Suchergebnisse

Corporate tax incentives are granted by governments to encourage foreign direct investment FDI. While the tax policy in Iraq varies for both domestic and foreign investments, the Iraqi government offers tax holidays between 3 to 10 years to attract foreign investors to do their desirable investments. The objective of this research is to analyze how Iraqi's corporate tax rate affects FDI, and study the comparison between Iraqi and KRG tax policies. The data are annual observations of the Iraqi tax rate which is the net percentage of profit, and FDI net percentage of GDP. The time-series data from 2005 to 2019 were employed. Three distinct sorts of tests are engaged in this research, the first stage unit root test is conducted to determine the stationary of the data, secondly, Johansen co-integration test was used to find co-integration between variables, and finally, the Granger Causation test is used to determine causality among variables over the period. The finding result shows that the tax rate and FDI are co-integrated and have a long-run relationship. Particularly, foreign direct investment is impacted by changes in the tax rate, while fluctuation in the number of FDI has not any influence on the tax rate.

On December 1, 2018, Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador assumed office and promised to change Mexico's migratory policy. Initially, López Obrador championed a humanitarian approach to migration, placing migrant rights defenders in key policy positions and directing INM to issue an unprecedented number of humanitarian visas. However, this approach did not last. By June 2019, amid intense U.S. pressure, the López Obrador administration shifted its migratory strategy to an enforcement-based approach. As a result, Mexico has increased its number of apprehensions, detentions, and deportations. This report will detail López Obrador's migratory policy and its consequences during his administration's first year in office. This report's first chapter focuses on Central Americans' decisions to migrate to Mexico and the United States. It covers the factors that historically led people to leave their homes, including civil wars and natural disasters, which set in motion today's migration patterns. It also looks at the current factors driving migration, such as gang and gender-based violence, political instability, and a lack of economic opportunity. The report's second chapter outlines Mexico's legal framework for migration, which guides the López Obrador administration's response to Central American migration. It also provides an overview of each Mexican federal agency involved in migratory policy. This report's third chapter covers the López Obrador administration's migratory policies, starting with the initial push toward a more humanitarian focused policy. It also explores the López Obrador administration's Central American development programs and the mounting challenges for Mexico's underfunded refugee resettlement agency. Finally, the chapter also outlines the administration's shift to an enforcement strategy and the National Guard's deployment to the southern border. The fourth chapter chronicles these migratory policies' effects. It covers the policies' effects for Mexico's foreign relations, state and local level governments, civil society organizations, Mexican citizens, and Central American migrants transiting through the country. In particular it details how these policies have shifted migrants' transit routes, increased crimes against migrants, and ongoing xenophobic attitudes in Mexico. This report concludes with a series of recommendations for improving Mexico's migratory policies. These include: 1) putting Mexico's Ministry of the Interior back in control of the country's migratory policy; 2) strengthening INM's commitment to human rights through improved training and better infrastructure; 3); increasing the number of legal channels for Central Americans to work in Mexico; 4) expanding funding for Mexico's refugee resettlement agency; 5) streamlining Central American development programs; and 6) reducing the National Guard's role in migration enforcement. ; Public Affairs

AbstractRecent research in international political economy has begun to explore the implications of producer heterogeneity for trade politics. Variations in productivity and size lead to systematic variations in market behaviors, especially with respect to firms' abilities to engage foreign markets. This heterogeneity similarly leads to systematic variations in policy stances: Highly productive firms are more likely to favor trade liberalization than their less productive counterparts. I test the role of firm heterogeneity on trade-policy stances using original and representative survey data of Japanese manufacturers. I find that highly productive firms are more likely to favor liberalization than others, while a large portion of producers is indifferent to trade-policy reform. Other producers do not know how they would be impacted by liberalization; these tend to be smaller than their counterparts. The relationship between productivity and pro-trade attitudes is robust, even when controlling for a wide range of internationalization modes.

Executing migration policy including diasporas of the Republic ofMacedonia depends on good establishment and organization of institutions, as well as theirhuman and technical capacities. Functioning of the institutional capacities that execute thepolicy towards Macedonian Diasporas is of crucial importance for the country's nationalinterests and Macedonian people.Executing the policy and goals towards diasporas such as: preservation of nationaland cultural identity, protection of interests and rights of emigrants, provision of legal rightsand obligations in foreign countries by providing consular and other services, promotion ofcommercial, scientific, cultural, sports and other liaisons between diasporas and theRepublic of Macedonia, obviously requires timely and continuous cooperation andcoordination by the most responsible, that is to say, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry ofForeign Affairs, Ministry of Labor and Social Policy, Ministry of Education and Science,Ministry of Culture, Emigration Agency, State Statistical Office and other bodies that dealwith the diasporas issue.Key words: institutions, migrations, diasporas, emigration, emigrants.

