Hrana kao esencijalni sastojak ljudske egzistencije oduvijek je igrala važnu ulogu u međudržavnim odnosima i diplomatskoj praksi te je bila korištena kao medij kroz koji se projicira utjecaj, komuniciraju kultura i identitet te poruke koje izražavaju prijateljstvo ili neprijateljstvo. Uloga hrane sve je istaknutija u javnodiplomatskoj praksi različitih država, dok su akademska razmatranja gastrodiplomacije, kulinarske diplomacije ili diplomacije hranom do sada bila ograničena unutar discipline međunarodnih odnosa. Cilj je članka predstaviti različite aspekte ovog novog interdisciplinarnog polja istraživanja široj akademskoj zajednici, polazeći od hipoteze da hrana u sve većoj mjeri postaje prepoznata kao službeno sredstvo meke moći i javne diplomacije. U članku se prezentiraju rezultati inicijalnog istraživanja provedenog među diplomatima akreditiranima u Republici Hrvatskoj te anketnog istraživanja provedenog među studentima Fakulteta političkih znanosti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. ; Food as an essential ingredient of human existence, has always played an important role in interstate relations and diplomatic practice. It has been used as a medium for projecting influence, communicating one's culture, identity and messages that express friendship or enmity. Its role is becoming increasingly prominent in the public diplomacy practices of various countries, while academic accounts on gastro diplomacy, food diplomacy or culinary diplomacy within the International Relations (IR) discipline have so far been limited. The aim of this article is to introduce different aspects of this new, developing field of interdisciplinary research to the wider academic community, building on the hypothesis that food is becoming more recognized as an official soft power or public diplomacy tool. The article contains an analysis based on an initial survey conducted among the diplomats accredited in the Republic of Croatia as well as among the students of the Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb.
Koncept ljudske sigurnosti prvi put je istaknut u izvješću UNDP-a (United Nations Development Programme: Razvojni program Ujedinjenih naroda) 1994. i bazira se na slobodi od oskudice (freedom from want) i slobodi od straha (freedom from fear). Na Svjetskom samitu o hrani (World Food Summit) 1996. sigurnost hrane je definirana na način koji naglašava dostupnost hrane, pristup hrani te korištenje i stabilnost kao ključne dimenzije sigurnosti hrane. Iako najčešće nije jedini uzrok sukoba, nesigurnost hrane predstavlja sigurnosnu prijetnju jer služi kao pokretač nasilnog djelovanja. Glad i nesigurnost hrane povećavaju vjerojatnost da će doći do prosvjeda i nereda što potiče nesigurnost među stanovništvom i ostavlja dugotrajne posljedice na cjelokupan razvoj zajednice. S druge strane, sukobi uzrokuju degradaciju okoliša, raspad ekonomije i prisilno raseljavanje stanovništva što u konačnici uzrokuje glad i, naposljetku, bolest i smrt. U posljednjem desetljeću mnoge zemlje ulažu napore u provođenje zakona i strategija usmjerenih na rješavanje problema gladi. Nastoji se potaknuti i društvene skupine da aktivno sudjeluju kako bi uz pomoć međunarodne zajednice unaprijedili sigurnost hrane i osigurali pozitivne transformacije. ; The concept of human security was first highlighted in the UNDP report of 1994 and is based on two freedoms; freedom from want and freedom from fear. The widely accepted World Food Summit definition from 1996 emphasizes the importance of food availability, food access, food use and stability of food as key dimensions of food security. Although usually not the only cause of conflict, food insecurity represents a security threat since it serves as an initiator of violent actions. The presence of hunger and food insecurity increase the probability of protests and riots, which further causes insecurity among the population and leaves long-term consequences to the overall development of the community. On the other hand, conflicts cause the degradation of environment, economic disruption, forced displacement of the population which, in the end, causes hunger and ultimately disease and death. In the last decade, many countries have invested their efforts in law enforcement and strategies aimed at solving the problem of hunger. Countries also seek to activate social groups for participating actively in cooperation with international communities in order to enhance food security and ensure positive transformation.
