The subject of this article is the presentation of the essence of Russian imperialismin the thought of Władysław Studnicki. It seems that in today's geopolitical situationtheissues related to the analysis of Russia's expansion have become extremely importantThe author of this article assumed that the thoughts formulated on the subject by theabove-mentioned thinker remain valid today. The method used to verify the hypothesis wasa critical analysis of source texts and an aspect analysis of one of the Polish researchersof the history and political system of Russia
Civil defence means actions aiming at protecting population, industrial plants, utility companies, and cultural goods, saving and helping the injured in times of war, as well as cooperating in fighting natural disasters and environmentas threats and in deletion of their effects. Vivil defence should function on the basis of the principle of generality, obligation, unvariability of organizational structure, complexity of operation, adequacy, readiness, decentralization of management, planning, support, and interterritorial solidarity. The central organ of government administration for civil defence is the Chief of Civil Defence of the Country, who is appointed by the Prime Minister. The motion is put forward by the minister of internal affairs. Provincial governors, starosts, borough leaders, presidents of towns or cities are local organs of civil defence. ; Obrona cywilna to działania mające na celu ochronę ludności, zakładów pracy i urządzeń użyteczności publicznej, dóbr kultury, ratowanie i udzielanie pomocy poszkodowanym w czasie wojny oraz współdziałanie w zwalczaniu klęsk żywiołowych i zagrożeń środowiska oraz usuwanie ich skutków. Obrona cywilna powinna funkcjonować na podstawie zasady powszechności, obowiązkowości, niezmienności struktur organizacyjnych, kompleksowości działania, adekwatności, gotowości, decentralizacji zarządzania, planowania, wsparcia i międzyterytorialnej solidarności. Centralnym organem administracji rządowej w sprawach obrony cywilnej jest szef Obrony Cywilnej Kraju, którego powołuje Prezes Rady Ministrów na wniosek ministra właściwego do spraw wewnętrznych. Terenowymi organami obrony cywilnej są wojewodowie, starostowie, wójtowie lub burmistrzowie (prezydenci miast).
This article is concerned with the relationship between more than 30 years of universal direct election to the post of President of the Republic of Poland and the essence of the roles associated with that position. The hypothesis put forward for testing has been that elections of the above kind give rise to distortions in the systemic model associated with the Polish Presidency. The legitimisation of the President at the ballot box reinforces the efforts of many holders of the office to introduce ruling-related elements of the Presidency in practice, in the context of the political system. Elections also strengthen relations between the President and his political camp, in this way undermining the presidential arbitration function. In essence, an election campaign is subject to mechanisms of "Prime Minister-isation", whereby a candidate for President usually presents (feels obliged to present) a programme appropriate for an organ truly engaged in the pursuit of state policy.
The essence of democracy is the rule of the sovereign, that is the nation, today understood as all of the state's citizens. At present, the most common type of governance is representative democracy, exercised by representatives elected from the citizens themselves. Therefore, for the proper functioning of liberal democracy it is difficult to find a more important issue than the procedure for the election of those who govern us. The article presents two alternative electoral systems: an alternative voting system (AV) and the system of Single Transferable Vote (STV). ; The essence of democracy is the rule of the sovereign, that is the nation, today understood as all of the state's citizens. At present, the most common type of governance is representative democracy, exercised by representatives elected from the citizens themselves. Therefore, for the proper functioning of liberal democracy it is difficult to find a more important issue than the procedure for the election of those who govern us. The article presents two alternative electoral systems: an alternative voting system (AV) and the system of Single Transferable Vote (STV).
This report discusses the following topics: the concept and essence of outplacement; outline of the history of outplacement; outplacement in the context of other derecruitment processes; outplacement under conditions of increased risk and flexibility of the organization, outplacement as a tool of corporate social responsibility and social economy; the practice of using outplacement in Poland; benefits and barriers to the use of outplacement from the perspective of firms.
