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SummaryEnsuing the recognition of indirect measurement of so‐called non‐measurable data in sociological research, many kinds of indices and scales have been constructed in order to grasp the essence of complex reality. Especially in the realm of attitude research the use of e.g. the GUTTMAN scale has been fruitful. Notwithstanding many critical remarks, new developments in scaling theory and scaling techniques warrant an optimistic view of sociology as an exact empirical science. More than up to now statistical thinking and methods will have to play a part in this development.

A prayer of gratitute.--A new religion.--The world's wish.--A modern prophet.--Infinite power.--The only democrat.--The trend of the times.--Education and farming.--Deathless fame.--The essence of marriage.--A day at the circus.--Self-pity.--The Titanic.--The health habit.--Modern education.--The secret of power.--In vaudeville.--The age of the auto.--Nature's supreme desire. ; "The first thousand copies.off the press, are numbered and autographed by the author." ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Author's autograph. ; This copy is number 1053.

Выявляется характер взаимосвязи понятия «ценность» и принципа субъект-объектной дихотомии. Критике подвергается принятая в аксиологии схема генезиса понятия «ценность». Обосновывается, что субъект в субъект-объектной дихотомии не является источником ценностей и фактически равен объекту по своей природе и свойствам. Автор указывает на святоотеческую антропологию как на теоретический фундамент реализации претензии субъекта быть основанием познания в качестве свободного и личностного существа. ; The aim of this article is to reveal the character of the correlation between the concept value and the principle of the subject-object opposition. The specification of this aim is the following: what are the conditions for this correlation? What is the nature of values, revealing themselves when we value something, i.e. within the subject-object opposition? Is the subject the source of values? How should we understand the loss of essentiality of the subject and values in the western philosophy of 16th-19th centuries? This article has the following structure: 1. The author states the correlation between the concept value and the principle of the subject-object opposition. The author challenges the thesis: a transcendental subject is the source of value. 2. The author analyses Kant's definition of value, reason and will. According to Kant, both the a priori synthesis and the action of the moral legislation as the highest value belong to the level of the essence of reason. Far from being the source of values, reason in Kant's philosophy does not manage an a priori synthesis and the moral legislation. In this sense, a reasonable being is not free and is not a personality. 3. The author expounds Gartman's and Scheler's criticism of Kant's transcendental subject. The conclusion is the following: causes of defects of transcendental subject are defined wrongly. Axiologies by Gartman, Scheler and Kant do not reveal the subject as a personality and as a free subject. The subject (its essence and its qualities) in the subject-object opposition is equal to the object. The subject cannot manage its own activities. 4. The author formulates the methodological basis of Holy Father's anthropology. It differentiates the essence, the act and the person. This methodology allows defining the difference between animate and inanimate objects, reasonable and unreasonable beings and to substantiate the subject's pretension to be the basis for the cognition as a free personality. 5. The author criticizes the scheme of the genesis of the concept value, which is used by modern axiology. The author specifies the meaning of the concept loss of essentiality by the subject and by values. The theoretical loss of essentiality of the subject and values has the following ground: philosophers forget the peculiarity of the human essence and its origins. This results in the fact that in modern axiology values lost their true essentiality. The overcoming of the principle of the subject-object opposition in philosophical theories of the 20th c. was not supposed to be the overcoming of the loss of essentiality of the subject and values. 6. The author expounds her own view on the character of the correlation of the concept value and the principle of the subject-object opposition. The meaning of the first part of this opposition compelled philosophers to study the subject carefully. The issue about the essence of the value is the issue about the subject's essentiality. What is the arrangement of the subject as the basis? Does this arrangement include aims and values, meanings and guides? What is their nature? These issues give rise to axiology as a theory. 7. The author states the scheme of the development of the axiological thought as a system of brief answers to the following questions: what are the essentialities of the value and of the subject?

