This paper evaluates and assesses hydropolitical conflict and maps the interface currently developing between water scarcity and political crisis and conflict. It discusses the politics of conflict over water in a manner that highlights several key components that represent the underpinnings of a model for studying international conflict over freshwater resources. To this end, the paper itself is presented in two sections. Part one is a discussion of the political ramifications that stem from the scientific characteristics of freshwater in order to understand the linkages between freshwater and political behaviour and international conflict. Part two then advances a foundational construct for a general hydropolitical conflict model that can be used to evaluate and test the basic assumptions of the hydro-conflict nexus.
Intro -- FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS AND AQUACULTURE RESEARCH -- FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS AND AQUACULTURE RESEARCH -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- PRODUCTION FRESH WATER FISH WITH UNCONVENTIONAL INGREDIENTS IN EGYPT -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Problems Associated with Unconventional Feedstuffs Formulation Problems -- A. Commercialized Sources, which Divided into -- B. Not Commercialized Sources as Single Cell, Protein Grasses, Leaf Protein, Yeast and Phytoplankton -- World Production from Aquaculture -- I. Unconventional Ingredients for Tilapia Feed -- 1. Soybean Meal (SBM) -- A. Production of Fingerlings from Nile Tilapia -- B. Production of Marketing Fish from Nile Tilapia -- 2. Cotton Seed Meal (CSM) -- 3. Sunflower Meal -- 4. Linseed Meal -- 5. Krill -- 6. Poultry-Products and Feather Meal -- 7. Fish By-Product Protein Concentrates -- 8. Brewers Dried Yeast (BDY) -- 9. Broad Bean Meal -- Feed Intake, Growth Performance and Feed Utilization -- Apparent Digestibility Coefficients -- 10. Plant Protein Mixture (PPM) -- 11. Yucca Schidigera -- Common Carp -- Physiology -- Habitat -- Diet -- Reproduction -- II. Unconventional Ingredients for Common Carp -- A. Cluster Bean Cyamposis Tetagonoloba -- 2. Evaluation of Linseed Meal as a Dietary Protein Source for Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio L -- References -- NATURAL RENEWABLE WATER RESOURCESAND ECOSYSTEMS IN SUDAN -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geography, Population and Climate -- 3. Economy, Agriculture and Food Security -- 4. Water Resources and Use -- 4.1. Water Resources -- 4.2. Water Use -- 5. International Water Issues -- 5.1. Water Management, Policies and Legislation Related to Water Use -- 5.1.1. Institutions -- 5.1.2. Water Management -- 5.1.3. Policies and Legislation -- 5.1.4. Finances -- 6. Irrigation and Drainage Development -- 6.1. Evolution of Irrigation Development.
The value of specially designated sites in conserving biodiversity has been a hotly debated issue for many years. The debate has recently been given fresh impetus by the creation of Natural England, the new Government Agency responsible for the protection and enhancement of the natural environment in England, and the challenges facing the management of designated sites resulting from the increasingly tangible effects of climate change. In the freshwater environment, the role of designated sites is very much under the spotlight because of the implementation of the European 'Water Framework' Directive, which aspires to holistic, ecologically-based management of aquatic habitats.This paper explores the underlying premises of, and rationale for, special site designations for wildlife, and provides a frank account of the inevitable clash of management philosophies that designated sites create in the freshwater environment, drawing on experiences of managing designated freshwater sites in England over the past decade. A positive role is outlined for designated sites in freshwater conservation, which addresses these management conflicts in a way that not only meets Government obligations towards these sites but also paves the way for enlightened, progressive management of the wider freshwater resource. As part of this account, attempts are made to clarify the relationship between key biodiversity-related policy drivers in the freshwater environment, and to explain how the spectre of climate change can be addressed within designated site management.The importance of strategic freshwater science, collaboratively designed and funded, in maximising the value of the designated freshwater site network to the wider freshwater habitat resource, is stressed.
"This text examines the impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystems, past, present and future. It especially considers the interactions between climate change and other drivers of change including hydromorphological modification, nutrient loading, acid deposition and contamination by toxic substances using evidence from palaeolimnology, time-series analysis, space-for-time substitution, laboratory and field experiments and process modelling. The book evaluates these processes in relation to extreme events, seasonal changes in ecosystems, trends over decadal-scale time periods, mitigation strategies and ecosystem recovery. The book is also concerned with how aspects of hydrophysical, hydrochemical and ecological change can be used as early indicators of climate change in aquatic ecosystems and it addresses the implications of future climate change for freshwater ecosystem management at the catchment scale. This is an ideal book for the scientific research community, but is also accessible to Masters and senior undergraduate students"--
The North American freshwater fish fauna is the most diverse and thoroughly researched temperate fish fauna in the world. Ecology of North American Freshwater Fishes is the only textbook to provide advanced undergraduate and graduate students and researchers with an up-to-date and integrated view of the ecological and evolutionary concepts, principles, and processes involved in the formation and maintenance of this fauna. Ecology of North American Freshwater Fishes provides readers with a broad understanding of why specific species and assemblages occur in particular places. Addi.
