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Food Estate is a government program with the concept of integrated food production development covering agriculture, plantation and animal husbandry located in a large land area. In simple terms the concept of Food Estate like a food industry villages. In running this program required a large capital, so the government opens opportunities for investment locations for the private sector to achieve efficiency, effectiveness and added value of the products that produced. The presence of a wave of private investment in the food estate program was not able to raise the welfare of the tenant farmers. Agricultural land tenure by investors makes the farmers only as laborers. So, the investors are who get benefits in this food estate program. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to look for other capital alternative. By using library research, in this study, cash waqf can be used as the capital alternative. Through cash waqf, assets of waqf in the form of empty lands can be used to be processed into agricultural land. Cash waqf can also be in the form of productive loans for farmers and agricultural investment. The large potential of cash waqf in Indonesia is expected to replace the role of private investors.

Food security is still becoming a crucial issue in developing countries nowadays, either in urban or rural areas. There are many factors triggered this condition, such as the increase in population pressure and conflict, privatization and changing tenure arrangements, poverty, social differentiation and also environmental degradation. It's undeniable that food security is a multidimensional problem, especially for people who lived in rural or isolated areas. In Mentawai Islands, a district located in the western part of Indonesia, the indigenous people depend on forest product (sago) as their main source of food. However, since 2012, the government has destroyed their food culture by establishing the 'National Food Security Improvement Program' and conducting the agricultural intensification as well as establishing 600 hectares of new rice fields in six sub - districts; South Pagai, North Pagai, Sikakap, South Sipora, North Sipora, and South Siberut. This study is conducted comprehensively using the Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (FSVA) to understand and describe the exact profiles of food-insecurities and vulnerable households. Furthermore, it also identified the risks and vulnerabilities of food consumption in Mentawai communities. Findings depict that shifting or transforming the food culture from sago to rice is a serious issue because socio-cultural aspects influence it and surely the government has to make a parallel policy that can accommodate the people needs, not only prioritize the national development agenda. ; Food security is still becoming a crucial issue in developing countries nowadays, either in urban or rural areas. There are many factors triggered this condition, such as the increase in population pressure and conflict, privatization and changing tenure arrangements, poverty, social differentiation and also environmental degradation. It's undeniable that food security is a multidimensional problem, especially for people who lived in rural or isolated areas. In Mentawai Islands, a district located in the western part of Indonesia, the indigenous people depend on forest product (sago) as their main source of food. However, since 2012, the government has destroyed their food culture by establishing the 'National Food Security Improvement Program' and conducting the agricultural intensification as well as establishing 600 hectares of new rice fields in six sub - districts; South Pagai, North Pagai, Sikakap, South Sipora, North Sipora, and South Siberut. This study is conducted comprehensively using the Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (FSVA) to understand and describe the exact profiles of food-insecurities and vulnerable households. Furthermore, it also identified the risks and vulnerabilities of food consumption in Mentawai communities. Findings depict that shifting or transforming the food culture from sago to rice is a serious issue because socio-cultural aspects influence it and surely the government has to make a parallel policy that can accommodate the people needs, not only prioritize the national development agenda.

Indonesia has a long history in the agricultural management sector. The economic development in Indonesia shows that the development of the agricultural sector has a made great contribution to the change in the Indonesian economy. Agriculture also has an important role in providing employment. providing raw materials for other sectors. as foreign exchange. and as the basis for the food security of the Indonesian population. In the national policy. the government has prioritized the subsidies in the agricultural sector to stimulate it to be more productive. This research has some aims i.e.: to describe the role of the agricultural sector based on the distribution of household income groups in Indonesia; to describe the impact of household income level groups if the subsidies in the agricultural food sector or Indonesia have increased. The research was conducted by using the analysis of Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) with 2008 database. The food sectors are classified into: sector production of: rice. corn and soybeans. other crops. poultry meat (traditional farms). poultry meat (medium and large farms). eggs. forestry and hunting. fishing and others. The results of the study after the policy injection (simulation) show that the food industry has experienced a significant increase in productivity among the economic sectors. Agricultural entrepreneurs are the group that experienced a high increase in income among farming households. In addition. linkage analysis showed that the commodities of other food industries has experienced forward and backward linkages.

ood is a basic requirement for living things. This study aims to analyze the effects of economic infrastructure, social infrastructure and household characteristics on food security in Indonesia using the Johnsson and Toole (1991) methods. There were 285,908 households studied originating from the 2015 SUSENAS data. The model used in this study was the general ordered logistics model. Based on the results of the study there were 29.51% of food security, 25.12% of vulnerable food, 23.14% of food shortages and 22.33% of households at food insecurity. The results of this study also revealed that ownership of transportation modes, electricity use, fuel use, education of household heads and household health insurance significantly affected food security. The government program in the form of giving poor rice (RASKIN) provides poor results reducing the chance of food security by 11% and increasing the chances of food insecurity by 6%.