Prikazane su prehrambene kartice koje su koristili zatočenici koncentracijskih logora Jasenovac (1941.-1945.) i Stara Gradiška (1942.-1945.). Naime, zatočenici su karticama, koje su izdavane mjesečno, podizali dnevne obroke (doručak, objed i večeru). Gubitak je kartice za sobom povlačio gubitak prava na hranu te su stoga, iako ne u pravom smislu riječi, one bile jedna vrsta platežnoga sredstva unutar logora. Prikazano je devet kartica za prehranu, sedam ih je korišteno u logoru Jasenovac, a dvije su prehrambene kartice izdane i korištene u logoru Stara Gradiška ; The article describes the camp food cards that were used in Jasenovac (1941-1945) and Stara Gradiška (1942-1945), the concentration and work camps of the Independent State of Croatia. The food cards were issued monthly and the inmates used them to draw their daily meals (breakfast, lunch and supper). Although the food cards were issued by name and could not be transferred, their loss entailed the loss of the right to food so they could be interpreted as a kind of camp currency, although not in the real sense of the word. The article shows nine food cards that belonged to five prisoners: seven of the cards were used in the Jasenovac Camp and two were used in the Stara Gradiška Camp. Camp currency (coupons and food cards) was very widespread in camps throughout Europe during the Second World War and immediately after it. Camp coupons were also in use in some camps for interned civilians founded by the military authorities of the Kingdom of Italy on the eastern Adriatic coast during the Second World War. Although the use of camp currency (coupons and food cards) was widespread, and has been described in scholarly and professional literature, there has to date been no mention of the prisoners' food cards shown in this article, used in the Ustasha concentration and work camps of Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška.
In: Polemos: časopis za interdisciplinarna istraživanja rata i mira ; journal of interdisciplinary research on war and peace, Band 13, Heft 25, S. 77-92
Using The White Paper (by which the EU has been trying to help the CEEC countries to bring their legislative activities in line with the EU regulation), the author looks into the regulation of genetically modified (GM) products & the ways in which risks from GM products can be minimized. The essay includes a review of the existing regulations & an analysis of the changes in the political & economic circumstances that require the corresponding changes in the existing by-laws. The prime movers in the arena in which the GM products policy is designed are scattered intercontinentally: the multinational corporations of the US agro-industrial complex, the individual farmers & their associations on both sides of the Atlantic, & the European agro-industrial businesses & governments. The disagreement among these protagonists was made apparent during the process preceding the adoption of the Protocol on Bio-Security, envisaged as the framework for the new regulation. The communique of the EU Commission as a sequel to the Cartagena Protocol on Bio-Security illustrates the EU's approach to the application of the caution principle, which is particularly appropriate in the situations in which science is not able to take in all the risks connected with the GM products. The process of the modification of the EU regulation on GM products is an indication of the complexity of the interests involved. This is the reason the process has not been completed. However, this does not justify the delay in the launching of this process in Croatia, which could use the regulation of other countries, briefly summarized at the end of the essay. Adapted from the source document.
Using The White Paper (by which the EU has been trying to help the CEEC countries to bring their legislative activities in line with the EU regulation), the author looks into the regulation of genetically modified (GM) products & the ways in which risks from GM products can be minimized. The essay includes a review of the existing regulations & an analysis of the changes in the political & economic circumstances that require the corresponding changes in the existing by-laws. The prime movers in the arena in which the GM products policy is designed are scattered intercontinentally: the multinational corporations of the US agro-industrial complex, the individual farmers & their associations on both sides of the Atlantic, & the European agro-industrial businesses & governments. The disagreement among these protagonists was made apparent during the process preceding the adoption of the Protocol on Bio-Security, envisaged as the framework for the new regulation. The communique of the EU Commission as a sequel to the Cartagena Protocol on Bio-Security illustrates the EU's approach to the application of the caution principle, which is particularly appropriate in the situations in which science is not able to take in all the risks connected with the GM products. The process of the modification of the EU regulation on GM products is an indication of the complexity of the interests involved. This is the reason the process has not been completed. However, this does not justify the delay in the launching of this process in Croatia, which could use the regulation of other countries, briefly summarized at the end of the essay. Adapted from the source document.
