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"Until recent times, Iran regularly had to cope with local or national famines. The various governments, until the second decade of the twentieth century, had neither a policy nor institutional arrangements to deal with grain shortages, artificial or not, and the resulting famines. In severe cases of famine governments might have temporarily intervened in the market, but usually they left care for the hungry to private philanthropy. Invariably, this private effort was inadequate when compared to needs. Although there were earlier incidental efforts, it was only as of 1918 that a beginning was made for more permanent and structural pro-active measures to prevent rather than to combat famine. The creation of the Edareh-ye arzaq or Alimentation Service in Tehran and Tabriz to ensure food security saved thousands of lives in the years that followed. Despite this result, its work is almost totally ignored; there is not even an encyclopedia article about its activities. In this study, Willem Floor discusses the early efforts to combat famine as well as the beginning of a more targeted and structural approach developed by Lambert Molitor in Tabriz during 1917-18 as well as its application in Tehran as of 1918. Whereas in Tabriz, after 1918, the approach was reactive, in Tehran a pro-active program was developed, which as of 1922 became part of the tasks of the Millspaugh mission. During 1926-27 there was even a quasi-national food security program. After Millspaugh's departure in 1927 the food security of Tehran became an entirely Iranian affair, which as of 1935 was transferred from the Alimentation Service to a State company that had a national food security responsibility." --

Statistics on the price index of production industries of Iran during 2006 or 07

Bread - Prices - Iran - History - 19th century ; Iran - Politics and government - 19th century ; Iran - Economic conditions - 19th century ; Iran - Social conditions - 19th century

It is difficult to estimate the set of reserves that can ultimately be extracted in the world. Here we mean reserves that have the potential to produce energy and can be extracted at economical prices and without unsolvable extraction problems. However, the world's fossil resources are really limited, and if depletion of fossil resources is the norm, the world has considerable time to reduce its heavy dependence on fossil fuels and move to other alternative sources of energy supply. The main problem is that on the other hand, it takes decades to replace the supply of other types of energy. On the other hand, the time must come now to meet the needs and take appropriate action. One of the great advantages of wind energy and solar cells, especially for landlocked countries like Iran, is that they do not need water to generate electricity. Due to the reduction of water resources in recent years and the water conditions of many provinces in the state of water stress and more provinces benefit from the benefits of sunlight, changing the pattern of energy consumption to more use of new energy sources, especially solar energy should be Be on the agenda. There has been talk for years about the depletion of energy resources in the world. Interestingly, even in 1914, this issue was discussed and one of the American newspapers wrote that the world's oil reserves had been depleted for a maximum of ten years. Later in 1939, the US Department of the Interior announced that there were only 13 years left to run out of oil reserves. Over the past decade, advances in technology have led to more oil being extracted from oil fields, while high oil prices have made it more cost-effective for companies to search for harder-to-reach reserves. While there is still enough oil in known areas, forecasts show that the depletion of global reserves has led to more oil being discovered. Until recently, the environment was considered a fantasy topic and beyond the basic human needs. And the result has been a vital and universal issue from the ...

Energy as one of the most important factors of production, today has a great contribution to the economic growth and development of countries and has played the greatest role in the development of recent human civilization. This role, from transportation to food production and the provision of medical and health services, is becoming more prominent day by day. In order to continue the supply of energy in order to continue to use it, a lot of investment must be made. That is why energy security has been so much the focus of energy policymakers around the world. In this book, we first address the issue of defining and examining the importance of energy security then we talk about fossil fuels. In the following, we will discuss the effects of fossil fuels on the Earth's climate and biosphere. The issue of international agreements, including the Paris Agreement, will also be considered, as well as providing solutions to fossil fuel damage by introducing renewable energy sources, which will be one of the chapters of this book. Finally, we will examine the disadvantages and disadvantages of renewable energy to realize that these energies are not perfect in themselves! Instead of fearing, or sitting and calculating, that there are a few years left until the end of the life of oil reserves, the world needs a policy that thinks about the available alternatives. Much more and better alternatives to the fossil fuels that have driven the world and industry for years. Renewable energy sources are another proposition facing human societies. A way to overcome the energy crisis and the time bomb that seems to be tuned to announce the end of energy at any moment. In fact, we should listen to the proposal of the Saudi Minister of Energy in the 1970s, who said: "The Stone Age did not end because the stone ran out. The age of oil must end much sooner than the end of oil."

