Suchergebnisse

Agriculture in South Asia is vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, adaptation measures are required to sustain agricultural productivity, to reduce vulnerability, and to enhance the resilience of the agricultural system to climate change. There are many adaptation practices in the production systems that have been proposed and tested for minimizing the effects of climate change. Some socioeconomic and political setup contributes to adaptation, while others may inhibit it. This paper presents a systematic review of the impacts of climate change on crop production and also the major options in the agricultural sector that are available for adaptation to climate change. One of the key conclusions is that agricultural practices that help climate change adaptation in agriculture are available, while the institutional setup to implement and disseminate those technical solutions is yet to be strengthened. Thus, it is important to examine how to bring the required institutional change, generate fund to invest on these changes, and design dynamic policies for long-term climate change adaptation in agriculture rather than a mere focus on agricultural technology. This is one of the areas where South Asian climate policies require reconsidering to avoid possible maladaptation in the long run.

Climate change has been one of the most sought out and debated topic of this decade and is evident to have profound effect on human health, climatic conditions and biodiversity. Though changes in climatic conditions has been referred as natural process but scientific investigation has shown that the recent climatic variation has gone beyond the natural level suggesting the evolution of a process i.e. "global climate change". The disease burden of a population, and how that burden is distributed across different subpopulations (e.g. infants, women), are important pieces of information for defining strategies to improve population health. Disease burden estimates provide an indication of the health gains that could be achieved by targeted action against specific risk factors. The measures also allow us to prioritize actions and direct them to the population groups at highest risk. It has been noticed that one in three developing-country children under the age of five – 178 million children suffers stunting due to chronic under nutrition and poor quality diets. Chronic malnutrition during the first two years of life usually results in irreversible harm. Keeping in view the above conditions this review paper was prepared to pledge the proficiency and admonish the people i.e., our children from ill effects of climate change by making people aware how they can save their children with suggestions to overcome the severe and grievous effects of looming climate change, and most of all through various suitable government policies at national and international level.

Developing countries are at considerable risk from climate variability and climate change, both of which threaten poverty reduction and development efforts. The Climate Services for Resilient Development (CSRD) partnership is led by the United States Government has developed a consortium of global leaders in science, technology and development finance to assist at-risk nations to adapt to these problems. CSRD is aligned with the the Global Framework for Climate Services and works in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Colombia to creating and provide timely and useful climate data, information, tools, and services. Within South Asia, efforts to develop agricultural climate services under CSRD are led by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). CSRD in turn works to support Investment Options Paper (IOP) for Climate Services for Resilient Development in Bangladesh, compiled by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 2016. CSRD's core objectives are to prepare farmers, extension services, and agricultural policy makers with actionable climate information and crop management advisories to reduce agricultural production risks and to increase the resilience of smallholder farming communities. This report summarizes CSRD activities, achievements, and challenges during the project's inception phase (from the end of November 2017 through April of 2017).

The agrarian economy of Uganda has been declining due to many factors including climate change. With the majority of Ugandans depending on agriculture and agricultural related activities for their livelihoods, this decline is threatening their survival as well as Uganda's future economic development. The changing climate is further compounding the problem of declining agricultural production, prompting the Government of Uganda (GoU) to take measures to address its the impacts. In 2007, Uganda submitted its National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The submission was made based on Uganda's commitment to address climate change impacts as a signatory to the convention. The NAPA aimed to prioritize and implement initiatives that respond to communities' urgent needs to adapt to climate change. The NAPA identified nine adaptation priority areas. These included community tree growing; land degradation management; strengthening meteorological services; community water and sanitation; water for production; drought adaptation; vectors, pests and disease control; indigenous knowledge and natural resource management and climate change and development planning. This report assesses the status of the NAPA projects in Uganda, identifying the major activities for each of the projects, target beneficiaries and outcomes, including lessons learned and challenges arising from implementing the projects to inform policy. The report is based on a review of existing reports and other published literature from a variety of sources on NAPA in Uganda and interviews of personnel in various government departments, sub-county officials and beneficiaries. Implementation of the NAPA was initiated in 2012 with funding from the Danish government for one-year (2011/12). The NAPA projects were piloted in four districts—Apac, Pallisa, Bundibugyo and Nakasongola—located in different ecosystems (arid, semi-arid, lowland and highlands). The initiative was led by the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE), working with different agencies and local government to implement the activities at community level. Activities implemented within each of the projects focused on agriculture, energy and water. The target population for NAPA activities included men and women. Each district implemented on average 8-10 different adaptation actions, however, sustainability of the NAPA projects was not considered from the onset. The NAPA process did not establish a sustainability strategy as part of a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation plan. While the aim of the NAPA projects was to build community resilience, beneficiaries were not ready to adopt the new climate resilient technologies without more assistance from the project at the end of the implementation period, except for water storage tanks and the valley dam technologies. The implementation period of one year was not sufficient to build long-term sustainability of the adaptation activities amongst communities, and the lessons learned have not been documented. Luckily the NAPA process created an opportunity for learning and identifying challenges that communities are facing in adapting to climate change, which were used to develop the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), Intended National Determined Contributions (INDC) and the Climate Smart Agriculture Program (2015-2025). Specifically, some of the activities implemented in NAPA are also outlined in the INDC, CSA program and NAP. Prominent inclusion of climate change adaptation actions have also been made on some of the polices and plans such as the National Development Plan, National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management, National Climate Change Policy. At local level, issues of climate change adaptation are difficult to tackle, due to lack of knowledge on the effects and impacts of climate change and budgeting allocation for adaptation actions. As of 2015, despite adoption of the various policies and plans outlined above, Uganda's national government is not allocating funds for local level adaptation. What are some of the emerging lessons from implementing NAPA pilot projects in Uganda? First, involving the community right from vulnerability assessment is essential for identification of adaptation strategies. Second, capacity building for community to manage and implement activities takes time and requires a lot of patience and commitment. Third, capacity building is necessary for local and national government staff to enable them to implement, monitor and evaluate projects with a gender lens. Lastly, community livelihoods are multifaceted and hence one activity is not sufficient to build adaptive capacity. Therefore, local governments need to promote multiple inventions that address climate change that build community resilience.

Research of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and its partners shows that growing coffee and banana together is generating >50% more income for smallholder farmers and can help them cope with the effects of climate change. However, turning research into action on the ground requires effective dialogue and communication between researchers and policy makers. This study looks at how well informed government bodies, private sector and non-profit actors were of IITA's research and to what extent the practice has been adopted.

The aim of this research was to design an institutional model for organic rice agribusiness. Data were collected through interviews and focus group discussion which includes the primary and secondary data. Data analysis methods for organic rice agribusiness institutional development were: system analysis, institutional analysis and interactive analysis. Result of the research indicated that organic rice agribusiness system in Sragen was supported by a strong superstructures. There were Go Organic 2010 program and many policies of Sragen government includes: cultivation, extension, marketing, and certification. Profile community of organic rice agribusiness includes organic rice farmers, farmer groups, associations of farmer groups (gapoktan), extension agents, organic rice farmer associations, organic rice agro-industry companies, government, and consumers. Designing models with the agribusiness system suggested a cluster of industry (industrial cluster) which composed of five subsystems, namely: upstream agribusiness, on farm agribusiness, down stream agribusiness, supporting agribusiness system, and marketing subsystem.