U Hrvatskoj, kao i drugdje u Austro-Ugarskoj Monarhiji i Europi, u vrijeme Prvoga svjetskog rata (1914.-1918.) zavladala je nestašica prehrambenih, ali i drugih prijeko potrebnih proizvoda široke potrošnje. Nastala je oskudica, posebice u gradovima, a kasnije i drugdje. Država je aprovizacijom, naime sustavom organizirane, racionirane i zajamčene opskrbe stanovništva hranom i drugim životnim potrepštinama na temelju dnevnih, tjednih odnosno mjesečnih potreba te određivanjem količine i cijena pojedinih namirnica koje su nedostajale nastojala zaštititi materijalno ugroženije stanovništvo i stabilizirati tržište i potrošnju. Količina namirnica koja se mogla kupiti, kao i njihova maksimalna cijena određivana je i mijenjana u ovisnosti o proizvodnji i zalihama. Različite aprovizacijske doznačnice, potrošačke iskaznice, kupovne iskaznice, kupovne dozvole i nabavne karte, redovito su na temelju zakonskih uredbi izdavale aprovizacijske ustanove, odbori u pojedinim gradovima i općinama, a u pravilu su glasile na pojedinu osobu koja je imala pravo kupiti određenu prehrambenu namirnicu uz određenu maksimalnu cijenu. ; During World War I (1914-1918) food in the warring countries was primarily needed to supply the army. As elsewhere in Europe, Austria-Hungary instituted a war economy, and property of various kinds was taken (requisitioned) from the population for military needs, especially draught animals and food. There was a shortage of food and hunger appeared throughout the country, in the first place in towns but also in undeveloped non-agricultural areas. The long years of war exhausted food stores and led to widespread hunger in many parts of Austria-Hungary and Europe.
U Hrvatskoj su nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata za prehranu i opskrbu ratnih zarobljenika i osoba osuđenih na lišenje slobode s prisilnim radom uvedeni i korišteni novčani bonovi. Za prehranu i opskrbu osuđenica u Zavodu za prisilni rad Požega bonovi su uvedeni najvjerojatnije 1946. (izdanje: Zavod za prisilni rad Požega), bonovi za prehranu i opskrbu osuđenika na prisilnom radu u Fužinama uvedeni su najvjerojatnije 1950. (izdanje: Narodna Republika Hrvatska Uprava osuđeničke radne snage "Hidroelektra" Fužine), a bonovi za prehranu i opskrbu osuđenika na prisilnom radu u Sisku uvedeni su najvjerojatnije 1951. (izdanje: Uprava osuđeničke radne snage Sisak-Predgrađe). Zatvorski/logorski bonovi u Hrvatskoj 1945.-1951. malo su poznati, iako su zanimljiv prilog poznavanju represivnoga sustava, a i novčarske povijesti u razdoblju "narodne demokracije" u Jugoslaviji. ; After the Second World War money coupons were introduced and used in Croatia for the food and supplies of war prisoners and persons deprived of freedom with forced labour. Coupons for the food and supplies of women prisoners in the Forced Labour Institution in Požega were probably introduced in 1946 (issued by the Požega Institution for Forced Labour), coupons for the food and supplies of prisoners sentenced to forced labour in Fužine were probably introduced in 1950 (issued by the People's Republic of Croatia, "Hidroelektra" Fužine Administration for Prisoners' Labour), and coupons for the food and supplies of prisoners sentenced to forced labour in Sisak were probably introduced in 1951 (issued by the Sisak-Predgrađe Administration for Prisoners' Labour). The prison/camp coupons in Croatia from 1945-1951 are not well known although they are an interesting aspect of knowledge about the repression system and monetary history in the period of the "peoples' democracy" in Yugoslavia.