The essence of the project is a detailed analysis of the areas of growth and innovation Podlaskie. Object of the study includes not found in Podlaskie or occurring in the embryonic field of areas recognized in the global economy as having high growth potential. The product relates to the market areas rapidly growing in the world, in the light of internal development conditions Podlaskie province predisposed to become active on its territory, and this is the production of computer software.
The concept of evacuation has different meanings. Some of them have found application in regulations and considerations relevant to broadly understood civil protection. The article includes the results of the review of bibliographic sources for purpose of identifying the nature and essence of the phenomenon of evacuation in the specialist perspective. Due to the identification of various approaches (including general and specialist), after systematizing and analyzing them within the framework of comparative studies – presented on the basis of two related articles – the author's definition of evacuation was proposed.
Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na dwa pytania: W jaki sposób w nowych demokracjach opancerzonych dochodzi do ograniczenia prawa do zgromadzeń? Co wynika z takiego sposobu ograniczenia prawa do zgromadzeń dla istoty nowych demokracji opancerzonych? Przedmiotem zainteresowania Autora był Marsz Niepodległości, zorganizowany w 2019 r. we Wrocławiu. Postawiona została następująca hipoteza: limitacji prawa do zgromadzeń, gwarantowana w systemach legislacyjnych współczesnych demokracji, ma służyć realizacji nadrzędnego celu militant democracy. W procesie tym wyjątkową rolę spełniają funkcjonariusze Policji, odpowiadający za skuteczną realizację decyzji właściwych władz. W poszczególnych częściach Autor omawia m.in.: istotę prawa do zgromadzeń i jego miejsce w prawie międzynarodowym i polskim porządku prawnym, limitacje tego prawa, a także proces rozwiązania wrocławskiego Marszu Niepodległości w 2019 r. ; The aim of article is this paper is to answer two questions: How in new militant democracy authority banning the right to assemble? What results from this kind of limitation right to assemble for the essence of new militant democracy? An object of interest for an Author is Independence Day March in Wrocław, 2019. The research process proposes a hypothesis that banning the right to assemble, including in systems of legislation in modern democracies will reach the principle goal of militant democracy. In this process, we can indicate the special role of police officers, who are responsible for achieving local authority's decisions. In each part of the paper, the author discusses the essence of the right to assemble and its function in international law and polish legislation order, limitation of this right and process of quit Independence Day March in Wrocław, 2019.
Nowosad Inetta, Społeczno-kulturowe uwarunkowania demokratyzacji edukacji na Tajwanie [Social and cultural preconditions for the process of democratization in Taiwanese education]. Kultura – Społeczeństwo – Edukacja nr 2(14) 2018, Poznań 2018, pp. 137–154, Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-0422. DOI 10.14746/kse.2018.14.12. The article focuses on changes introduced in Taiwan's education since 1949, which reflect the social changes taking place in this country. Special attention is drawn to the origin and the course of two particularly important processes, i.e. democratisation and taiwanisation, which have radically changed the face of education, revealing Taiwan's 'balancing' between the East and the West. While depicting their essence, also complex links with Taiwan's policies towards China and its orientation onto economic growth were taken into account. ; Nowosad Inetta, Społeczno-kulturowe uwarunkowania demokratyzacji edukacji na Tajwanie [Social and cultural preconditions for the process of democratization in Taiwanese education]. Kultura – Społeczeństwo – Edukacja nr 2(14) 2018, Poznań 2018, pp. 137–154, Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-0422. DOI 10.14746/kse.2018.14.12. The article focuses on changes introduced in Taiwan's education since 1949, which reflect the social changes taking place in this country. Special attention is drawn to the origin and the course of two particularly important processes, i.e. democratisation and taiwanisation, which have radically changed the face of education, revealing Taiwan's 'balancing' between the East and the West. While depicting their essence, also complex links with Taiwan's policies towards China and its orientation onto economic growth were taken into account.
