was tried to estimate the position of legislator, on the ground of the existing practice of courts in the cases of particular proceeding. Also, the main problems, which arise in cases, related with the ascertainment of fatcts having legal importance, marriage termination and in cases of other categories are discussed. In the master's theses the proportion between particular proceeding and dispute proceeding is analysed, disclosing the main differences which appear while analyzing the aspects of the process documents, the role of judge and the court and jurisdiction.
In the recent decades education is on the very fast change (development) process not only in Lithuania, but all over the world. New disciplines are being introduced into the content of teaching/studying programs, new teaching/ learning methods are used. Informal teaching is recognized more and more as a valuable method for education of a young personality. One of these informal methods of teaching is excursion. This method is not widely discussed in the scientific and methodological literature. So, the authors seek to analyze the definition and essence of the excursion as the educational method. Also, the authors see the problems for further research and also try to define the possibilities of improvement of the excursion as educational service and its management. For the definition of tourism and education concepts of cohesion, bringing the tour and its role in modern social-pedagogical environment were analyzed by different authors. Their analysis helped to determine that the tour is self-education and training, as other training and education form, an integral part of working with the audience and one of the forms of training, cultural entertainment and educational organization; episode measure, thematic cycle share, as well as one of the cognitive stages of scientific knowledge dissemination and education messaging form of cultural-educational work independently and as a form of organized tourism an integral part of tour guide and tourist communication between the tourist and form. Key auxiliary or non-formal education trends are: artistic education, ethnic culture, intellectual education, citizenship, democracy education, children's and youth organizations, rallies initiating altruistic activities, technical creativity, ecology, ecological education, healthy lifestyle education, sightseeing, culture and communication, positive individual preferences, the promotion of recreational humanization. [.].
In the recent decades education is on the very fast change (development) process not only in Lithuania, but all over the world. New disciplines are being introduced into the content of teaching/studying programs, new teaching/ learning methods are used. Informal teaching is recognized more and more as a valuable method for education of a young personality. One of these informal methods of teaching is excursion. This method is not widely discussed in the scientific and methodological literature. So, the authors seek to analyze the definition and essence of the excursion as the educational method. Also, the authors see the problems for further research and also try to define the possibilities of improvement of the excursion as educational service and its management. For the definition of tourism and education concepts of cohesion, bringing the tour and its role in modern social-pedagogical environment were analyzed by different authors. Their analysis helped to determine that the tour is self-education and training, as other training and education form, an integral part of working with the audience and one of the forms of training, cultural entertainment and educational organization; episode measure, thematic cycle share, as well as one of the cognitive stages of scientific knowledge dissemination and education messaging form of cultural-educational work independently and as a form of organized tourism an integral part of tour guide and tourist communication between the tourist and form. Key auxiliary or non-formal education trends are: artistic education, ethnic culture, intellectual education, citizenship, democracy education, children's and youth organizations, rallies initiating altruistic activities, technical creativity, ecology, ecological education, healthy lifestyle education, sightseeing, culture and communication, positive individual preferences, the promotion of recreational humanization. [.].
The conception of discretion and the possibilities of controlling administrative discretion are studied in this article. The article consist of six parts. The essence and significance of discretion are discussed in the first part of the article. There are three powers in a democratic state. Each of them has certain limited rights of choosing their actions. Those limited rights are called discretion. It is a precondition for each power to execute it's functions independently. It means that each power can make decisions independently. Even having the right of discretion all powers have to obey Constitution, statutes and common principles of law. The legislative administrative discretion is discussed in the second part of the article. The legislative administrative discretion exists because the functions of powers are mixed. The delegation of legislative functions to executive power are related to the legislative administrative discretion. This type of discretion is almost impossible to control. The reason of it is that delegating legislative discretion statutes, which are passed by Seimas, are not concrete. Therefore the executive power can freely choose the means to execute statutes or even to ignore the assignments of Seimas. The concept of administrative discretion, which