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Intro -- U.S. FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS AND TRADE POLICY -- U.S. FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS AND TRADE POLICY -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS: IMPACT ON U.S. TRADE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. TRADE POLICY -- SUMMARY -- WHAT ARE FREE TRADE AREAS? -- WHY COUNTRIES FORM FTAS -- FTAS IN THE CONTEXT OF U.S. TRADE POLICY -- OBAMA ADMINISTRATION POLICY AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FTAS -- FTAS AND THE WTO -- THE DEBATE OVER FTAS -- CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CONGRESS -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 THE FUTURE OF U.S. TRADE POLICY: AN ANALYSIS OF ISSUES AND OPTIONS FOR THE 111TH CONGRESS -- SUMMARY -- THE CURRENT ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CLIMATE FOR TRADE POLICY -- Political Factors -- Public Opinion -- Congressional Perspective -- Presidential Perspective -- Executive-Legislative Partnership/Tension -- Economic Factors -- Global Economic Downturn -- Emergence of Developing Countries -- Economic Integration and Global Production Networks -- Preferential Trade Arrangements -- Limitations on Trade Policymaking -- "Behind the Border" Trade Barriers -- Trade Deficits -- TRADE ISSUES -- Pending FTAs and FTA Negotiations -- The WTO and the DDA -- Renewal of Trade Promotion Authority -- Reauthorization and Review of Trade Preference Programs -- Trade Enforcement -- Foreign Direct Investment: Bilateral Investment Treaties and FTA Investment Chapters -- THE DEBATE OVER U.S. TRADE POLICY: WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? -- "Trade Liberalizers" -- "Fair Traders" -- "Trade Skeptics" -- THE DIRECTION OF FOREIGN TRADE POLICY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 THE PROPOSED U.S.-PANAMA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT -- SUMMARY -- PANAMA'S CANAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES -- Early U.S.-Panama Economic Relations -- The Canal and U.S. Trade Policy -- PANAMANIAN TRADE RELATIONS

Small nations fear that FTAs with larger, richer nations will erode their industrial bases. These concerns are recognized in FTA and multilateral talks: small nations may explicitly or implicitly maintain higher trade barriers. Using a model where symmetric liberalization de‐industrializes small, poor nations, we characterize the path of protection‐asymmetries that allow liberalization without delocation. In welfare terms, the large nation prefers this no‐delocation liberalization scheme only when barriers are sufficiently high; the small nation's ranking is reversed. An anti‐delocation scheme involving international income transfers is also evaluated and found infeasible. Accords de libre‐échange quand il y a délocalisation. Les petits pays craignent que les accords de libre‐échange avec des pays plus grands et plus riches n'entament leur base industrielle. Ces malaises sont reconnus dans les négociations bilatérales et multilatérales: on permet aux petits pays de maintenir explicitement ou implicitement des barrières commerciales plus élevées. A l'aide d'un modéle où la libéralisation des échanges engendre une désindustrialisation des petits pays pauvres, les auteurs identifient les niveaux d'asymétrie dans le niveau de protection qui permettent d'engendrer une désindustrialisation sans délocalisation. En termes de niveau de bien‐être, le grand pays préfère cet arrangement sans délocalisation seulement quand les barrières commerciales sont suffisamment élevées; la préférence des petits pays est à l'inverse. On évalue un arrangement sans délocalisation impliquant des transferts internationaux de revenus, et on montre qu'il est impraticable.

This report is categorized into four categories: (I) Background, (II) U.S.-Andean Trade, (III) Selected Issues in the Negotiations and (IV) Prospects.

Intro -- U.S.-PANAMA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT -- U.S.-PANAMA FREETRADE AGREEMENT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ANNEX 3.2. NATIONAL TREATMENT AND IMPORT AND EXPORT RESTRICTIONS -- Chapter 1THE PROPOSED U.S.-PANAMA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT* -- SUMMARY -- PANAMA'S CANAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES -- Early U.S.-Panama Economic Relations -- The Canal and U.S. Trade Policy -- PANAMANIAN TRADE RELATIONS -- Structure and Direction of Panamanian Trade -- The Colón Free Zone -- U.S.-Panama Merchandise Trade -- U.S. Foreign Direct Investment -- SUMMARY OF TRADE NEGOTIATIONS AND THE PROPOSED U.S.-PANAMA FTA21 -- Market Access -- Agricultural Trade -- Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards (SPS) -- Textiles and Apparel -- Government Procurement -- Investment -- Services -- Intellectual Property Rights -- Pharmaceutical Issues -- Labor and Environment -- Labor Issues -- Panama's Labor Conditions -- Environmental Issues -- Trade Capacity Building -- OUTLOOK -- APPENDIX A. CHRONOLOGY OF U.S.-PANAMA FTA -- APPENDIX B. PANAMA: SELECTED ECONOMIC INDICATORS -- End Notes -- Chapter 2UNITED STATES - PANAMA TRADE PROMOTION AGREEMENT* -- PREAMBLE -- 1. INITIAL PROVISIONS -- Article 1.1: Establishment of a Free Trade Area -- Article 1.2: Objectives -- Article 1.3: Relation to Other Agreements -- Article 1.4: Extent of Obligations -- 2. GENERAL DEFINITIONS -- Article 2.1: Definitions of General Application -- ANNEX 2.1. COUNTRY-SPECIFIC DEFINITIONS -- 3. NATIONAL TREATMENT AND MARKET ACCESS FOR GOODS -- Article 3.1: Scopeand Coverage -- Section A: National Treatment -- Article 3.2: National Treatment -- Section B: Tariff Elimination -- Article 3.3: Tariff Elimination -- Section C: Special Regimes -- Article 3.4: Waiver of Customs Duties -- Article 3.5: Temporary Admission of Goods -- Article 3.6: Goods Re-Entered after Repair or Alteration

This Report is categorized into four categories: (I) Background, (II) U.S.-Andean Trade, (III) Selected Issues in the Negotiations and (IV) Prospects.