Krumpir (Solanum tuberosum) kakvog mi danas poznajemo zeljasta je višegodišnja biljka koja pripada porodici Solanaceae. Različite divlje vrste krumpira rasprostranjene su na jugu Sjeverne Amerike, u Meksiku, centralnoj Americi i po cijeloj Južnoj Americi. Pradomovina krumpira je Južna Amerika, područje Anda (Peru, Bolivija), gdje je Inkama, uz kukuruz, bio glavna hrana. U Europu se prenosi u 16. stoljeću te ga prvi put spominje švicarski botaničar Kaspar Bauhin 1596. god. pod nazivom Solanum tuberosum esculentum. U naše krajeve donijeli su ga graničarski vojnici 1779. i 1780. god. Razumljivo je da je i u našim krajevima bilo početnog otpora prema uvođenju krumpira u prehranu, ali i u samu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. ; Potato (Solanum tuberosum) as we know today is a herbaceous several-years plant that belongs to the family of Solanaceae. Various wild potato sorts are spread out in the southern part of North America, in Mexico, Central America and throughout South America. The habitat of tomato is South America, the area of the Andes (Peru, Bolivia), where together with corn, it was the main Incas' food. It was introduced to Europe in 16th century and was first mentioned by a Swiss botanist Kaspar Bauhin in 1596 under the name of Solanum tuberosum esculentum. It was brought to the Croatian area by the soldiers of the Military Border in 1779 and 1780. It is understandable that in Croatian area there used to be the initial resistance to potato introduction into food, but also into the agricultural production as well.
Research background. The presence of insect fragments is one of the major constrains in stored food commodities and it causes considerable loss in the quality of the produce. The management of the pest is viewed as a huge challenge in foodprocessingindustry. Conventionally, the detection of Tribolium castenaum in the food processing industry is carried out by acid hydrolysis and staining methods that are time consuming and lack precision. Experimental approach. Considering the importance of a quick and effective method, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based approach was developed and elucidated in this study. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene was identified as a target due to its abundance in the pest. Specific primers were designed against the target gene by Primer Premier software and amplified in a qPCR. Results and conclusions. This method is capable of detecting all the ontogenic stages of T. castaneum in stored wheat flour. Earlier experiments had demonstrated that about 20 µg of DNA can be obtained from 2.2 mg of insects. To quantify the infestation levels, the cycle threshold (Ct) values obtained from known samples were subjected to regression analysis and expressed as adult equivalents. In the unknown samples, the infestation was calculated as 1.74 and 0.046 adult insects in 5 g of wheat flour. The maximum permissible limit of insect fragments in flour is 75 insect fragments or approx. 3 adults per 50 g of flour as per the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Hence, by adopting this new method, it is possible for the warehouse operators to arrive at a decision to proceed with efficient management practices where wheat flour is stored. Also, this method can be ratified by government agencies associated with international business to ascertain whether the wheat flour meets the standards set by the respective country before subjecting to foreign trade. Novelty and scientific contribution. This study is the first of its kind in the detection and quantification of T. castaneum in milled products. So far, only conventional methods have been employed to assess the presence of the pests and manual counting of fragments are practiced to quantify the infestation levels. The developed qPCR method is