The aim of the article is to analyze the theory of capitalist imperialism in the context of the challenges of the war in Ukraine. The main theoretical positions in the face of this war, related debates and doubts are outlined. A thesis is put forward about the adequacy of the diagnosis treating capitalist imperialism as a phenomenon rooted in the essence of capitalist states and the specificity of their rivalry. When analyzing the war in Ukraine against the backdrop of multipolar imperialism, an attempt is also made to concrete the analysis of Russian imperialism in relation to the failure of Russia's economic reconstruction and attempts to change this state's place in global capitalism.
The intensification of separatism in Ukraine in 2014 became possible due to profound changes in the worldview of a significant part of the population, which manifested in the changing of national self-identification. The purpose of the article is to clarify scientific ideas about the essence and relationship of separatism and identity on the example of Donbas. The article argues for the idea of the absence of an ethnic marker in the conflict in Donbass, where separatism is based on the specific regional identity, to which, through the efforts of Russian propaganda, the cultural, ideological, civilizational characteristics of the «Russian world» are added.
The aim of this paper are to present the essence of the Nazi system of government and to create its system characteristics. The analysis, based on normative sources and key literature, allowed to conclude that the effect of the process of transformation of the described phenomenon led to the emergence of ideologically-orientated polycentric monocracy. The article is based on the Franciszek Ryszka's conceptualization of the "martial law State". In the following chapters of the paper a synthetic characteristics of the Nazi empire in occupied Europe was drafted up, including the legal and administrative peculiarities of particular territories. The article is accompanied by the tabular index of hierarchy of official ranks in Third Reich.
Despite the polarization of Polish politics after 2005, there are appearing offers addressed to a moderate political centre. During the parliamentary campaign 2019, elements of such an offer resonansed in the election message of the "Law and Justice" (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość) election committee as well. However, the essence of its campaign seems to be mobilizing various groups of voters by displaying the axis of political and social sharp divisions, and its moderate tones can be considered mainly as political rhetoric. The perspective of creating a moderate political centre is brought by the possible independence of "Agreement Jarosław Gowin's" (Porozumienie Jarosława Gowina). The redefinition of existing political polarization axes seems to be the way to build a political centre in Poland.
The aim of this article is to outline the process of institutionalization of strategic studies, understood as the essence of contemporary security studies. Article explores the genesis of strategic studies and attempts to determine areas of reflection in this field of knowledge. Strategic studies developed in the half of the 20th century. Its mission was to form a creative synthesis of military, economic and political scientific approaches towards the threat of nuclear war. Crisis of strategic studies took place in the 70s. The end of so called Cold War popularized the issue of security within the non-military context. Therefore, problems analysed by traditional strategic studies evolved. Author's final reflection tries to strenghten Polish potential in developing contemporary security studies.
Parliament – an institution of a democratic state – a member of the Union – is not only an authority but also, as in the case of the European Union, the only directly and universally elected representative body of the European Union. The article presents questions related to the essence of parliament and that of a supranational parliament which are vital while dealing with the subject matter. It proves that the growth of the European Parliament's powers was the direct reason for departing from the system of delegating representatives to the Parliament for the benefit of direct elections. It presents direct and universal elections to the European Parliament in the context of presenting legal regulations applicable in this respect. It describes a new legal category – citizenship of the European Union – primarily in terms of active and passive suffrage to the European Parliament, as a political entitlement of a citizen of the European Union. ; Parliament – an institution of a democratic state – a member of the Union – is not only an authority but also, as in the case of the European Union, the only directly and universally elected representative body of the European Union. The article presents questions related to the essence of parliament and that of a supranational parliament which are vital while dealing with the subject matter. It proves that the growth of the European Parliament's powers was the direct reason for departing from the system of delegating representatives to the Parliament for the benefit of direct elections. It presents direct and universal elections to the European Parliament in the context of presenting legal regulations applicable in this respect. It describes a new legal category – citizenship of the European Union – primarily in terms of active and passive suffrage to the European Parliament, as a political entitlement of a citizen of the European Union.
