Suchergebnisse

International audience ; This article has a twofold objective: to explain why phenomena such as ethnic cleansing have long remained outside of geographers' reflections, and to underline the impact of homogenization policies carried out by States. Since Pierre George in the 1950s, human geography and population geography have explained the distribution of peoples according to natural, economic and historical factors. This last category, however, does not seem to be operational and should be replaced by political factors that would highlight the role of States and the effect of their homogenization policies. Ethnic homogeneity appears to be the best guarantee of the legitimacy and security of nation-states. This is sought in two ways, either by developing in-politics (forced assimilation) or ex-politics (expulsion or extermination). These policies involve a gradual violence that ranges from cultural retaliation to genocide. Among the ex-politics, "cleansing" has become a mass practice, since in one century nearly 100 million individuals have had to suffer its consequences. ; Cet article répond à un double objectif : expliquer pourquoi les phénomènes du type nettoyage ethnique sont longtemps restés en dehors des réflexions des géographes, et souligner l'impact des politiques d'homogénéisation menées par les Etats. Depuis Pierre George dans les années cinquante, la géographie humaine et la géographie de la population expliquent la répartition des peuples en fonction de facteurs naturels, économiques et historiques. Cette dernière catégorie ne paraît pourtant pas opératoire et devrait être remplacé par les facteurs politiques qui mettraient en exergue le rôle des Etats et l'effet de leurs politiques d'homogénéisation. L 'homogénéité ethnique apparaît en effet comme le meilleur garant de la légitimité et de la sécurité des Etats-nations. Celle-ci est recherchée par deux façons, soit en développant des in-politics (assimilation forcée), soit des ex-politics (expulsion ou extermination). Ces politiques impliquent une ...

International audience ; This article has a twofold objective: to explain why phenomena such as ethnic cleansing have long remained outside of geographers' reflections, and to underline the impact of homogenization policies carried out by States. Since Pierre George in the 1950s, human geography and population geography have explained the distribution of peoples according to natural, economic and historical factors. This last category, however, does not seem to be operational and should be replaced by political factors that would highlight the role of States and the effect of their homogenization policies. Ethnic homogeneity appears to be the best guarantee of the legitimacy and security of nation-states. This is sought in two ways, either by developing in-politics (forced assimilation) or ex-politics (expulsion or extermination). These policies involve a gradual violence that ranges from cultural retaliation to genocide. Among the ex-politics, "cleansing" has become a mass practice, since in one century nearly 100 million individuals have had to suffer its consequences. ; Cet article répond à un double objectif : expliquer pourquoi les phénomènes du type nettoyage ethnique sont longtemps restés en dehors des réflexions des géographes, et souligner l'impact des politiques d'homogénéisation menées par les Etats. Depuis Pierre George dans les années cinquante, la géographie humaine et la géographie de la population expliquent la répartition des peuples en fonction de facteurs naturels, économiques et historiques. Cette dernière catégorie ne paraît pourtant pas opératoire et devrait être remplacé par les facteurs politiques qui mettraient en exergue le rôle des Etats et l'effet de leurs politiques d'homogénéisation. L 'homogénéité ethnique apparaît en effet comme le meilleur garant de la légitimité et de la sécurité des Etats-nations. Celle-ci est recherchée par deux façons, soit en développant des in-politics (assimilation forcée), soit des ex-politics (expulsion ou extermination). Ces politiques impliquent une ...

There is the beginning of an agreement among historians: it was at the end of 1941, probably in December, that Hitler decided that no Jew would survive the war. This fact having been established, many questions remain unresolved. Indeed, although today we know that Himmler summarized his meeting with Hitler, on December 18, in a few words: "Jewish question: exterminate as partisans," we still don't not know exactly what this wording meant. Was it an order, the expression of a justification, a purely rhetorical formula? Moreover: what did the two men talk about, since it is clear that the whole meeting cannot be reduced to nothing more than the pronouncement of this sentence? By trying to reply to these simple questions, Florent Brayard actually retraces the evolution of the "Final Solution," a extremely complex program that caused the death of millions of people. Adapted from the source document.

Nearly 30,000 people disappeared in Bosnia-Herzegovina during the war. Fragments of bodies found, once identified, can pass the "missing" status to "victims", and are mobilized as forensic evidence by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. The article starts by analyzing the localization process, exhumation, identification and reburial of bodies. Then he describes an exemplary case, that of Srebrenica, which highlights the problem of displacement of body mass graves to secondary graves primary and tertiary. The reappearance of body parts has changed the character of the conflict, which has not been a struggle between combatants against combatants, but ethnic cleansing. Adapted from the source document.

Examines ethnic conflict between Serb and Albanian Kosovars, NATO's air campaign against Yugoslavia, ethnic cleansing, return of Albanian refugees, and prospects for peace and security. Minority Serb attempts to rule majority Albanians, autonomy, and role of Yugoslav President Milosevic.