faster, reliable and can be employed in milling industries, bakery industries, food processing plants and foreign trade units for critical detection and quantification of T. castaneum pest infestation. ; Pozadina istraživanja. Prisutnost dijelova insekata u namirnicama jedno je od glavnih ograničenja pri njihovom skladištenju, te uzrokuje velike gubitke u kvaliteti proizvoda. Suzbijanje štetnika predstavlja velik izazov u prehrambenoj industriji. Tradicionalno se prisutnost kestenjastog brašnara (Tribolium castaneum) u prehrambenim proizvodima utvrđuje kiselinskom hidrolizom i metodom bojanja, koje su dugotrajne i neprecizne. Eksperimentalni pristup. Uzevši u obzir potrebu za primjenom brze i učinkovite metode određivanja prisutnosti T. castaeneum u brašnu, u radu je razvijena i opisana kvantitativna metoda koja se temelji na lančanoj reakciji polimerazom u stvarnom vremenu (qRT-PCR). Kao ciljni gen odabran je mitohondrijski gen za podjedinicu 1 citokrom c oksidaze (mtCOI) zbog njegove rasprostranjenosti u nametniku. Pomoću kompjuterskog softvera Primer Premier izrađene su početnice za umnožavanje DNA ciljane vrste metodom qRT-PCR. Rezultati i zaključci. Ovom se metodom može identificirati kestenjasti brašnar (T. castaneum) u svim fazama ontogeneze u uskladištenom brašnu. Prijašnji su eksperimenti pokazali da se iz 2,2 mg kukaca može izdvojiti otprilike 20 µg DNA. Za utvrđivanje opsega zaraze provedena je regresijska analiza broja ciklusa (Ct-vrijednost) potrebnih za određivanje poznatih uzoraka, a rezultati su izraženi kao broj odraslih kukaca. U nepoznatim je uzorcima izračunat stupanj zaraze od 1,74 odnosno 0,046 odraslih insekata u 5 g pšeničnog brašna. Prema regulativi Američke agencije za hranu i lijekove (engl. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)), najveći dopušteni broj dijelova insekata u brašnu je 75, odnosno otprilike 3 odrasla kukca u 50 kg brašna. Pomoću ove nove metode voditelji skladišta mogu donijeti odluku o tome gdje skladištiti brašno, te učinkovito provoditi plan suzbijanja ovog nametnika. Također, državne agencije koje posreduju u međunarodnom poslovanju mogu temeljem ove metode utvrditi zadovoljava li kakvoća proizvedenog pšeničnog brašna standarde zemalja kojima se ono isporučuje. Novina i znanstveni doprinos. Ovo je prvo istraživanje u kojem je utvrđena količina kestenjastog brašnara T. castaneum u mljevenim žitaricama. Dosad su korištene samo konvencionalne metode utvrđivanja prisustva nametnika u brašnu, a opseg zaraze je određivan ručnim brojanjem dijelova insekata. Nova qRT-PCR metoda je brža, pouzdanija i može se koristiti u mlinarskoj i pekarskoj industriji, pogonima za preradu hrane i pri međunarodnoj trgovini za utvrđivanje opsega zaraze kestenjastim brašnarom.
This article is a part of an extensive research project called the "CIVICUS index of Croatia's civic society." The sample included the contents from six dailies. The civic society is most often mentioned in the context of news & brief reports. The analyzed dailies cover the activities of the civic society mostly if they are linked to the events they organize. The organizations of the civic society are predominantly shown in positive light. Negative coverage is almost marginal. Charity events are covered by these dailies, but the coverage is more extensive if the events are linked with marketing. The role of the dailies in promoting the civic society's organizations as the key actors in the anticorruption campaign & in raising the awareness of family violence is particularly significant. The value foundation of the reported information may be a food for thought & inspire action. The civic society in Croatia has been trying to keep the state accountable & helping the public to gain a more revealing insight into the major issues & questions. Tables, Graphs, References. Adapted from the source document.