The subject of research is the process of forming a new type of economic thinking and entrepreneurship in the context of progressive globalization. The purpose of the article is to clarify the essence of economic thinking and entrepreneurship, and to justify promising directions for the formation of a new type of economic thinking and entrepreneurship in the context of progressive globalization. Research objectives: to consider the essence of entrepreneurship, justify entrepreneurship as a key competence in the context of globalization, identify the competence of entrepreneurship and the direction of their formation; reveal the need and specifics of formation a new type of economic thinking; to substantiate promising directions for the development of economic education in the context of entrepreneurship competences formation and the development of a new type of economic thinking in the progressive globalization context. Research methods. In the process of scientific research, we used the following general and specific scientific methods: methods of logical generalization and comparison, scientific abstraction, methods of synthesis, logical generalization and analogies. The methodological basis of the study was the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists and leading experts, analytical materials of the Joint Research Center of the European Commission. Results of the work. The article defines the essence of entrepreneurship and rightly entrepreneurship as a key competence in the context of progressive globalization. Analyzed entrepreneurship competence and their formation direction. Revealed necessity and specificity of formation new type of economic thinking. Reasonably promising directions for development of economic education in the context of entrepreneurship competences formation and development new type of economic thinking in progressive globalization context. Practical implications. Results of the study can be used by educational institutions to consider the possibilities of modernizing education system and forming a new type of Ukrainian economic thinking and entrepreneurship in educational reforms context. Conclusions. The study made it possible to conclude that entrepreneurship is the key competence that must be developed throughout life in the process of lifelong learning. At the same time, economic education and upbringing, as a systematic process of forming among all members of society, entrepreneurship and certain moral qualities, economic thinking, optimal level of economic literacy, has an important role to play in activating the human factor, in implementing the concept of accelerating socio-economic development. Modern level of productive forces development and production relations requires the formation new type of economic thinking, aimed at initiative and entrepreneurship, at increasing responsibility, creative search for ways leading to a better final result at the lowest cost. Characteristic features of modern economic thinking are efficiency, careful attitude to the use of material, labor and financial resources. It is economic thinking that can be defined as a system of views on social life, the essence and laws of economic phenomena, on the goals, forms and methods of managing and managing production. We believe new type of successful, enterprising and productive personality of progressive era globalization is characterized by following indicators: high professionalism, active life position, developed economic thinking; formed the optimal structure of individual needs; ability to develop and improve interpersonal relationships; openness, tolerance and international cooperation.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of food security and analyze the development trends of the milk market in terms of providing the population with dairy products. Research methods. In the process of the study, dialectical methods of cognition, a systematic approach to the study of economic phenomena, monographic (with generalized domestic and foreign experience in determining the economic essence of food security), analysis and synthesis (when studying the levels of milk production and the physical and economic accessibility of the population to these products) were used , statistical groupings (when identifying the place of regions in the national volume of dairy production), economic and statistical (when processing mass statistical data), abstract logical (when substantiating theoretical generalizations and drawing conclusions). Research results. The theoretical aspects of food security as an economic category are substantiated, the essence of which is reduced as the ability of the state under various conditions to provide guarantees and meet the needs of the population for food products at a scientifically grounded level of consumption for effective demand. The analysis of the development of the milk market in the context of ensuring food security, in particular of such a segment as the consumption of milk in accordance with the scientifically grounded norm, is carried out and trends in the provision of milk to the regions of Ukraine are determined. Scientific novelty. The analysis of the level of dairy products consumption by the population of the regions of Ukraine made it possible to determine a certain level of imbalances in the production and formation of regional food stocks and to classify the regions of Ukraine by functions in the milk market according to the level of provision with their own production, which made it possible to substantiate the need for interregional exchange of industry products in order to improve the level consumption per capita and strengthening food security. Practical significance. The recommendations of the authors can be used by the Departments of agro-industrial development of regional state administrations in the development of food security programs, taking into account both the development of their own milk production and the exchange between regions. Tabl.: 3. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 24.

