Suchergebnisse

У статті розкрита тема походження такого поняття, як інтелектуальна власність, а також досліджено процес розвитку патентно-правової системи, як основи охорони цього виду власності. У процесі розгляду вищезгаданого питання визначено чітку відмінність між такими категоріями, як «привілей» і «патент». Крім того, відзначено важливість розробленого Венеціанською Республікою Патентного Кодексу 1474 р., положення якого і на сьогоднішній день простежуються в патентному законодавстві багатьох країн світу. ; This article analyses the concept of intellectual property and traces its evolution. In particular, the various features of intellectual property are considered. Each feature brings material or other benefit (profit, increase the products competitiveness, development of citizens etc.). The article also shows reasons for the protection of intellectual property rights. It is said that in a period of rapid development of the factory in the 14th century, the royal power was granting special privileges for the first time in England – the predecessor of the patent. The advantages that each of the parties received are described : the royal power; monarch, which slapped a privilege; the person who invented and used innovations. Monarch was providing inventors with an exclusive right to use this technology, giving the inventor a competitive advantage. On the other hand disadvantages of benefits are considered, since with time the invention privileges became means for feudal lords enrichment, and not for inventors stimulation. The article reveals the turning point in the development of intellectual property rights (1628), when Regulation on monopolies was adopted which granted exclusive rights to the first inventor of a product (privilege was given for 14 years). The second part of the article analyses specific types of intellectual property – patents and trademarks. The article draws attention to the issues related to the patent legal framework development and the stages of the Patent Code development worldwide. The article conclusion emphasizes the importance of the original legislation and laws that were passed in the 14–15 century, since many provisions of the Patent Code (1474) still work nowadays.

The article considers the problem of the main methodological approaches to determine the role of certain states in geo-economic space including the first theories of the state regulation of economics (physiocracy, mercantilism, classical political economy), classical theoretical works (Keynesianism, monetarism, School of Economics Offers) and new approaches to the definition of the state's role in the world economic development (institutionalism, neo-liberalism, geo-economics). Transnationalization and globalization are found to promote the decrease of the role of national governments in the global economy due to the formation of international financial markets, internationalization of business and capital, the emergence of global public information networks, the self-determination of new nations, a sharp increase in the mobility of population, global problems, etc. However, it is proved that modern transformations of the world space do not lead to the loss of economic and political power by national states, and their development perspective depends on the country's affiliation to the definite social-economic structure in the "Centre-Periphery" model. It means that there will be a significant strengthening of the national state's role in the countries of post-industrial type; agricultural and industrial countries will gradually lose the control over both the internal processes of development and regulation and foreign economic sector; there will be processes of blurring the roles of national structures under the influence of leading countries of the world in transitional societies.

The stages of the marketing concept evolution are considered. They are: the production concept, the product concept, the selling concept, the marketing concept, the holistic marketing concept, the communication concept. It is determined that the choice of the marketing instruments depends on the main goal and market orientation of the company.The role of the communication component in this process is investigated. The prerequisites of communication marketing concept formation are set up. This concept defines the communication as the key element of the marketing management. The most important economic prerequisites are: the dominance of the new technological order in the economy, the increase in the scientific-and-technological and cultural level of the society, the widening of the informational exchange system, the creation of the market of information and knowledge, the formation of the global information and communication space.It is generalized, that the process of new information society formation, where information flows between market participants are dominant, transforms the main objective of the company: changing of the enterprise activity focus from production of goods and commercial efforts to promote them to establishing long-term mutually beneficial relationships with customers, government, partners, and society as well as within the organization and marketing communication is the major factor in the success of this process.