In recent years, the treaties and strategies promoting global investment have changed dramatically. The widespread liberalization of economic policy has effectively spurred an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI). By encouraging foreign investors to enter international markets, many countries are witnessing exponential growth within their economies and local industries. The surge of FDI not only brings capital for emerging or growing industries, but it is also capable of boosting the country's economy by creating greater access to financing, more job opportunities, and potential knowledge and technology spillovers. The basic purpose of concluding bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and double taxation treaties (DTTs) is to signal to investors that investments will be legally protected under international law in case of political turmoil and to mitigate the possibility of double taxation of foreign entities. But the actual effect of BITs and DTTs on the flows of foreign direct investment is debatable. The Effect of Treaties on Foreign Direct Investment: Bilateral Investment Treaties, Double Taxation Treaties, and Investment Flows is a comprehensive assessment of the performance of these treaties, and presents the most recent literature on BITs and DTTs and their impact on foreign investments. ; https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/sustainable_investment_books/1005/thumbnail.jpg

This article discusses whether the successful model of the Conference for Security & Cooperation in Europe during the East-West-Conflict may be an option for detention & reconciliation on the Korean peninsula. Because of the nuclear debate provoked by North Korea, multilateral negotiations within the Six-Party-Talks should lead to a peaceful solution. However, the blackmailing politics of the communist regime in Pyongyang, the tensions between China & Japan, the carrot-&-stick policy of the US administration & the independent foreign policy of South Korea toward the US have challenged the necessity of establishing a sustainable security regime. The article examines whether in the future the Six-Party-Talks could be transformed into such a security regime. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

Bu tezde srail-Filistin çatısması örnek olayı üzerinden Avrupa Birligi'nin (AB) uluslararası alandaki etkinliginin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmaktadır. Avrupa dıs politikasının niteligi, srail-Filistin çatısması olayı karsısında sergilenen yaklasım ve eylemlere yansımıstır. Bu olay Avrupa dıs politikasının uzun vadeye yayılan gelisim sürecinin ve sonuçlarının sınanmasında uygun bir örnegi olusturmaktadır. Tezde Avrupa dıs politikasının, srail-Filistin çatısmasının ve AB'nin çatısmaya yönelik yaklasım ve eylemlerinin gelisimleri incelenerek, AB'nin örnek olay üzerindeki siyasi, ekonomik, sosyal etkileri analiz edilmeye çalısılmıstır. Buna göre birinci bölümde Avrupa Ortak Dıs ve Güvenlik Politikası'nın (ODGP) gelisimi anlatılmıstır. kinci bölümde, AB'nin Avrupa Siyasi sbirligi ve ODGP baglamında çatısmaya yaklasımı incelenmistir. Üçüncü bölümde ise AB'nin uluslararası alanda örnek olay üzerinden etkinligi analiz edilmistir. Sonuçta, AB'nin srail-Filistin çatısmasına yönelik uluslararası politikaların uygulanmasına yardımcı olan, katkı saglayan ikincil bir role sahip sivil güç konumunda bulundugu görülmüstür. Aynı zamanda, AB'nin yaklasımlarında, eylemlerinde ve üye ülkeler arasında ortaklık, tutarlılık ilkelerinin karsılandıgı sonucuna ulasılmıstır. This study aims at assessing the international effectiveness of the European Union (EU) with special reference to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The nature of the European foreign policy is reflected in the positions and actions of the EU in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Therefore, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a convenient case for examining the long term progress and outcomes of the European foreign policy. In the thesis, the political, economic and social impacts of the EU on the Israeli-Palestinian case are analyzed by studying the development of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the European foreign policy. In the first chapter, the development of the European Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) is reviewed. In the second chapter, the approach of the EU to the conflict is evaluated within the context of European Political Cooperation and CFSP. In the third chapter, the activities of the EU in international arena are analyzed with special reference to the case in question. In conclusion, it is observed that the EU as a civilian power plays a secondary role, assisting and contributing to the implementation of international policies on the Israeli- Palestinian conflict. It is also observed that in the case of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the approaches and actions of the EU and the member states are harmonious and consistent.

The Obama administration aims to lay a sound foundation for growth by investing in high-speed rail, clean energy, information technology, drinking water, and other vital infrastructures. The idea is to partner with the private sector to produce these public goods. An Obama government bank will direct these investments, making project decisions based on the merits of each project, not on politics. This approach has been a cornerstone of US foreign policy for several decades. In fact, our government-led reinvestment in America is modeled explicitly on international public banks and partnerships. However, although this foreign commercial policy is well-established with many successes, it has also been deservedly controversial and divisive. This book describes the international experience, drawing lessons on how the Obama Bank can forge partnerships to promote a durable twenty-first-century New Deal

J. Esterline visited Vietnam in March 1987. In addition to the narration of his personal experiences of the country, he discusses Vietnam's domestic, foreign and economic policies, prospects for Vietnamese-American relations, Soviet aid to Vietnam among other issues. Vietnam's need for hard currency capital assistance to avert further economic disaster. (DÜI-Sen)

Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The PRC's National Strategy of Great Rejuvenation in the New Era: Socio-Economic, Security, and Foreign Policy Dimensions -- 3 The Arctic in Chinese Science and Research -- 4 The Role of the Arctic in the PRC's Comprehensive National Security -- 5 The PRC and Arctic Governance: Chinese Normative Discourses, Solutions, and Strategic Options -- 6 Conclusion and Implications -- Index.

This book reveals the limitations of dominant Western International Relations for studying the Arab Uprisings. It shows instead that focusing on varied social forces and non-state actors, as well as domestic semi-political and socio-economic transformations, can establish new ways of reading foreign policy and politics of post-revolutionary Middle East countries such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, and GCC countries.

This comprehensive study provides a detailed analysis of the military buildup in the East Asian countries: China, Taiwan, Japan, and North and South Korea. Hickey assesses the capabilities, strategies, intentions, and performance of each government's military in the context of the potential for regional instability and conflict. In his concluding chapter, he also explores U.S. objectives in the region and examines the implications of recent developments for U.S. foreign policy