Vatamanyuk-Zelinska U.Z., Ohirko O.T. THE ROLE OF PUBLIC CREDIT IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINEPurpose. The main aim of the article is defining the essence of public credit, as well as analysis of the role of public credit in the economic development of Ukraine.Methodology of research. A set of general scientific research methods is used to achieve the defined goal and objectives, thanks to which the scientific literature on the topic of scientific research is generalized. Thus, generalization methods are used to substantiate the concept of "public credit". The system approach allowed to investigate the essence of the concept of the sign and features of the concept of "public credit". Methods of analysis and synthesis are used to determine the dynamics of government borrowing, including domestic government bonds, as well as to assess the positive and negative significance of public credit for the economies of Ukraine.Findings. Peculiarities and essence of state credit are investigated. Based on the fact that the modern financial policy of Ukraine determines the objective need to use government borrowing, in a market economy, the institution of public credit is becoming increasingly important in the financial system of the country. The dynamics of government borrowing volumes, in particular, the dynamics of domestic government bond volumes are analysed. It is established that during the period under study in this form of raising funds were the largest, which is due to large-scale renewal of the banking system of Ukraine; the vast majority of government borrowings were short-term and carried out for a period of one to three years. The reduction of government borrowing in foreign currency was facilitated by the deterioration of the investment climate in the country due to the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. The expediency of using a state loan and the negative impact of this on the economy of Ukraine are outlined.Originality. Recommendations for the rational use of public credit resources for their most effective use are developed in the article.Practical value. The results of the study can be used to develop a program of optimal and rational use of government borrowing with maximum benefit.Key words: state credit, borrowing, domestic government bonds, yield.

The subject of the study is the formation of «soft skills» in future service professionals. The purpose of the article is to consider the main determinants of the development of «soft skills» in future service professionals. The task of the research is to analyze the professional training of service specialists, expand the educational and methodological support of tourism specialist training, highlight the essence and main differences of professional training of tourism specialists in different universities of Ukraine, suggest ways to form "soft" skills training. Research methods. The following general and specific scientific research methods were used in the research process: system approach, methods of logical generalization and comparison, scientific abstraction, methods of synthesis, logical generalization and analogies. The methodological basis of the study consisted of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists and leading experts, analytical materials on the research problem. Results of work. The analysis of professional training of service specialists is carried out, the educational and methodical support of tourism specialist training is expanded, the essence and main differences of professional training of tourism specialists in different universities of Ukraine are highlighted. Field of application of results. The obtained results of the research can be used by the educational departments of the Free Economic Zone of Ukraine to expand educational and professional programs, educational complexes, curricula and work programs. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the process of professional training of future specialists in the field of tourism, the essence of the concept and its structure, the main methods of developing "soft skills" for students in the field of service were established: independent study of information about models of successful behavior (reading literature, independent study of various materials, trainings); finding feedback – getting feedback from classmates, teachers, mentors and employers about the success of their behavior in terms of developing specific experiences; learning from the experience of others and mentoring – selection and study of models successful behavior of someone who has a high level of development of this competence, work with a mentor; case studies - the study of specific situations with a proposal for optimal solutions; "learning through the development of story lines based on binary thematic oppositions" – Inclusion in the study of the material through its presentation in the form of a story, a story by revealing its emotional and personal significance.

The article analyzes the phenomenon of «virtualization of the political process» as a manipulation of public opinion. Defines «political process», «virtualization» and the essence of virtualization of the political process. The essence of tendencies, essence and technologies of virtualization of the political process in Ukraine.Social institute of politics and government as a stable mechanism of self-organization of society and as an important governing body undergoes significant changes in the era of dissemination of information technology.Communications change forms and meaningful intentions in the relations between citizens and authorities. All this creates the conditions for the virtualization of the political process, which, as a consequence, affects the change in the forms of political activity and political process.The virtualization of the political process today is manifested in the replacement in people's minds of the real images of political actors by symbolic virtual figures. Thus, the political process becomes a struggle not for the ideas and actions of real individuals for access to the legitimate recognition of their power or the holding of this power, but the struggle of the image, some virtual constructs based on indeterminate characters and stereotypes imposed by means of mass communication or mass culture.The main purpose of the virtualization of the political process is to create a certain artificial reality, which by its brightness, euptazhe or drama hides the true political struggle and political reality, attracting the attention of the society to the spectacular phenomena, which in the end have no influence on the development of the state. Virtualization conceals the real processes of distributing power authorities in favor of theatricality and dramaturgy of secondary ones. ; В данной статье анализируется феномен «виртуализации политического процесса» как один из видов манипулирования сознанием граждан властью. Определяется понятие «политический процесс», «виртуализация» и рассматривается сущность виртуализации политического процесса. Исследуются тенденции, сущность и технологии виртуализации политического процесса в Украине во второй половине ХХ начале XXI века. ; У цій статті розкривається ідея «віртуалізації політичного процесу» як один з видів маніпулювання свідомістю громадян. Визначається поняття «політичний процес», «віртуалізація» та розглядається сутність віртуалізації політичного процесу. Досліджуються тенденції та технології віртуалізації політичного процесу в Україні у другій половині ХХ на початку ХХІ століття.

