Suchergebnisse

ENGLISH: The study of the Early Middle Age cemeteries in Europe has had a very long path since the beginning of Archaeology as science related to the XIXth nationalism. These cemeteries were used then to establish national identities and to invent traditions, in Hobsbawn´s words, for a new bourgeoisie that, for the first time in History, achieved the control of power and economy. Ethnicity played an important role in establishing these national identities, linking the present peoples to the past Volks and being the center of the interpretation of historical change from a culture-historical and diffusionist approach. Although in Spain nationalism had a different development comparing to other European countries, the so called "Visigothic" burials were important in the establishment of Archaeology and the interpretation of the Early Middle Age under the paradigm of ethnicity and diffusionism. Although this vision has been clarified after World War II in European historiography, is still hegemonic in Spanish academy. In this paper it will be presented an interpretation of the so called "visigothic" burials in order to suggest new ways of analysis of the role of ethnicity in the conformation of this archaeological record. For this purpose, a critic of the traditional culture-historical interpretation is made, stressing its limits and problems and the links between national politics and archaeological development. The alternative interpretation is based in the review of the Early Middle Age cemeteries of the oriental part of the Duero basin, stressing the importance of contextual studies and introducing new archaeological views from the excavation of other Spanish regions, over all the area of Madrid. In conclusion, ethnicity is analyzed as one more factor of framing social relations and identities in a historical moment were important changes in settlement pattern and economy are occurring and the social stratification and hierarchy are in constant dispute and construction. / ESPAÑOL: El estudio de los cementerios altomedievales en Europa ha tenido un largo recorrido desde el comienzo de la Arqueología como ciencia, relacionado con los nacionalismos del siglo XIX. Estos cementerios fueron utilizados entonces para establecer identidades nacionales e "inventar tradiciones", según Hobsbawm, para una nueva burguesía que, por primera vez en la Historia, consiguió el poder político y económico de los diferentes "Estados-nación" La etnicidad jugó, pues, un importante papel en el establecimiento de estas identidades nacionales, relacionando los pueblos actuales con los pasados Völker, siendo el concepto central para la interpretación del cambio histórico desde una perspectiva históricocultural y difusionista. Aunque en España el nacionalismo tuvo un desarrollo diferente en comparación con otros países europeos, las mal llamadas "necrópolis visigodas" fueron importantes para el nacimiento de la Arqueología y la interpretación de la Alta Edad Media bajo el paradigma del entnicismo y el difusionismo. Aunque está visión sufrió algunos cambios tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, todavía es hegemónica en la academia. El presente trabajo presentará una interpretación de las "necrópolis visigodas" con el objetivo de sugerir nuevas formas de análisis del rol que la etnicidad tuvo en la conformación de este registro arqueológico. Con este propósito se hará una crítica a las concepciones histórico-culturales, resaltando sus límites y problemas y las relaciones entre la política nacional y el desarrollo arqueológico. La interpretación alternativa que se presenta está basada en una revisión de los cementerios altomedievales de la parte oriental de la cuenca del Duero, enfatizando la importancia de los estudios contextuales y la introducción de nuevas visiones arqueológicas desde otras regiones, como Madrid. En conclusión, la etnicidad es analizada como un factor más de las relaciones sociales e identidades dentro de un momento histórico de importantes cambios en el patrón de poblamiento y la economía y en el marco de una débil estratificación social en las comunidades locales en continua disputa y construcción.

The increase in migration movement worldwide, and the consequent growth of multi-ethnic classes in schools have impacted on the implementation of ethnic bullying, a subtype of bias-based bullying in which victims are targeted because of their ethnic background. Despite the serious consequences of this discriminatory behaviour on the actors involved, research on the role of ethnicity in bullying is still limited. Upon these considerations, the present work aims to shed light on the role of structural factors and psychological mechanisms, explaining ethnic bullying in schools among natives and students with immigrant backgrounds. Specifically, this study is composed of three distinct parts: 1) a systematic review of the association between school and classes' ethnic diversity and bullying and victimization; 2) a cross-sectional study on the role of ethnic diversity (legal and perceived) on bullying victimization; 3) a longitudinal study on the differential impact of COVID-19 on victimization and emotional symptoms, focusing on natives and students with immigrant background. Finally, the main results of the three studies are discussed, the implications for future studies and interventions are suggested and, policy and education practices are recommended.

The present paper aims to point out how a certain narration, based on scientific concepts, shape the rhetoric of identity in Basque community. By the means of molecular biology research, some native geneticists recently attempted to demonstrate the similarity, at the level of genetic heritage, of actual inhabitants of Euskal Herria and some men that dwelled the land in prehistoric times. From the point of view of cultural anthropology, it is interesting to study how this kind of research has been elaborated and incorporated by local population. Indeed, this studies bear important implications at the social and political level, as far as they contribute in reshaping the way in which the community deals with its own past and, consequently, how it decide to act in the future (Palmié 2007: 205-222). In this paper, I will present the results of the fieldwork that I conducted in 2015 in Guipuzkoa. In integrated the traditional field research with diverse research loci, such as websites, blog, social network, DNA consulting dedicated Internet pages. Focusing on the relation between genetic research and identity policies turned out to be particularly important, since molecular biology seems to gain a key symbolical meaning in different social areas and discourses. In Basque Country, where the rhetoric of separation is gaining momentum and the interest in genealogy is today significantly widespread, these scientific findings are indeed able of being integrated in collective memory rephrasing, in new terms, the old notions of "blood", "roots" and "ethnicity". ; Il presente articolo si propone di individuare le modalità attraverso le quali le narrazioni genetiche contribuiscono a plasmare le retoriche identitarie all'interno della comunità etnica basca. Attraverso recenti indagini, condotte nell'ambito della biologia molecolare, diversi genetisti autoctoni hanno provato a dimostrare la somiglianza tra il patrimonio genetico degli attuali abitanti dell'Euskal Herria e quello di alcuni individui che, in epoca preistorica, avrebbero abitato questi territori. L'antropologia culturale ha il compito di individuare i criteri attraverso i quali tali studi vengono colti e rielaborati dalle popolazioni locali. Essi possono avere delle importanti implicazioni sociali e politiche, risultando in grado di riconfigurare il passato di una comunità mnemonica e conseguentemente di influenzare in modo concreto le sue scelte riguardo al futuro (Palmié 2007: 205-222). Attraverso l'indagine etnografica condotta nel 2015, si è cercato di gettare uno sguardo critico su questi racconti genetici facendo ricorso a numerosi "luoghi della ricerca": siti internet, blog, social network, pagine dedicate al DNA consulting, hanno accompagnato una più tradizionale ricerca sul campo in Guipuzkoa. Concentrarsi sulle relazioni intrattenute tra le indagini genomiche e le politiche identitarie, risulta particolarmente importante: la scienza molecolare pare assumere in diversi contesti etnografici una grande valenza simbolica, coinvolgendo vari settori legati all'ambito sociale. Nel contesto basco, dove è in voga una certa retorica della separazione e dove l'interesse per le genealogie risulta oggi estremamente diffuso, queste scoperte scientifiche paiono capaci di fondersi con la memoria collettiva e riproporre, in termini del tutto nuovi, le antiche nozioni di "sangue", "radici" ed "etnia".