There has been talk for years about the depletion of energy resources in the world. Interestingly, even in 1914, this issue was discussed and one of the American newspapers wrote that the world's oil reserves had been depleted for a maximum of ten years; Later in 1939, the US Department of the Interior announced that there were only 13 years left to run out of oil reserves. Over the past decade, advances in technology have led to more oil being extracted from oil fields, while high oil prices have made it more cost-effective for companies to search for harder-to-reach reserves. While there is still enough oil in known areas, forecasts show that the depletion of global reserves has led to more oil being discovered. Today, new and renewable energy due to its cleanliness and compatibility with the environment, is of special interest in developed countries, and with a comprehensive and long-term planning, we must pay more attention to the positive functions of the use of these energies. Today, experts believe that the most important consequence of continuing to use fossil fuels is disease and environmental problems, and that the use of clean energy can shape a better future for the people of the world, as well as prevent further energy wastage. It is on the rise and also due to the benefits of using clean energy such as solar energy, the industrial and governmental sectors should be the pioneers in using this energy. New energies are expanding rapidly around the world. Cleanliness and cheapness can be considered as the two main indicators of new energy production, as these energies have been able to fill the gaps in fossil fuels in many places due to their high productivity. Energy experts believe that renewable energy should replace conventional energy sources such as oil and gas in the 21st century to reduce the wasteful use of hydrocarbon products and that future energy use depends on a structure in which carbon-free energy sources such as solar energy. Or wind to be used. A way to overcome the energy crisis and ...

زمینه و هدف: کمبود مواد غذایی، تغییرات اقلیمی و دیگر عوامل سبب شده تا تولید گیاهان تغییر شکل‌یافته ژنتیکی (محصولات تراریخته) از دهه 90 میلادی مورد توجه قرار گیرد. تولید این گیاهان همان‌گونه که موجب امیدواری در رفع گرسنگی بود، به دلیل تأثیر احتمالی بر محیط زیست موج نگرانی را نیز برانگیخت. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی تعهدات زیست‌محیطی دولت‌ها در حوزه محصولات تراریخته در پرتو اصول حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست، اتحادیه اروپا و ایران است. مواد و روش‌ها: نوشتار حاضر به شیوه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی ابتدا اصول پیش‌گفته حاکم در حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست را بررسی می‌کند تا دریابد تعهدات زیست‌محیطی دولت‌ها درباره محصولات تراریخته از نظر اصول حقوق بین‌الملل چگونه است و سپس رویکرد اختصاصی اتحادیه اروپا را بررسی و تطبیق داده و بالاخره گذرا این وضعیت را در ایران مرور می‌کند. یافته‌ها: اتحادیه اروپا برخلاف ایالات متحده دیدگاهی احتیاط‌آمیز توأم با سخت‌گیری در حمایت از مصرف‌کننده و محیط زیست پیش گرفته که ریشه در اصول کلی حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست دارد. اصولی مانند توسعه پایدار، اقدام احتیاطی، ارزیابی و اطلاع‌رسانی که به جمع رعایت مصالح دولت‌ها در دستیابی به توسعه و پیشرفت و حفظ محیط زیست می‌انجامد، در حالی که در ایران از سویی قوانین حمایتی از محیط زیست به صورت کارآمد تصویب نشده است و یا این‌که در برخی موارد محیط زیست و حمایت از آن مغفول مانده است. ملاحظات اخلاقی: در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری، رعایت شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این جستار نشان می‌دهد که دولت‌ها در خصوص محصولات تراریخته متعهد به رعایت اصول کلی یا عرفی توسعه پایدار، اقدام احتیاطی، ارزیابی و اطلاع‌رسانی بوده و رعایت اصول مزبور بهترین راهکار جهت صیانت از حقوق مصرف‌کننده و حمایت از محیط زیست است. ; Background and Aim: Food scarcity, climate change and other factors have led to the production of genetically modified crops (transgenic crops) since the 1990s. The production of these plants, as they had hoped to eliminate hunger, also raised concerns about the potential impact on the environment. The purpose of this study is to examine the Governments' Environmental Obligations on Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) in the light of the International Environmetal Law, European Union and Iran. Materials and Methods: The present paper is descriptive-analytical paper and firstly examines the aforementioned principles of international environmental law in order to understand what is the environmental commitment and obligation of governments in the process of cultivation and supply for transgenic products from the perspective of international law. Then, it examines and applies the EU-specific approach and finally reviews this situation in Iran. Findings: The European Union, unlike United States, has taken a cautious approach to consumer and environmental protection. This approach is rooted in the general principles of international environmental law. Principles such as sustainable development, precautionary principle and the principle of notification that bring together the interests of governments in achieving development, improvement and environmental protection, while in Iran,It has not been enacted environmental laws effectively on the GMO or in some cases the environment and its protection have been neglected. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Conclusion: The results show that governments are committed to adhering to the general or customary principles of sustainable development, precautionary principle and the principle of notification in the process of cultivating and supplying for Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), and adhering to these principles is the best way to safeguard consumer rights. Cite this article as: Pouresmaeili A, keykhosravi M, Vaezi Kakhki MR. The Studying of Governments' Environmental Obligations on Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) in the light of the International Environmetal Law, European Union and Iran. Bioethics Journal 2020; 10(35): e16.