Suchergebnisse

Production, classification, properties, main uses and emissions of fragrances to the environment -- Toxic effects of fragrances in the environment -- Analytical methods to analyze fragrances in environmental matrices -- Occurrence and fate of fragrances in wastewater treatment plants -- Fragrances in surface waters -- The impact of fragrances on soils -- Occurrence and pathways of fragrances in the marine environment -- Fragrances in remote areas -- Fragrances emissions to the air and their impact on air quality and human health -- Bioaccessibility and availability of synthetic musks in seafood – human exposure and health risks -- Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives.

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsAbout the authorSECTION I RATIONALE AND DATA PROVIDED IN THIS BOOKChapter 1 IntroductionSECTION II FRAGRANCESChapter 2 Contact allergy to and allergic contact dermatitis from fragrances: a brief reviewChapter 3 Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitisChapter 4 Monographs of chemicals not used as fragrances per se but present as allergens in botanical products used as fragrancesSECTION III ESSENTIAL OILSChapter 5 Essential oils: General aspectsChapter 6 Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitisSECTION IV LISTS OF SYNONYMS AND INDEXChapter 7 List of synonyms of fragrancesChapter 8 List of synonyms of essential oilsIndex

Commercially used for food flavorings, toiletry products, cosmetics, and perfumes, among others, citrus essential oil has recently been applied physiologically, like for chemoprevention against cancer and in aromatherapy. Citrus Essential Oils: Flavor and Fragrance presents an overview of citrus essential oils, covering the basics, methodology, and applications involved in recent topics of citrus essential oils research. The concepts, analytical methods, and properties of these oils are described and the chapters detail techniques for oil extraction, compositional analysis, functional.

<i>Background:</i> Sensitisation to fragrances is generally diagnosed with the fragrance mix (FM), which should sensitively detect contact allergy to its single compounds (SCs). <i>Objective:</i> To study the frequency of sensitisation to the FM and to the SCs, and to evaluate the sensitivity of the FM to diagnose sensitisation to SCs. <i>Methods:</i> During a 4-year period, 4,900 patients were patch tested with the FM (8% pet.) and with its 8 SCs (1% pet.) by departments of dermatology participating in the multicentre project Information Network of Departments of Dermatology. <i>Results:</i> The overall frequency of sensitisation of the FM was 20.2%, that of SCs ranged from 6.8% (oak moss) to 0.6% (α-amylcinnamic aldehyde). Based on our results, we propose 3 groups of SCs according to their importance relative to the frequency of sensitisation: oak moss and iso-eugenol are considered very important, geraniol and α-amylcinnamic aldehyde appear less important in terms of frequency of sensitisation and the remaining allergens can be regarded as important. In 61% of the + reactions to the FM, no positive reaction to any SC was observed, whereas most ++ and +++ reactions to the FM were accompanied by a positive SC test result (69.1 and 93.6%, respectively). In contrast, a negative reaction to the FM was strongly associated with negative reactions to the SCs. Overall, the sensitivity of the FM was high (86.7, 95% confidence interval, CI: 83.7–89.3), but the positive predictive value was low (53.8, 95% CI: 50.6–56.9). <i>Conclusion:</i> The FM is a sensitive diagnostic tool to detect contact allergy to its single fragrance constituents. However, a + reaction to the FM without a history of fragrance allergy should be interpreted with caution. Epidemiological and regulatory discussions should address this important aspect, because the frequency of sensitisation as expressed by overall positive reactions (+ to +++) to the FM can be misleading.