Protecting plant genetic resources is crucial because they are a key element in supporting food security for Indonesia's growing population. An important element in the protection of plant genetic resources is the disclosure of origin of genetic resources. In line with international standards and commitments, Indonesia has enacted a Patents Act that seeks to protect its plant genetic resources by requiring disclosure of origin. However it is one thing to enact legislation and quite a different thing to effectively implement the legislation to achieve its aims. This paper critically analyses the Indonesian Patent Act and highlights some key issues that undermine the effectiveness of the Act. The paper identifies the problems of implementing provisions of the Act at the normative and practical levels. At the normative, the Act lacks clarity with concepts undefined. This is compounded at the practical level by a lack of a regulatory framework and inadequate human resources. The paper suggests that given the importance of disclosure of origin in protecting plant genetic resources for Indonesia's food security, developing further legislative and institutional framework on disclosure of origin is an essential strategic solution for the country.

Rice is a staple food in East Java, and the average consumption is 100 kg/capita/year. However, rice productivity has declined dramatically in recent years. Food security can be reached by improving the technical efficiency of rice farming, especially in rice farming centers such as East Java Province. This study aims to measure technical efficiency and its determinants using two limit tobit. And it also aims to examine the effect of the technical efficiency of rice farming on food security using logit regression. Technical efficiency will be measured by using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The results show that the technical efficiency of rice farming is very low in East Java. Government assistance, irrigation, and extension have a significant effect on technical efficiency. Meanwhile, membership of farmer organization has no effect on technical efficiency. Around 69% of farmers can be categorized as food secure households. The estimation of logit regression shows that household size, income, land size, education, age, and gender significantly influence food security in East Java. Meanwhile, credit and technical efficiency did not have any significant effect.

Implementation Evaluation of food Barn Communities Program in Subak Seronggo, Pangkungkarung Village, Sub District Kerambitan, Tabanan RegencyThe economic crisis in 1998 has affected the national food security in household sphere. Food security is the strength of a nation to maintain the stability of national food and thus, the government established a program focuses on maintaining the stability of national food security using food barn communities program. Each program developed by the government needs someone to evaluate it so there will be indicator of the program success. The purpose of the research is finding out the food barn program evaluation in Subak Seronggo. This research was conducted in Subak Seronggo, Pangkungkarung Village, Sub District Kerambitan, Tabanan Regency. The population of Subak Seronggo is 100 people. The determination of samples uses simple random sampling. Respondent were drawn by 50 people. The result is showed on the growth phase that the government gives the requirement used to run the food barns program. The development phase can be categorized as a good achievement with score (3,71), the autonomy phase can be categorized in medium level of achievements with score (3,33). The result is in good level of achievements with score (3,98). Based on the result, the food mow in the Subak Seronggo is categorized as good, it is because the members manage and utilize the aid using the agreement that formed according to the group deals so that the social discrepancy in the group can be avoided.

Food security become very important as food crisis occurred in 2008. Under the administration of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in 2009 to 2014, the crisis due to increase in population in Indonesia encourages increase in food demand. However, to fulfill Indonesia's food demand it still depends on the availability from international market. This research aims to analyze why countries like Indonesia dependent on international markets for food security aspect despite having the capability to achieve fulfillment on food. To analyze the reasons, the concepts of comparative advantage, dependency, and national capabilities will be use to analyze the factors on why nations depend on international market to achieve its food security. Accompanied by a comparison between Indonesia with Vietnam, Malaysia, and United States to see the similarities and differences to achieved food security in the international market. With qualitative research methods and comparison focus on explanative research also using literature studies in data collection. The results of this study finds that Indonesia dependence are influenced by comparative advantage policy of other countries which in this case are Vietnam and Malaysia, the international market system that encourages dependency, and Indonesia inability to maximizing its national capability compared to United States. Keywords: dependency, comparative advantage, national capabilities, Indonesia, food security.