is different from the legislative administrative discretion, is discussed in the third part of the article. The administrative discretion allows the executive power to choose actions freely, when it is executing its functions of executive power. Administrative legislative discretion allows the executive power to execute quasi-legislative functions. The growth of administrative discretion is analyzed and advantages and disadvantages of this growth are discussed. The differences between administrative discretion and administrative arbitrariness are revealed in the fourth part of the article. Ultra vires doctrine is presented in the fifth part of the article. This doctrine provides the answer to the question whether discretionary powers are abused. The term ultra vires has come from Latin language and means "above power". Three types of ultra vires are discussed separately: 1) the substantive ultra vires, 2) the procedural ultra vires and 3) the abuse of power. The possibilities of controlling administrative discretion in Lithuania are discussed in the fifth part of the article. The powers and possibilities of administrative courts and Seimas' Ombudsman institution to control the use of administrative discretion are analyzed. The conclusion is made that administrative courts have limited possibilities to control the use of administrative discretion. When statutes, which are the reason for administrative power to act, are vague and not concrete, the administrative courts have no possibilities to control the use of administrative discretion. The Seimas' Ombudsman institution has more possibilities to disclose the abuse of discretion, however, it has no power to give orders to correct this abuse. Such power is given to the courts. ; Šiame straipsnyje atskleidžiama diskrecijos samprata bei aptariamos diskrecijos kontrolės galimybės. Straipsnį sudaro šešios dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje aptariama diskrecijos esmė ir reikšmė demokratinėje valstybėje. Demokratinėje valstybėje kiekviena iš trijų valdžių turi tam tikrą veiksmų laisvę, vadinamą diskrecija, kuri sudaro prielaidas kiekvienai iš valdžių savarankiškai vykdyti savąją funkciją, t. y. veikiant savo nuožiūra priimti savarankiškus sprendimus. Tačiau net ir turėdama diskrecijos teisę kiekviena valdžia turi paisyti Konstitucijos, įstatymų ir bendrųjų teisės principų. Antrojoje dalyje aptariama legislatyvinė administracijos diskrecija, atsirandanti dėl tam tikro valdžių funkcijų persipynimo. Teisėkūros funkcijos perdavimas vykdomajai valdžiai yra susijęs su legislatyvine administracijos diskrecijos teise, kurios praktiškai neįmanoma kontroliuoti, nes Seimo priimti aktai, deleguojantys legislatyvinę diskreciją, dažnai yra deklaratyvūs, todėl vykdančioji institucija gali gana laisvai pasirinkti įstatymo įgyvendinimo veiklos variantus arba netgi ignoruoti Seimo pavedimus. Trečiojoje dalyje pateikiama administracinės diskrecijos samprata, kuri skiriasi nuo legislatyvinės administracijos diskrecijos tuo, kad pirmuoju atveju administracija naudojasi veiksmų laisve, vykdydama savo, kaip vykdomosios valdžios, funkcijas, tuo tarpu antruoju atveju administracija vykdo kvazilegislatyvines funkcijas, ir toms funkcijoms vykdyti jai suteikiama legislatyvinė diskrecija. Aptariama administracinės diskrecijos didėjimo tendencija ir iš to kylantys privalumai bei trūkumai. Ketvirtojoje dalyje išryškinamas administracinės diskrecijos ir administracinės savivalės skirtumas. Penktojoje dalyje pristatoma ultra vires doktrina, leidžianti įvertinti, ar nebuvo piktnaudžiaujama diskrecijos teise. Terminas ultra vires (lot.) reiškia "virš jėgų". Pateikiamos ir atskirai aptariamos 3 ultra vires rūšys: 1) esminė ultra vires (substantive ultra vires), 2) procedūrinė ultra vires (procedural ultra vires) ir 3) piktnaudžiavimas įgaliojimais (abuse of power). Šeštojoje dalyje aptariamos administracinės diskrecijos taikymo kontrolės galimybės Lietuvoje. Nagrinėjami administracinių teismų ir Seimo kontrolierių įstaigos įgaliojimai ir galimybės patikrinti administracinės diskrecijos taikymo atvejus. Pažymima, jog administracinių teismų galimybė patikrinti, ar administracinė diskrecija buvo tinkamai panaudota, ribota, o kartais jie visai neturi tokios galimybės, jeigu teisės aktai, kuriais remdamasi veikė administracija, yra deklaratyvūs, nekonkretūs ir migloti. Tuo tarpu Seimo kontrolierius turi daugiau galimybių nei administracinis teismas nustatyti, ar konkrečiu atveju buvo pažeistos administracinės diskrecijos panaudojimo ribos, tačiau negali įsakmiai nurodyti ištaisyti dėl netinkamų veiksmų atsiradusią žalą – tai galėtų padaryti teismas.
In this article some important aspects of Heidegger's philosophy of technology is addressed. It is argued against Don Ihde's observation that Heidegger's philosophy of technology mostly concerns the large scale technological phenomena of industrial revolution – actually in Heidegger's oeuvre we can find reflection on such micro-scale post-industrial technologies as cybernetics, biotechnologies etc. The critique of the essentialism of Heideggerian philosophy of technology by such authors as Andrew Feenberg, Don Ihde and Peter-Paul Verbeek is presented. It is suggested that earlier Heidegger's concept of the essence of technology as "machination" (Machenschaft) is less susceptible to such criticism: whether technologies are exploitative and turning nature into "standing reserve", or whether they are ecological and nature-friendly, whether they are understood as autonomous force, or democratically controlled process – it could be said that through contemporary technologies reality is increasingly turned into artifice and entities are revealed as makeable and producible.