The article analyzes the phenomenon of «virtualization of the political process» as a manipulation of public opinion. Defines «political process», «virtualization» and the essence of virtualization of the political process. The essence of tendencies, essence and technologies of virtualization of the political process in Ukraine.Social institute of politics and government as a stable mechanism of self-organization of society and as an important governing body undergoes significant changes in the era of dissemination of information technology.Communications change forms and meaningful intentions in the relations between citizens and authorities. All this creates the conditions for the virtualization of the political process, which, as a consequence, affects the change in the forms of political activity and political process.The virtualization of the political process today is manifested in the replacement in people's minds of the real images of political actors by symbolic virtual figures. Thus, the political process becomes a struggle not for the ideas and actions of real individuals for access to the legitimate recognition of their power or the holding of this power, but the struggle of the image, some virtual constructs based on indeterminate characters and stereotypes imposed by means of mass communication or mass culture.The main purpose of the virtualization of the political process is to create a certain artificial reality, which by its brightness, euptazhe or drama hides the true political struggle and political reality, attracting the attention of the society to the spectacular phenomena, which in the end have no influence on the development of the state. Virtualization conceals the real processes of distributing power authorities in favor of theatricality and dramaturgy of secondary ones. ; В данной статье анализируется феномен «виртуализации политического процесса» как один из видов манипулирования сознанием граждан властью. Определяется понятие «политический процесс», «виртуализация» и рассматривается сущность виртуализации политического процесса. Исследуются тенденции, сущность и технологии виртуализации политического процесса в Украине во второй половине ХХ начале XXI века. ; У цій статті розкривається ідея «віртуалізації політичного процесу» як один з видів маніпулювання свідомістю громадян. Визначається поняття «політичний процес», «віртуалізація» та розглядається сутність віртуалізації політичного процесу. Досліджуються тенденції та технології віртуалізації політичного процесу в Україні у другій половині ХХ на початку ХХІ століття.

国际社会通常认为相关国家在朝核问题上的博弈是一场扩散与反扩散博弈。本文认为,朝鲜核问题的战略本质是相关方在扩散与反扩散博弈旗号下的一场地缘政治博弈,扩散与反扩散博弈固然重要,却不是其本质。朝鲜核问题之所以进进退退,不时高潮迭起,之所以陷入"无解"僵局,是由于国际社会是按扩散与反扩散博弈的政治逻辑认知、判断、处置一个地缘政治问题,其结果必然是药不对症。要从根本上解决朝鲜核问题,需要国际社会重新认识朝鲜核问题的地缘政治本质,从地缘政治角度谋求合理解决。 The international community generally believes that the game on the DPRK nuclear issue among related countries is about proliferation and nonproliferation. This paper argues that DPRK's nuclear issue is a geopolitical game in essence, and only looks like a game about proliferation. The struggle between proliferation and nonproliferation is an important element of the game, but it does reflect its essence. The DPRK nuclear issue is caught in a deadlock with no solution in sight due to the fact that the international society tries to conceive, judge and solve this geopolitical problem based on the logics of a nonproliferation issue. The result is that the international community cannot come up with the right solution to this conundrum, just like a doctor prescribing the wrong medicine for an illness. In order to fundamentally resolve the DPRK nuclear issue, the international community needs to revisit the geopolitical essence of this issue and seek a reasonable solution from the perspective of geopolitics.