Ріонідзе Х. Еволюція міжнародно-правового регулювання гендерної рівності. Наукова стаття присвячена формуванню розвитку та правового регулювання принципу гендерної рівності в міжнародному праві, який належить до цінностей Європейського Союзу (ЄС), а також відіграє важливу роль для України в умовах європейської інтеграції. Сьогодні ставлення до жінок у суспільстві істотно відрізняється від ставлення до чоловіків, і це стосується різних сфер життя: соціальної, політичної, правової. Таким чином, політичнагендерна нерівність включає меншу представленість жінок на виборних посадах та в політичнихколах. Гендерна рівність означає існування суспільства, в якому і жінки, і чоловіки мають рівніможливості, права та обов'язки у всіх сферах життя. Рівність між жінками та чоловіками – цеоднаковий доступ до освіти та охорони здоров'я, рівні можливості для фінансової незалежностіта реалізації їхніх особистих і професійних інтересів тощо. Однією з найбільш значних подій у міжнародному праві середини ХХ століття стало закріплення принципу недискримінації та подальший розвиток міжнародних та регіональних правових стандартів, спрямованих на покращення та захист правусіх жінок та дівчат. Водночас захист жінок та дівчат, а також чоловіків та хлопчиків – це перш за все відповідальність держави. Міжнародне право встановлює обов'язок держав захищати власних громадян, зокрема й від гендерної дискримінації. Натепер гендерна рівність набуває пріоритету в діяльності міжнародних організацій. На сучасному етапі розвитку суспільства питання гендерної рівності займають не останнє місце за актуальністю, аджерівності зараз стає центральним показником розвитку кожної країни нерівність за статевою ознакою вповільнює розвиток суспільства. Ось чому досягнення гендерної ; The article is devoted to the formation of development and legal regulation of the principle of genderequality in international law, which is referred to the level of values of the European Union (EU), and also plays an important role for Ukraine due to the context of European integration. Today, the attitude towards women in society is significantly different from the attitude towards men and this applies to different spheres of life: social political legal Thus, political gender inequality includes lessrepresentation of women in elected positions and lower representation in political and corporate circles. Gender equality means the existence of a society in which both women and men have equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities in all spheres of life. Equality between women and men is equal access to education and health care, governance and power for both sexes, their equal opportunities for financial independence, and the realization of their personal and professional needs and interests. One of the most significant developments in international law in the middle of the twentieth century was the consolidation of the principle of non-discrimination and the further development of international and regional legal standards aimed at improving and protecting the rights of all women and girls. At the same time, the protection of women and girls, as well as men and boys, is first and foremost the responsibility of the state. International law establishes the obligation of states to protect their own citizens, including against gender discrimination. Currently, gender equality is gaining priority in the activities of international organizations. At the present stage of development of society, the issues of gender equalities are not the last place in terms of relevance. Gender inequality slows down the development of society. That is why the achievement of gender equality is now becoming a central indicator of the development of each country

The scope of the research involves forms and types of the public audit that ensured the equitable relations between the state, market, and civil society in the process of budget disbursement in the market and volatile economic environment. Adaptation of the international practices with respect to the application of conventional forms of the public audit based on ISSAI standards, taking into account the needs and expectations of civil society in the monitoring results, serves as a vector for carrying out this research. The research purposes to explore the nature of key concepts for performing a value for money (VFM) audit of the budget disbursement in order to determine the methodological and organizational framework of its implementation. The author arrived at the conclusion that performance audit is a type of public audit. It is advisable to direct the performance audit into the following areas: the efficiency of public functions execution by the budget holder, fulfilment of the public contracts (services) of an institution, implementation of the government programs, and disbursement of the budgetary funds. The author proposed the criteria for performance evaluation of budget allocation for each of the areas of verification. The research findings enable to rationalize legislative rules in terms of the methodological and organizational framework of the public audit, determine the competence and authority of the bodies, performing VFM audit of the budget allocation and government property.

The article study the foundation, stages of formation and development of the animal health economy. The main scientific schools and their contribution to the development of animal health economics are highlighted.It is established that the economics of animal health is a dynamic and relatively new field of research, currently little explored are economic tools that cover the problems of animal health and the functioning of the veterinary service.Currently, new priority areas for the development of animal health economics are the study of the economics of livestock systems and animal health problems due to the impact of these systems, in particular transboundary emergent animal diseases. Undoubtedly, one of the main criteria for sustainable livestock is animal welfare and biosecurity, which are priorities of the "One World, One Health" concept established by the FAO, OIE and WHO Triumvirate in 2009. It is the consolidation of these criteria and the laws of economics will ensure the sustainable development of animal husbandry.It is extremely necessary to establish its own scientific school, which will take into account the world experience, realities and features of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry and be implemented in modern science and livestock production of Ukraine.Since Ukraine has for many years stood aside from the development of such areas of economic research as animal health economics and relied on the outdated system of determining the economic efficiency of veterinary measures, which inherited from the planned economy, it is now necessary to start its own scientific school. take into account the world experience and realities and features of the field of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry of our country. In the dynamically developing livestock industries (poultry farming, pig farming) there are already own economic features of veterinary services and animal health management, which do not fully correspond to world trends and promising areas of veterinary management. Therefore, it is already necessary to offer production economic approaches and methods of financing anti-epizootic measures, ensuring the health of livestock, veterinary management, forecasting the feasibility of treatment taking into account the political, social, economic, economic and environmental characteristics of Ukraine. ; У статі досліджено фундацію, етапи становлення та розвитку економіки здоров'я тварин. Виділено основні наукові школи та їх вклад у розвиток економіки здоров'я тварин. Встановлено, що економіка здоров'я тварин це динамічна та відносно нова сфера наукових досліджень, малодослідженими наразі є економічні інструменти, що висвітлюють проблеми здоров'я тварин та функціонування служби ветеринарної медицини. Актуальними питаннями цього напряму займалась і займається, наразі, невелика група вчених, консультантів та вузькопрофільних спеціалістів. Наразі новими пріоритетними напрямками розвитку економіки здоров'я тварин є дослідження економіки систем тваринництва та проблем зі здоров'ям тварин внаслідок впливу цих систем, зокрема транскордонні емерджентні хвороби тварин. Безумовно, одними з головних критеріїв сталого тваринництва є благополуччя тварин та біологічна безпека, що є пріоритетами концепції «Один світ – одне здоров'я», створеної тріумвіратом ФАО, МЕБ і ВООЗ в 2009 році. Саме консолідація цих критеріїв і законів економіки дозволять забезпечити сталий розвиток тваринництва.Надзвичайно необхідним, є започаткування власної наукової школи, що буде враховувати світовий досвід, реалії і особливості ветеринарної медицини і тваринництва та імплементуватись у сучасну науку і виробництво України.

