This National Europe Centre publication collates the proceedings from a conference held at the Australian National University in December 2000. The purpose of the conference was to allow the Australian diplomatic missions of nine Central and Eastern European nations seeking entry into the European Union to give their case for admission. Although Malta, Turkey, Poland, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic and Romania are at different stages of preparation for the EU, the object is to gauge their progress on the formal entry criteria. The papers address the countries progress toward meeting these criteria, as well as the obstacles they face. The papers begin with a preview from the Commission. It cites the three core requisites for accession into the EU as a market economy, democratic political institutions and the capacity to abide by the EU's obligations of membership.
peer-reviewed ; Democratization has suddenly become a fashionable theme in both the practice and the study of European integration.1 Since the Treaty on European Union (TEU) of 1991, which both raised the profile of the integration process and substantially extended the scope of powers enjoyed by the European Union (EU; the Union), the Union has become far more controversial. Received wisdom dictates that it suffers from a (generally unspecified) 'democratic deficit', which was scarcely noticed beforehand. Paradoxically, however, in the last decade several attempts to render the EU more democratic have actually been made, a good example being the significant empowerment of the European Parliament (EP). Moreover, the TEU made member-state nationals EU citizens, an unprecedented step in world history, even if EU citizenship remains rather limited. Indeed, the EU is preparing for both further enlargement and the next round of Treaty reform (due in 2004) by launching a process of 'civil dialogue' and a quasi-constitutional convention. These are supposed to provide suggestions about increasing the legitimacy and democratic credentials of the Union system.
This report discusses the EU's enlargement process, which it views as a historic opportunity to promote stability and prosperity in Europe. On May 1, 2004, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined the European Union (EU), enlarging the Union to 25 members.
This report discusses the evolution of the European Union and its process for enlargement. The EU has long viewed the enlargement process as an historic opportunity to further the integration of the continent by peaceful means.
This section provides an overview of cases in front of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning contract law. The present issue covers the period between the beginning of July 2014 and the end of December 2014.
: This section provides an overview of cases in front of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning contract law. The present issue covers the period between the beginning of January 2015 and the end of June 2015.
This section provides an overview of cases in front of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning contract law. The present issue covers the period between the beginning of September 2013 and the end of December 2013.
This article provides an overview of cases decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning contract law. The present issue covers the period between July 2017 and the beginning of January 2018. ; Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich / This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.
This article provides an overview of cases decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning contract law. The present issue covers the period between the beginning of February and the end of June 2019.
This article provides an overview of cases decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) concerning contract law. The present issue covers the period between mid-January 2018 and mid-July 2018.
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007–2013) / ERC Grant Agreement n [269722].
Título que forma parte de la serie 'Las organizaciones del mundo' que examina las organizaciones internacionales clave y el papel que desempeñan en mejorar las vidas de personas en el mundo. Cada título incluye estudios de casos que revela cómo funciona la organización. En éste se examina cómo la UE trabaja para fomentar la estabilidad económica, la seguridad y las normas jurídicas a través de Europa. ; SC ; Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín 5 -3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ; GBR
Título que forma parte de la serie 'Las organizaciones del mundo' que examina las organizaciones internacionales clave y el papel que desempeñan en mejorar las vidas de personas en el mundo. Cada título incluye estudios de casos que revela cómo funciona la organización. En éste se examina cómo la UE trabaja para fomentar la estabilidad económica, la seguridad y las normas jurídicas a través de Europa. ; SC ; Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín 5 -3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ; GBR
The world is facing a new geoeconomic order in which digital media has changed the rules of the game. Borders are fuzzy and both companies and consumers try to strike a balance between free market access and the restrictions that protected economic interests establish. Based on these parameters, the European Union is trying to restructure the single market by applying global solutions that nevertheless collide with the protection measures demanded by economic operators, blocking the provision of services and the free movement of goods through so-called geoblocking. This practice consists of blocking access to services and/or the offer of products depending on the geographical origin of the user/client, either by redirecting users to local websites or simply by restricting access to their product brochure. The fact that consumer associations and users of digital platforms have considered this blockade as a real attack on the digital single market has led the European Union to seek legislative solutions. That is why the European Commission has promoted Regulation 2018/302, which aims to prevent unjustified geographical blocking and other forms of discrimination based on the nationality, place of residence or place of establishment of clients in the internal market. The justification of these protective measures as well as their location in the global geoeconomic space are studied in this work. ; Świat mierzy się z nowym porządkiem geopolitycznym, w którym media cyfrowe zmieniły zasady gry. Granice są zacierane i zarówno przedsiębiorstwa, jak i konsumenci starają się znaleźć równowagę pomiędzy dostępem do wolnego rynku a ograniczeniami, które chronią ustalone interesy gospodarcze. Uwzględniając te aspekty, Unia Europejska podejmuje działania w celu restrukturyzacji rynku poprzez zastosowanie globalnych rozwiązań, które jednakowoż stoją w sprzeczności ze środkami ochrony wymaganymi przez podmioty gospodarcze, blokujące dostęp do usług i swobodny przepływ towarów za pomocą tzw. blokowania geograficznego (geoblocking). Praktyka ta polega na blokowaniu dostępu do usług i/lub innych towarów uzależnionych od geograficznego pochodzenia użytkownika/klienta bądź za pomocą przekierowywania użytkowników na lokalne strony internetowe lub poprzez ograniczenie dostępu do ich oferty. Fakt, że stowarzyszenia konsumenckie i użytkownicy platform cyfrowych uznali te działania za rzeczywisty atak na cyfrowy rynek wewnętrzny, skłonił organy Unii Europejskiej do podjęcia kroków legislacyjnych w tej sprawie. Z tego powodu Komisja Europejska zainicjowała przyjęcie rozporządzenia 2018/302, mającego na celu zwalczanie praktyk blokowania geograficznego oraz innych form dyskryminacji klientów ze względu na przynależność państwową, miejsce zamieszkania lub miejsce prowadzenia działalności na rynku wewnętrznym. Niniejsza praca prezentuje uzasadnienie podjętych środków zabezpieczających oraz ich usytuowanie w globalnej geoekonomii.
Tourism is a very important economic sector within the European Union, while also playing a key role in political, social and cultural integration. Nevertheless, the EU took a late interest in this sector, beginning only in the 1980s. Starting then, EU intervention in matters of tourism began to pass through a series of phases, during which EU performance was alternately more or less intense. A study of these phases reveals the consequences of a certain inefficiency as a result of the lack of sufficient legal support in the European Constitution for the development of a real EU policy in this sector. With the arrival of the 21st century, and as new EU powers in matters of tourism have been incorporated into the Lisbon Treaty, performance by the European Union in the tourism sector has changed its perspective, putting quality and competitiveness within reach through sustainability in the sector, a basic element of performance in matters of tourism.