This dissertation adds to the current scholarship surrounding the construction and popular diffusion of the modern concept of religion. While the construction of this concept has deep historic roots, it emerged fully during the nineteenth century as closer contact and cultural exchange through colonialism fostered comparisons of faiths to each other in search of commonalities. Religion was increasingly understood both as an abstract category—divorced from its exclusive identification with Christianity—to describe the various systems of faith in the world as well as a true and eternal essence. Additionally, some entertained the utopian dream that the true essence of religion could be realized in history thereby creating a universal religion for all mankind. Historians have traditionally associated such broader understandings of religion with eighteenth-century Deists in England, American Transcendentalists, liberal Protestants more broadly, divines of religious academies like Harvard Divinity School, and, more recently, esoteric movements like the Theosophical Society and New Thought. A similar emphasis on the universality of religion and an optimism regarding the impending spiritual unity of the human race can be seen in the loose religious movement known as Spiritualism. Unlike Transcendentalism or academic comparative religion, Spiritualism represented a broad and democratic movement that cut across class, gender, and race. Though the emphasis on eastern religion was far more pronounced in Theosophy and New Thought, Spiritualism, emerging in the mid-nineteenth century, prefigured and influenced them both. As such, this dissertation argues that Spiritualism was an important force for popularizing and democratizing new comparative ideas about religion that had previously existed as part of a more elite and educated discourse. Spiritualists, though lacking a binding creed or theology, generally agreed that there was a timeless and true essence of religion that had been partially expressed in the various historical religions of the world. Thus, other religions and their scriptures could be fruitfully compared and wisdom extracted from them, though Christianity typically remained the implicit standard for comparison. With a pronounced faith in progress and a religious fervour shared by the surrounding revivalistic culture of nineteenth-century America, Spiritualists hoped to transcend sectarian boundaries and—with the help of spiritual guides— inaugurate a new era of peace and social reform under the auspices of their quintessentially modern and rational religion.

The article is devoted to the problems of finding ways to improve the mechanisms of implementation of state policy in the socio-humanitarian sphere. The purpose of this article is to identify areas for improvement of mechanisms for implementing public policy in the socio-humanitarian sphere, taking into account the needs of their unification within a single approach to the organization of social processes in the analyzed area. Achieving this goal has provided solutions to more practical problems: the development of goals, objectives, areas of state policy in the socio-humanitarian sphere, as well as organizational and legal support for its implementation. All this together will allow to introduce quite detailed algorithms and tools for managing the socio-humanitarian development of Ukraine and to quickly and effectively overcome the negative risks that arise in it. The content, essence and state-legal nature of mechanisms of public administration, as a set of ways and tools of practical realization of state policy are revealed. The analysis of modern approaches to understanding the essence of mechanisms of public administration is carried out. The author's definition of the mechanism of public administration in the socio-humanitarian sphere is offered. The content and essence of state policy in the socio-humanitarian sphere are revealed. The conclusion concerning the basic determinants and features of its development is made. Approaches to the formation of mechanisms for the implementation of state policy in the socio-humanitarian sphere are generalized. The need to further unify approaches to the implementation of such public policy in different sectors of the socio-humanitarian sphere has been proved. The main directions of improvement of mechanisms of its realization are allocated. The mechanism of state policy implementation in the socio-humanitarian sphere is defined as a set of nonlinear sets of tools and methods of state influence, which is implemented through appropriate management decisions (a set of measures as components of state policy) to develop the rights and interests of citizens and practical implementation. guarantees of the state in the fields of education, health care, social security, as well as others covered by the humanitarian mission of the state and able to influence the formation of productive forces, human, intellectual and social capital in society.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- About the Author -- Introduction -- 1 Modern Logistics -- 1.1 Logistics and Industry 4.0 -- 1.2 Quality in the Logistics Sector -- 1.3 SMAC in Logistics -- 2 Supply Chain Management -- 2.1 The Essence of the Supply Chain -- 2.2 Sustainable Supply Chains -- 2.3 Sustainable Packaging Logistics -- 2.4 Threats to the Supply Chain Operation -- 3 Supply Chains in Reverse Logistics -- 3.1 Environmental Security -- 3.1.1 Ecological Threats -- 3.1.2 Threat Sources -- 3.1.3 The Most Common Natural Hazards in Poland -- 3.1.4 The Most Common Civilizational Threats in Poland -- 3.1.5 Management of Ecological Threats -- 3.1.6 Threats - Risk Assessment -- 3.2 The Essence of Reverse Logistics in the Supply Chain -- 3.3 Circular Economy -- 3.4 Cleaner Production and Waste Minimization -- 3.5 Waste Minimization -- 3.6 Environmental Management System -- 3.7 Passive Building Infrastructure -- 4 Processes and Logistics -- 4.1 Logistics Process -- 4.2 The Flow of the Material Stream -- 4.3 Information and Decision-Making Processes -- 4.4 Intralogistics in Warehouse Management -- 4.5 Infrastructure of Logistics Flows -- 4.6 Waste Management -- 4.6.1 Waste in Numbers -- 4.6.2 Characteristics of Selected Waste -- 4.6.3 Logistics Processes in Waste Management and Their Optimization -- 4.6.4 Waste Storage Management -- 4.7 Logistic Customer Service -- 4.8 Costs of Logistics Processes -- 5 Modern Logistics and Information Systems -- 5.1 Selected IT Technologies for Logistics -- 5.1.1 The System of Effective Customer Service -- 5.1.2 Customer Relationship Management Systems -- 5.1.3 Supply Chain Management System -- 5.1.4 Distribution Requirement Planning System -- 5.1.5 Warehouse Management System -- 5.1.6 Transportation Management System -- 5.1.7 Enterprise Asset Management System.