The paper studies the evolution of quarantine measures used in the spread of plague, cholera and Spanish flu. Attempts to combat infectious diseases that took place in the Rus state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Zaporozhian Sich are analyzed. Quarantine legislation of the Russian Empire is examined. The provisions of the Medical Charter of 1832, the Quarantine Charter of 1866, as well as the prescriptions of other regulatory acts aimed at preventing the spread of epidemics on the territory of the Russian Empire are also studied. Emphasis is placed on medical and police nature of regulatory prescriptions. The author examines the changes in the health care system and quarantine measures applied during the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 – 1921. The organizational and legal grounds for administration in the field of health care in the Ukrainian State of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky are also analyzed. The article studies the procedure for establishing the Ministry of Health and the powers of the Minister of Health. It is stated that world pandemics are not a novelty in the historical chronicle and there is a way out of the epidemiological crisis. It has two paths, namely the death and destruction of society or the path of rapid development, the improvement of the medical system, which will eventually lead to progress, the transition to a new level of development of civilization itself. Epidemics forced a rapid reorientation and improvement of sanitary conditions, adherence to hygiene measures, nutrition, waste disposal, etc., as well as creation of a health care system that at the state level took over the functions of social protection against dangerous diseases. The challenges caused by the coronavirus will not only be successfully overcome, but also the medical sphere will be improved, and conditions will be created for the rapid development of the industry. We are convinced that only a well-chosen special model for public administration in the field of health care, headed by relevant high-level specialists, with proper funding, could cope with the epidemic in the country, as well as allow the medical system to reach a qualitatively new level.

The article characterizes the changes in the field of state regulation of the costume in different epochs of European history, including the history of Ukraine. The concept of "vestment legislation", which regulates the issue of wearing a suit, is revealed. Some fragments of normative acts are cited, which confirm the fact of wide use of vestment legislation in the early epochs of the state history of European civilization. It is emphasized that the vestment legislation in the Greek and Roman periods played the role of sumptuous legislation, ie legislation against luxury, against demonstrative consumption. The dominant functions of vestment legislation in the feudal period and in the period of transition to bourgeois relations are highlighted. The author joins the opinion of a number of scholars who emphasize the caste nature of the legislation on costume in the era of feudalism. With the transition to bourgeois relations, this legislation plays the role of economic lever in stimulating the development of its own production of fabrics and clothing and the domestic market. It is emphasized that in the first half of the XVIII century Vestment legislation acquires more features of court etiquette, and from the second half of the XVIII century and to this day it minimizes its impact on civil society. Civil society is already creating fashion trends. This feature is preserved to this day. Attention is paid to some features of vestment legislation in the XX-XXI centuries. It is noted that during this period it could become discriminatory. Today, the vestment legislation reflects the concerns of European countries about certain terrorist acts and the introduction of quarantine restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. ; Стаття характеризує зміни у сфері державного регулювання костюма у різні епохи європейської історії, у тому числі і історії України. Розкрито поняття "вестиментарного законодавства", яке регулює питання носіння костюма. Цитуються окремі фрагменти нормативних актів, що підтверджують факт широкого використання вестиментарного законодавства у ранні епохи державної історії європейської цивілізації. Підкреслено, що вестиментарне законодавство у грецький та римський періоди відігравало роль сумптуарного законодавства, тобто законодавства проти розкоші, проти демонстративного споживання. Виділено домінуючі функції вестиментарного законодавства у феодальний період та в період переходу до буржуазних відносин. Авторка приєднується до думки цілої низки вчених, які підкреслюють становий характер законодавства про костюм в епоху феодалізму. З переходом до буржуазних відносин вказане законодавство відіграє роль економічного важеля у стимулюванні розвитку власного виробництва тканин і одягу та внутрішнього ринку. Наголошено, що у першій половині ХУІІІ ст. вестиментарне законодавство набуває більше рис придворного етикету, а з другої половини ХУІІІ ст. і до нашого часу воно мінімізує свій вплив на громадянське суспільство. Громадянське суспільство вже саме створює модні тенденції. Вказана риса зберігається до нашого часу. Приділено увагу окремим особливостям вестиментарного законодавства у ХХ-ХХІ ст. Зазначено, що у вказаний період воно могло набувати дискримінаційного характеру. Сьогодні вестиментарне законодавство відображає занепокоєність країн Європи окремими терористичними проявами та впровадженням карантинних обмежень через пандемію COVID-19.