Problem of Food emerged as a Non-Traditional Secuirty (NTS) issue in the aftermath of the Cold War and was identified as one of the seven pillars of human security by the 1994 UNDP Report 'New Dimensions' in Security. Food security as 'the means for all people at all times to have both physical and economic access to basic food' and that food security is an entitlement. When the shortages food supply in a country, it will be an increasing the conflict civil society, so the stability of the state security being disrupted. The availability of adequate food supplies could become the core of social contact in all the country's political system.The food crisis in Venezuela resulted in civil conflict be increased. Venezuela is the world's oil producing countries but due to falling world oil prices, then became distracted State reception system. The political system came along with the economic crisis makes Venezuela in the worst condition.This economic crisis makes Venezuela experienced a food crisis, so many societies suffered famine and looting food even do violence to gain access the food. Finally, the conflict civil society occur due to the food crisis and the stability of the State security becomes disrupted. In this paper using descriptive analysis method that describes the relationship of food security in Venezuela that can be disrupt the stability of State security. In this paper, using the perspective of Food Securitization.This isbased on a change in the subject of security not only on military issues but the extension of the concept security including the threat of food security within a country. Food can be utilized as a political weapon by states and can be characterized as a form and symbol of political power.

Masalah gizi utama menjadi semakin serius akibat terjadi krisis ekonomi dan politik yang diperparah dengan adanya berbagai bencana (kekeringan, dll) di berbagai daerah di Indonesia, termasuk Kediri. Bencana kekeringan yang terjadi di Jawa Timur, termasuk di Kab. Kediri, telah berdampak pada penurunan produksi dan mempengaruhi ketersediaan pangan ditingkat rumahtangga, terutama pada keluarga miskin (gakin). Disisi lain hasil PSG Jatim (2000) menunjukkan Kabupaten Kediri memiliki prevalensi KEP (bayi dan balita) tertinggi di Jawa Timur (KEP nyata 10,20% dan KEP total 37,09%). Penelitian ini secara umum bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsumsi, status kelaparan dan status gizi kelompok rawan (balita dan ibu) pada keluarga miskin di daerah rawan pangan Kabupaten Kediri, Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional deskriptif dengan disain studi cross sectional . Populasi penelitian adalah keluarga miskin (berdasarkan kriteria kemiskinan yang berlaku setempat) di daerah rawan pangan gizi kecamatan terpilih Kabupaten Kediri, Jawa Timur. Sampel penelitian adalah keluarga miskin yang mempunyai balita di daerah rawan pangan-gizi di wilayah terpilih di Kabupaten Kediri yaitu Kecamatan Semen dan Gampengrejo. Responden adalah ibu dan ayah balita. Besar sampel penelitian ditetapkan secara Quota Sampling, yaitu sebesar 50 keluarga miskin (gakin). Secara purposif dengan memperhatikan aspek proporsional, maka ditetapkan secara langsung besar sampel di wilayah kecamatan Semen (barat sungai) yaitu 30 keluarga dan di kecamatan Gampengrejo (timur sungai) yaitu 20 keluarga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keluarga di kedua kecamatan sebagian besar (>50,0%) terdiri dari 5-6 orang (tergolong keluarga