This article is a part of an extensive research project called the "CIVICUS index of Croatia's civic society." The sample included the contents from six dailies. The civic society is most often mentioned in the context of news & brief reports. The analyzed dailies cover the activities of the civic society mostly if they are linked to the events they organize. The organizations of the civic society are predominantly shown in positive light. Negative coverage is almost marginal. Charity events are covered by these dailies, but the coverage is more extensive if the events are linked with marketing. The role of the dailies in promoting the civic society's organizations as the key actors in the anticorruption campaign & in raising the awareness of family violence is particularly significant. The value foundation of the reported information may be a food for thought & inspire action. The civic society in Croatia has been trying to keep the state accountable & helping the public to gain a more revealing insight into the major issues & questions. Tables, Graphs, References. Adapted from the source document.
Croatia, together with some 30 countries, is waiting to be admitted into the World Trade Organization. Membership in the WTO is the first step in membership in CEFTA & one of the overture steps in joining the European Union. Apart from the undeniable benefits that WTO membership brings, there are numerous pitfalls & sacrifices facing Croatia, which at the beginning may have a detrimental effect on some sectors of economy. Among the sectors most vulnerable to global competition is that of agriculture & food production. Its position on the local market will be significantly weakened, since it is uncompetitive even at the present level of protective tariffs. The central issue in the negotiations for admitting a country or a group of countries into this organization are protective tariffs in this sector. There is no doubt that Croatia will have to reduce these protective measures to the level required by the WTO. What is that going to mean for Croatian agriculture? To what extent is Croatian agriculture (un)prepared to meet these demands? What are the possible consequences in light of the strategic importance of agriculture for any country, Croatia being no exception? 1 Table, 18 References. Adapted from the source document.
U našoj historiografiji prevladava mišljenje da je atentat u Narodnoj skupštini 20. lipnja 1928. bio izvršen iz nacionalnog razloga, tj. zahtjeva poslanika iz Hrvatske da Hrvatska bude tretirana kao posebna jedinica, odnosno da joj se poštuju njena stečena prava za autonomijom. O smrti Stjepana Radića i događajima koji su posljedica atentata u Narodnoj skupštini pisali su mnogi - i političari i povjesničari - i gotovo su svi apostrofirali nacionalni karakter tog sukoba, ali analiza zbivanja pokazuje da je sukobljavanje srpskih radikala i Kluba Seljačko-demokratske koalicije imalo više uzroka među kojima gospodarski razlozi zauzimaju značajno mjesto. ; The widespread view in Croatian historiography is that the assassination in the National Assembly that took place on 20 June 2018 was motivated by nationalism, i.e. that it came about due to the request of the Croatian deputies for Croatia to be treated as a single unit, that is to respect the vested right of Croatia to autonomy. Many politicians and historians wrote about the death of Stjepan Radić and the events that unfolded as a consequence of the assassination in the National Assembly, most of which emphasized the ethnic character of that conflict, but an analysis of events shows that the cause of the conflict between Serbian nationals and the Peasant-Democratic Coalition deputies was multifaceted, with economic grounds having a prominent place. It is worth noting that the harshest conflict in the Assembly was over Glavnjača and economic/financial issues. The Radicals wanted to reap the benefits of sending food into impoverished parts of the country because they already owned large swaths of land, but Radić believed Croatian regions should also take part in that state-funded operation. His idea was supported by Svetozar Pribićević, while the text of the Nettuno Conventions further exacerbated the conflicts in the Assembly. His efforts in the field of nutrition did not begin just before he passed away. He was supposed to become the Commissioner for Economic Affairs, which included food-related issues, as early as November 1918, but his appointment fell through due to him promoting republicanism and the opposition of Pribićević. Radić and Pribićević operated in unison during 1928, which represented a massive improvement. It is a shame that the assassination severed this connection and worsened the relations between Croatians and Serbs. Stjepan Radić died on 8 August 1928, which was a consequence of the gunshot wound inflicted during the session of the National Assembly held in Belgrade on 20 June. Dr Đuro Basariček died in the Assembly, Pavao Radić was mortally wounded and died shortly after being hospitalized, while three CPP deputies suffered gunshot wounds (Ivan Granđa and Ivan Pernar, as well as S. Radić).