Introduction. The current stage of development of Ukraine – a thorny way of establishment of a democratic state, the main objective of which is to create appropriate conditions for the fullness vital activity and creative self-realization of all segments of civil society, in which people with disabilities need a comprehensive attention and care on the part of social institutions. In the history of mankind is accumulated a great diversity of views of humanistic content for disabled persons, that certifies certain level of civilization development of separate countries, empires, unions and the international community as a whole.Purpose of the article is an appeal to history of society and state attitude to people with peculiarities in psychophysical development from the standpoint of civilized approach that will make possible to identify and summarize the prerequisites of becoming inclusive education as a socio-pedagogical phenomena.Results. On the basis of analysis of reference, historic and philosophical, psychological and pedagogical literature is reviewed the evolution of the views of society and the state for persons with specialties of psycho-physical development of a civilized approach as the unity of the progressive process of mankind development, in which distinguishes certain stages of cyclical development of society: the period of the establishment of society, the period of maturity of society, industrial, postindustrial and informational periods.Conclusion. Thus, periodization of the evolution of views of society for persons with features of psycho-physical development of a point of view of civilized approach the subject of research interest is not only one of some aspect of human existence, rather the combination of all forms of life activity of a certain society – material, moral, ideological, cultural, political, legal, religious, educational, developmental and so on.

Subject of the study – the state regulation mechanism of the Ukrainian regions development that corresponds to global transformations trends requirements. The purpose of the study is to formulate methodological framework, which will contribute to the implementation of European standards in the practice of planning and strategic management of the Ukrainian regions development. Methodology of the study are the standards of the «Classification of Territorial Units for Statistics, (NUTS)», which are proposed to be implemented in accordance with the realities of the Ukrainian national economy. The main result of the study is an appropriate mechanism for the state regulation mechanism of the Ukrainian regions development that corresponds to global transformations trends, a key element of which is the European geostandard (NUTS). Keywords: development, region, European Classification of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS), regional policy, strategy, regional development strategy. The article is devoted to the development of conceptual foundations needed for the formation of a mechanism to be used for state regulation of the Ukrainian regions development, which has to be consistent with the trends of global transformations. It is proved that in Ukraine does not exist now the system of effective regionalization of the country's territory that would meet European standards of territorial distribution and statistical accounting. As a result, the current administrative and territorial division does not take into account the features of territories, as well as the newly created territorial communities, etc., and does not coordinate their functioning with the strategic development goals of the country as a whole. This impedes the successful integration of Ukraine into the world economic space, the implementation of the strategic vision of sustainable social and economic growth vector into regional development planning practice, which would allow the systemic transformation process with the rational use of available ...