Intro -- Permissions -- Key Terms -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Making Sense of the World: Substances -- Aristotle on the Identity of Substance and Essence -- Introduction -- The Development of Aristotle's View of Substance -- Identity Through Time: Substance and Matter -- A Difficulty -- Conclusion -- An Aristotelian Defense of the Bodily Criterion of Identity -- Further Arguments for the Bodily Criterion -- Problems for the Bodily Criterion -- Thoughts on the Unity of the Self -- Is There Any Such Thing as an Organization? -- The Organization as a Rational Being -- Problems with the Analogy -- Chapter 2: Virtue and Moral Imagination -- Psychological Events and Physical Events -- Aristotle and Werhane on Moral Imagination -- Preface -- Introduction -- Aristotle's Ethics -- Aristotle on Perceiving the Essence of a Situation -- Aristotle and Werhane: Some Similarities -- The Role of Principles -- Where They Differ: Conceptual Schemes -- A Similarity: Dialectic -- Property -- Financialization -- Group Moral Imagination -- Chapter 3: Intention, Rationality, and Irrationality -- Rationality in Management Theory and Practice: An Aristotelian Perspective -- Introduction -- Davidson's Argument -- How to Try to Make Psychology a Science -- Ethical Implications -- Problems, some of Them Practical -- Aristotle's Ethics -- Aristotle on Rationality -- Problems About Rationality -- Implications for Management -- Chapter 4: Free Will -- Autonomy -- Choosing One's Desires -- Free Will -- Towards a Definition of Free Will -- The Issue of Free Will in Organization Theory -- Making the Free Will Issue Empirical -- Chapter 5: Community and Commons -- The Commons and the Moral Organization -- The Commons -- Corporate Culture and Desires -- Kinds of Desire -- Problems About Autonomy -- The Good Community: An Aristotelian Approach.

"It is increasingly clear that the shapes of reality – whether of the natural world, or of the built environment – are in some profound sense mathematical. Therefore it would benefit students and educated adults to understand what makes mathematics itself 'tick', and to appreciate why its shapes, patterns and formulae provide us with precisely the language we need to make sense of the world around us. The second part of this challenge may require some specialist experience, but the authors of this book concentrate on the first part, and explore the extent to which elementary mathematics allows us all to understand something of the nature of mathematics from the inside.
The Essence of Mathematics consists of a sequence of 270 problems – with commentary and full solutions. The reader is assumed to have a reasonable grasp of school mathematics. More importantly, s/he should want to understand something of mathematics beyond the classroom, and be willing to engage with (and to reflect upon) challenging problems that highlight the essence of the discipline.
The book consists of six chapters of increasing sophistication (Mental Skills; Arithmetic; Word Problems; Algebra; Geometry; Infinity), with interleaved commentary. The content will appeal to students considering further study of mathematics at university, teachers of mathematics at age 14-18, and anyone who wants to see what this kind of elementary content has to tell us about how mathematics really works."