In this article some important aspects of Heidegger's philosophy of technology is addressed. It is argued against Don Ihde's observation that Heidegger's philosophy of technology mostly concerns the large scale technological phenomena of industrial revolution – actually in Heidegger's oeuvre we can find reflection on such micro-scale post-industrial technologies as cybernetics, biotechnologies etc. The critique of the essentialism of Heideggerian philosophy of technology by such authors as Andrew Feenberg, Don Ihde and Peter-Paul Verbeek is presented. It is suggested that earlier Heidegger's concept of the essence of technology as "machination" (Machenschaft) is less susceptible to such criticism: whether technologies are exploitative and turning nature into "standing reserve", or whether they are ecological and nature-friendly, whether they are understood as autonomous force, or democratically controlled process – it could be said that through contemporary technologies reality is increasingly turned into artifice and entities are revealed as makeable and producible.
In this article some important aspects of Heidegger's philosophy of technology is addressed. It is argued against Don Ihde's observation that Heidegger's philosophy of technology mostly concerns the large scale technological phenomena of industrial revolution – actually in Heidegger's oeuvre we can find reflection on such micro-scale post-industrial technologies as cybernetics, biotechnologies etc. The critique of the essentialism of Heideggerian philosophy of technology by such authors as Andrew Feenberg, Don Ihde and Peter-Paul Verbeek is presented. It is suggested that earlier Heidegger's concept of the essence of technology as "machination" (Machenschaft) is less susceptible to such criticism: whether technologies are exploitative and turning nature into "standing reserve", or whether they are ecological and nature-friendly, whether they are understood as autonomous force, or democratically controlled process – it could be said that through contemporary technologies reality is increasingly turned into artifice and entities are revealed as makeable and producible.
In this article some important aspects of Heidegger's philosophy of technology is addressed. It is argued against Don Ihde's observation that Heidegger's philosophy of technology mostly concerns the large scale technological phenomena of industrial revolution – actually in Heidegger's oeuvre we can find reflection on such micro-scale post-industrial technologies as cybernetics, biotechnologies etc. The critique of the essentialism of Heideggerian philosophy of technology by such authors as Andrew Feenberg, Don Ihde and Peter-Paul Verbeek is presented. It is suggested that earlier Heidegger's concept of the essence of technology as "machination" (Machenschaft) is less susceptible to such criticism: whether technologies are exploitative and turning nature into "standing reserve", or whether they are ecological and nature-friendly, whether they are understood as autonomous force, or democratically controlled process – it could be said that through contemporary technologies reality is increasingly turned into artifice and entities are revealed as makeable and producible.
Profit (loss) statement is statement in which add up ingome and expenditure during the current period. Principal concepts: the activity of enetrprise; form of statement; financial results; profit; loss; profit (loss) statement; International accounting standard; direction of the European Union; Business accounting standard; presentation of information. The object of the research in the results of enterprise and forms of their presentation. The main purpose of the work is to present proposals for the improvement of profit (loss) statement by summarizing the essence of financial rezults of enetrprise and their reflection in financial accounting and profit (loss) statement. The main tasks of the research are to analyze the development of the essence of profit and it's calculation in financial accounting; to analyze the development of profit (loss) statement: forms of statement and it's information; to analize the activities results of enetrprise and it posibilities. Master theses volume of work 56 pages. There are 9 tables, 1 picture and 41 sources of literature.
Profit (loss) statement is statement in which add up ingome and expenditure during the current period. Principal concepts: the activity of enetrprise; form of statement; financial results; profit; loss; profit (loss) statement; International accounting standard; direction of the European Union; Business accounting standard; presentation of information. The object of the research in the results of enterprise and forms of their presentation. The main purpose of the work is to present proposals for the improvement of profit (loss) statement by summarizing the essence of financial rezults of enetrprise and their reflection in financial accounting and profit (loss) statement. The main tasks of the research are to analyze the development of the essence of profit and it's calculation in financial accounting; to analyze the development of profit (loss) statement: forms of statement and it's information; to analize the activities results of enetrprise and it posibilities. Master theses volume of work 56 pages. There are 9 tables, 1 picture and 41 sources of literature.