The article presents evidence that historically the emergence of intellectual property rights dates back to the pre-industrial stage of society's development. The issuing of letters patent in England led to further development of intangible assets worldwide. The study considers chronologically social and economic development concepts which have been researched in academic papers of prominent scholars, namely, A. Smith, F. List,Knight, F. Machlup, W. Rostow, J. Galbraith, D. Bell, P. Drucker, and then highlights the key aspects that have affected the evolution of intangible assets. Thus, on the basis of reviewing the concepts developed by outstanding scholars, it is pointed out that the growth of intangible assets has been driven by knowledge and that a post-industrial society is based on unprecedented technological breakthroughs. Special reference is made to information viewed as the key production resource of a post-industrial society, whereas knowledge is seen as its internal source of progress. In a post-industrial society, people are regarded as capital. The essential importance and role of intellectual capital in company operations are embodied in professional and managerial skills of personnel.As shown in the article, there are not only research development concepts, but also normative documents, such as the Bulletin entitled «Amortization of intangible assets», in which intangible assets are identified as accounting items. Furthermore, the international system of intellectual property protection has been enhanced by the introduction of Paris and Berne Conventions.The paper also describes how the concept of intangible assets, which appeared in Ukraine's legislation in 1993, is seen in the national legal system, specifically as intellectual property objects including industrial property and other items of property and use. With the introduction of Ukrainian Accounting Standards (UAS) 8 into the national legislation, it was firstly emphasized that intangible assets are non-monetary assets that, on the one hand, are non-material and, on the other hand, can be identified.The article also stresses that today's society is passing a new stage of post-industrial development, which is accompanied not only by a rapid growth of service industries, science and education, but also by a significant increase of specialized knowledge in various fields. Finally, the need for further research of intangible assets is identified, since intangibles have a great impact on enterprise value and the competitiveness of the national economy as a whole.

The article analyzes the evolution of the role of President in the political system of Ukraine. The place and the role of President, as an institution, in the political system of Ukraine has changed several times between 1996 and 2010. The very presence of such office as well as the prerogatives of the head of state were the subject of intense discussions in the Parliament, and various political forces were arguing over desirable shape of the Ukrainian political system. When some of them opted for parliamentary republic, other pursued the presidential or presidential-parliamentary model. The main problem, however, was that all the reforms and discussions about the political system were not implemented to improve the situation in the state, but to secure the influence of individual interest groups.

The article discloses the formation, development and modern state of private international law in the European Union. The concept of "European private international law", including an analysis of the term in a narrow, wide and broadest sense is revealed in the article. The author analyses three main stages in the development of the private international law in the EU, in particular: formation (1957 ‒ 1999); active development ‒ after the entry into force of the Amsterdam Treaty (1999 ‒ 2009); modern period ‒ after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty (2009 ‒ present). This article examines the limits of EU legislation as the source of a single law and highlights the difficulties associated with projects on the codification of private law in the EU. Such an approach may be appropriate in the current state of EU integration if it is limited by the rules of binding contract law and the provisions of private international law. Further harmonization of private law in Europe also requires significant changes in the institutional structure for the creation of uniform rules and the development of new methods of regulation. There are three features of the development of the private international law in the EU: 1) the gradual transition from internationalization to Europeanization; 2) evolution to reduce the "flexibility" of conflict regulation of contractual relations through greater certainty in application; 3) if in 1999 the international convention was the source of unification of the private international law, then after this date the regulation becomes the standard source of unification. Private international law in the EU can be defined as the interconnection and interaction between the systems of national law of the EU Member States and the system of uniform (unified) legal norms aimed at regulating private legal relations with a foreign element within the EU. European private international law can be seen in a narrow sense (conflict of law), broad sense (covers conflict and conflict law) and the broadest ...

Nutrition of military personnel in the field or during combat operations is of great importance for maintaining force performance. An indispensable element in the provision of service personnel with food is individual "dry rations", which are most often formed based on the nutrition of one soldier for one to three days. Of interest was the question of how the nutrition of the service personnel changed in combat operations meanwhile. Objective – to study the historical aspect of nutrition in battle conditions during the period from the Zaporizhzhia Sich to the present day. Materials and methods – literary sources, regulatory documents, research results. The information retrieval and the theoretical analysis method are used. The literature data, legislative and regulatory documents, the results of scientific research related to the nutrition of Ukrainian service personnel in the combat operations for the period from XVII-XXI centuries are analyzed. The evolution of "dry operational ration" over several centuries took place depending on the development of the food industry: from dry products that do not spoil with long-term keepeng (crackers, cereals, dry meat, dry fish), dry food concentrates and canned foods to ready-to-eat first and second courses. The caloric content of dry rations from the middle of the twentieth century ranged from 3100 kcal to 3350 kcal. In the Ukrainian army it is from 3,500 kcal to 3,800 kcal, and only for Joint Force Operation (JFO) – 4,100. Until recently, the energy value (calorific value) of dry rations was calculated without taking into account the actual energy consumption of service personnel in carrying out combat operations. Further studies on improving the nutritional standards of service personnel should be aimed, first of all, at establishing real energy costs when they perform their mission, including military ones.