sedang), orang tua (ayah dan ibu) balita (>70,0%) berpendidikan masih rendah (tamat SD) dengan usia ibu antara 20 � 30 tahun dan ayah 30 - 40 tahun, bermata pencaharian utama sebagai buruh bangunan dan buruh tani dengan pendapatan rendah (masih dibawah garis kemiskinan). Ketersediaan bahan makanan keluarga miskin pada saat paceklik untuk jenis pangan pokok beras atau campuran ( beras- singkong, beras jagung) sebagian besar (>50%) menyatakan relative cukup makan untuk sehari-hari, namun jenis pangan lain (lauk, sayur, buah) dirasakan sebagian besar keluarga (>70%) adalah kurang, bahkan sebagian lain dalam keadaan sangat kurang. Kebiasaan makan keluarga miskin saat tidak paceklik sebagian besar 3 kali sehari dengan variasi antara 2 -3 kali per hari, namun pada saat paceklik bervariasi 1 - 3 kali per hari, bahkan ada sebagian kecil keluarga (6,7%) hanya makan 1 kali/hari. Paceklik menyebabkan perubahan kebiasaan makan (jumlah dan jenis) pada sebagian (> 25 %) keluarga miskin, terutama di Semen. Perubahan jenis yang dikonsumsi berlangsung secara bertahap, terutama jenis makanan pokok yaitu awalnya beras dicampur dengan jagung atau lainnya, kemudian makin lama porsi campuran makin besar. Makanan pokok dan sayuran dikonsumsi rutin tiap hari, namun pangan hewani dan buah masih sangat jarang dikonsumsi pada saat paceklik maupun tidak paceklik. Hidangan menu keluarga miskin di kecamatan Semen sebagian besar (50,0%) cukup sederhana (makanan pokok dan sayur), sedangkan di sebagian besar (42,0%) terdiri dari makanan pokok dan sayuran dan sebagian lainnya (42,0%) terdapat tambahan lauk berupa lauk nabati, (tahu dan tempe). Sumber protein sebagian besar bertumpu pada protein nabati yang berbasis kacang-kacangan dan pangan hewani relatif jarang menjadi bagian menu keluarga di kedua kecamatan sebagian besar (50,0%) masih tergolong defisit berat atau berisiko kelaparan. Keluarga miskin di Semen lebih banyak mengalami defisit berat ( 60%) normal (baik), namun saat paceklik terjadi peningkatan kejadian balita KEP, meskipun masih dalam taraf ringan (KEP ringan). Kejadian KEP balita di Semen banyak terjadi pada kelompok usia 12 - 35 bulan, sedangkan di Gampengrejo pada kelompok usia 24 - 47 bulan. Status gizi ibu bervariasi dari kurus tidak sehat hingga obesitas, namun sebagian besar (>70%) tergolong normal. Ibu balita kurang berisiko mengalami masalah intake yang mengarah kelaparan dibandingkan balita. Kejadian KEP (ringan dan sedang) pada balita di kedua kecamatan terjadi pada keluarga dengan rerata tingkat konsumsi kurang dari 70% AKG maupun 81-120 % AKG. Namun demikian KEP lebih banyak terjadi pada keluarga yang memiliki rerata tingkat konsumsi kurang 70 % AKG Energi. Keadaan konsumsi keluarga dalam taraf kelaparan maupun tidak kelaparan, status gizi balita dan ibu balita di kedua kecamatan sebagian besar masih tergolong baik (normal), meskipun sebagian di Kec. Semen (36,7%) dan Kec. Gampengrejo (45,0%) balita mengalami KEP dengan berbagai tingkat (ringan dan sedang) dan ibu tergolong kurus (15,4 % di Kec. Semen dan 20,0% di Kec. Gampengrejo). Ibu balita (isteri) perlu diberdayakan dengan pembekalan ketrampilan pengolahan aneka ragam makanan agar dapat menyediakan menu keluarga beragam dan seimbang. Selain itu masalah gizi pada keluarga miskin di daerah rawan pangan tidak mungkin hanya diselesaikan dari sisi kesehatan saja, apabila aneka kemiskinan tidak dikurangi dan keadilan semakin merata. Masalah gizi harus diupayakan menjadi isu politis guna memperkuat komitmen.