Examines why the international community is divided over and has difficulty in preventing genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina; focuses on misinformation over the concept of "ethnic cleansing" and what this means for Bosnian and international security.

Views of the president of the Republic of Kosovo, about ethnic cleansing by Serbian forces, the Kosovo Liberation Army (UCK), nonviolence strategies, and push for independence; 1990s, chiefly; interview with Ibrahim Rugova. Summaries in English and Spanish p. 484 and 498.

The war devastating Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995 is primarily aimed at the creation of homogenous ethnic territories and is accompanied by violent ethnic cleansing campaigns. But the evolution of the war on the ground can not be properly understood without taking into account the political constellations and crises that are proper to each national community. ; La guerre qui ravage la Bosnie-Herzégovine entre 1992 et 1995 a pour finalité première la constitution de territoires ethniquement homogènes et s'accompagne de violentes campagnes de nettoyage ethnique. Mais les évolutions du conflit sur le terrain ne peuvent être comprises sans prendre en compte les configurations et les crises politiques propres à chaque communauté nationale.

The war devastating Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995 is primarily aimed at the creation of homogenous ethnic territories and is accompanied by violent ethnic cleansing campaigns. But the evolution of the war on the ground can not be properly understood without taking into account the political constellations and crises that are proper to each national community. ; La guerre qui ravage la Bosnie-Herzégovine entre 1992 et 1995 a pour finalité première la constitution de territoires ethniquement homogènes et s'accompagne de violentes campagnes de nettoyage ethnique. Mais les évolutions du conflit sur le terrain ne peuvent être comprises sans prendre en compte les configurations et les crises politiques propres à chaque communauté nationale.

The politics of communities in Bosnia-Herzegovina
While defending the thesis that the preponderance of ethnic politics in Bosnia is not at all a recent phenomenon, nor can it be blamed on the Dayton Agreement alone, this study of the relation between ethnic identities and political parties in Bosnia-Herzegovina does not seek to suggest that the prevalence of ethnicity is natural or permanent. Since the war ended in 1995, nationalist parties have waned and now have to compete with moderate parties. Interparty competition takes place more intensely within each ethnic group than between formations that are vying for the votes of Muslim Bosnians, Serbs and Croats regardless of their ethnic affiliation. This trend has been reinforced by the territorial concentration resulting from the war and ethnic cleansing.

On the 19th of September 2002, another attempted coup d'état plunged the Ivory Coast into a situation of open warfare. Who are the rebels that took control of the northern part of the country? Who supports them? Will the ultra-nationalist radicalization of the Gbagbo regime push the country towards civil war and "ethnic cleansing"? What can the French, trapped in a no-win situation, and the countries of the region do to end the military impasse? These questions are addressed in this article, which underscores the potential for violence and the historical dimensions of this crisis that might engulf the entire sub-region. (Polit afr/DÜI)

In Bosnia-Herzegovina, good everyday relationships among members of different national communities are often described using the word "komsiluk" ("good neighbourliness"). Komsiluk is a result of the Ottoman imperial political order and differs from the notions of citizenship and nation associated with political modernity. Consequently, ethnic cleansing as implemented by nationalist parties aims also at destroying komsiluk and turning yesterday's neighbour into a murder. ; En Bosnie-Herzégovine, les bonnes relations quotidiennes entre membres de communautés différentes sont souvent décrites sous le vocable de "komsiluk" ("bon voisinage"). Le komsiluk est un produit de l'ordre politique impérial ottoman, et diffère des idées de citoyenneté et de nation associées à la modernité politique. Dès lors, le nettoyage ethnique mis en oeuvre par les partis nationalistes vise aussi à détruire le komsiluk et à transformer le voisin d'hier en assassin.

In Bosnia-Herzegovina, good everyday relationships among members of different national communities are often described using the word "komsiluk" ("good neighbourliness"). Komsiluk is a result of the Ottoman imperial political order and differs from the notions of citizenship and nation associated with political modernity. Consequently, ethnic cleansing as implemented by nationalist parties aims also at destroying komsiluk and turning yesterday's neighbour into a murder. ; En Bosnie-Herzégovine, les bonnes relations quotidiennes entre membres de communautés différentes sont souvent décrites sous le vocable de "komsiluk" ("bon voisinage"). Le komsiluk est un produit de l'ordre politique impérial ottoman, et diffère des idées de citoyenneté et de nation associées à la modernité politique. Dès lors, le nettoyage ethnique mis en oeuvre par les partis nationalistes vise aussi à détruire le komsiluk et à transformer le voisin d'hier en assassin.

Compares European and Southeast Asian respective positions on the conflicts in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Pakistan; focus on ethnic and religious diversity, the Muslim issue, refugees, water problem, and reconstruction.