This article is a theoretical review based on idea comparisons in exploring various perspectives on food insecurity. Overall, the authors focus on the discussion of food insecurity, in the form of hunger which is considered to have several limitations. The narrative or discursive of food security and food sovereignty contradicts one another. Even so, the two are not as oppositional concepts, but as interrelated concepts, especially covering efforts to overcome hunger which includes access, distribution, security and equality. Meanwhile, the approach to national security based on realism and human security based on the Copenhagen School has significant differences. However, both have problems in positioning hunger as a security issue. Realism that relies on the state-centric places dealing with hunger is the concentration of government activities in ensuring national interests, so that the existing policies are on how the food availability can be fulfilled or surplus. Subsequently, the human security perspective looks at the hunger issue faced by humans so that a securitization process is needed that is carried out by securitization agency. It can be seen here that actions to overcome fundamental problems are only the responsibility of the elite governments, while the voices of the interests of individuals experiencing hunger are neglected. Thus, a critical security approach appears to mediate the above limitations. This perspective offers that the issue of hunger should be reframed as this security problem is a structural problem. Furthermore, this approach proposes the definition of food security in vulnerable populations from the structural violence of hunger.

The region of ASEAN is the leading producer of rice in the world. For most people in ASEAN member countries, rice is also a staple food commodity. ASEAN is disaster prone areas such as tsunami, landslide, earthquakes, floods and hurricanes causing degraded farmland, swallowing casualties as well as farm animals. The research having problem formulation, how the role of ASEAN Plus Three through the APTERR program, how the dynamics of food security issue. and how to implement APTERR's commitment as an effort to address food security issues in southeast Asia. The purpose of this research is to know the cooperation of ASEAN Plus Three through APTERR program. The Data obtained will be analyzed by descriptive method of analysis. .Based on the analysis of the data done, the conclusion that ASEAN is also a disaster prone areas such as tsunami, landslide, earthquakes, floods and hurricanes that cause farmland is damaged, swallowing casualties also livestock animals. As far as research analysis in the implementation of APTERR in the years 2015 – 2019, tier I and tier II programs have not been utilized. APTERR still focuses on tier III, which is giving direct assistance to victims of natural disasters.

Many Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) engaged in the fried business could be around us. Almost all food and restaurant businesses need cooking oil for the cooking process. According to research results, cooking oil is only good for three times usage. The use of more than that can trigger cancer because of the chemical bond that has been damaged. In fact, for the sake of getting more profits the food SMEs are less concerned about aspects of health in the process of food pan. So that used cooking oil, still used until the color changed to black. On the other hand, waste of used frying oil is still not utilized optimally and often thrown away or distributed to poor citizens to be reused for frying. The background of this devotion program is motivated by the utilization of waste of used cooking oil in society that is still not optimal and as an effort to reduce the adverse impact of cooking oil usage more than three times usage by SMEs engaged in the food business. This devotion to society is carried out in three stages, the first of which will be the danger of using cooking oil more than three times. Then, training and guiding the utilization of used cooking oil as fuel for kitchen stoves, and followed by giving cooking oil stoves to SMEs concerned. With this dedication is expected to be a solution to the utilization of waste of used cooking oil by not endangering the health of others. Hopefully the standard of living and public health will be betterand this effort can increase the added value of SMEs from the utilization of used cooking oil as fuel cooking stove.

The majority of the population in Indonesia conducts trading businesses, one of which is in the culinary field. Not a few of the business actors who do not maintain the cleanliness of their food or place, even though Muslims are encouraged to carry out compliance where activities operate in accordance with Islamic Sharia provisions, both in terms of the process of making food and muamalat. The focus described in this discussion is (1) to find out the implementation of Sharia Compliance on MSMEs in Bangkalan; and (2) to find out the analysis of Sharia Compliance effect on the development of MSMEs in Bangkalan. This research used qualitative research with sociological normative research Islamic law literature and connecting it to the fact in the field. Data was collected through direct observation, interview, and documentation. Data was analyzed in descriptive analytical which provided detail description. Hence, the conclusion is obtained from the analysis of the problems which studied inductively based on a number of empirical data to compile a general explanation and conclude on the phenomenon being studied. The result of this research indicated that several MSMEs in Bangkalan have implemented Sharia principles. The effect of Sharia Compliance is very significant for the development of MSMEs in Bangkalan which can be seen from the opening of branches and the increase in business assets, and because most Madurese people are Muslims and a Muslim is obliged to choose halal and toyyib food.Keywords: Sharia Compliance; Development; MSME

The coral triangle is the epicenter of marine biodiversity in the world which located in the eastern part of Southeast Asia and the western part of the Pacific Ocean. Despite the benefit of this area, the coral triangle also faces unsustainable fishing practices called Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU). This paper is aiming to provide the benefit of the coral triangle, and the efforts to overcome the problem that occurs in this area. To analyze this paper, the authors applied a descriptive approach, and most of the data obtained through literature review. And the result shows that the coral triangle is very beneficial to the countries in this area. Furthermore, to protect these precious natural resources from IUU, the government in this area decided to work together to overcome through the establishment of a multilateral partnership The Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security (CTI) ; The coral triangle is the epicenter of marine biodiversity in the world which located in the eastern part of Southeast Asia and the western part of the Pacific Ocean. Despite the benefit of this area, the coral triangle also faces unsustainable fishing practices called Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU). This paper is aiming to provide the benefit of the coral triangle, and the efforts to overcome the problem that occurs in this area. To analyze this paper, the authors applied a descriptive approach, and most of the data obtained through literature review. And the result shows that the coral triangle is very beneficial to the countries in this area. Furthermore, to protect these precious natural resources from IUU, the government in this area decided to work together to overcome through the establishment of a multilateral partnership The Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security (CTI)