Marine, coastal and wetland habitats are threatened, through exploitation, and also by climate change, as ocean currents change course, sea levels rise, and rainfall patterns change. This book gathers papers on the biodiversity conservation of these increasingly threatened habitats. The papers provide a snapshot of the problems they face, and offer numerous examples which render this volume valuable to educators in marine, freshwater and wetlands ecology, conservation and ecological restoration.
Modern society too often views water as a convenient vehicle for disposing of waste � and the results are becoming increasingly apparent. Analysis of freshwater supplies frequently reveals disturbing levels of pollution, including human waste, heavy metals and synthetic chemicals, to the detriment of our health, and the health of entire ecosystems. The Water Crisis examines the roots of freshwater pollution � urbanization, industrialization and intensive farming � supported by case studies from the Rhine and the Great Lakes. It explores the impact of major pollutants and discusses methods of prevention. The final section provides a detailed overview of possible solutions, including soil-based treatment systems and constructed wetlands. A separate chapter is devoted to the important issue of groundwater pollution. Practical concise and accessible, this is ideal for students in environmental studies and environmental science, biology and geography, and general readers. Originally published in 1998.
Little is known about the diversity and structuring of freshwater microbial communities beyond the patterns revealed by tracing their distribution in the landscape with common taxonomic markers such as the ribosomal RNA. To address this gap in knowledge, metagenomes from temperate lakes were compared to selected marine metagenomes. Taxonomic analyses of rRNA genes in these freshwater metagenomes confirm the previously reported dominance of a limited subset of uncultured lineages of freshwater bacteria, whereas Archaea were rare. Diversification into marine and freshwater microbial lineages was also reflected in phylogenies of functional genes, and there were also significant differences in functional beta-diversity. The pathways and functions that accounted for these differences are involved in osmoregulation, active transport, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, predicted genes orthologous to active transporters and recalcitrant organic matter degradation were more common in microbial genomes from oligotrophic versus eutrophic lakes. This comparative metagenomic analysis allowed us to formulate a general hypothesis that oceanic- compared with freshwater-dwelling microorganisms, invest more in metabolism of amino acids and that strategies of carbohydrate metabolism differ significantly between marine and freshwater microbial communities. ; This work was supported by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (Grant Number ICA10-0015 to AE), the Swedish Research Council (Grant Numbers 349-2007-831, 621-2008-3259 and 621-2011-4669 to SGEA; 2009-3784, 2008-1923 and 2012-3892 to SB), the National Science Foundation [Awards CBET-0644949 (CAREER), MCB-0702653 (Microbial Observatories Program) to KD and DEB-841933 to RS], DEB-0822700 (Long Term Ecological Research, NTL LTER to KDM), the European Union (grant to SGEA), the Göran Gustafsson Foundation (grant to SGEA), the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Grant Numbers KAW-2011.0148 and KAW-2012.0075 to SGEA), and the Swedish Wennergren Foundation (to KDM and SB).
In: Alexandria science exchange journal: an international quarterly journal of science and agricultural environments, Band 33, Heft January-March, S. 18-25
orcid:0000-0001-8628-0514 ; WOS: 000325182400014 ; Mediterranean-climate regions (med-regions) are global hotspots of endemism facing mounting environmental threats associated with human-related activities, including the ecological impacts associated with non-native species introductions. We review freshwater fish introductions across med-regions to evaluate the influences of non-native fishes on the biogeography of taxonomic and functional diversity. Our synthesis revealed that 136 freshwater fish species (26 families, 13 orders) have been introduced into med-regions globally. These introductions, and local extirpations, have increased taxonomic and functional faunal similarity among regions by an average of 7.5% (4.6-11.4%; Jaccard) and 7.2% (1.4-14.0%; Bray-Curtis), respectively. Faunal homogenisation was highest in Chile and the western Med Basin, whereas sw Cape and the Aegean Sea drainages showed slight differentiation (decrease in faunal similarity) over time. At present, fish faunas of different med-regions have widespread species in common (e.g. Gambusia holbrooki, Cyprinus carpio, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Carassius auratus, and Micropterus salmoides) which are typically large-bodied, non-migratory, have higher physiological tolerance, and display fast population growth rates. Our findings suggest that intentional and accidental introductions of freshwater fish have dissolved dispersal barriers and significantly changed the present-day biogeography of med-regions across the globe. Conservation challenges in med-regions include understanding the ecosystem consequences of non-native species introductions at macro-ecological scales. ; DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion BiologyDepartment of Science & Technology (India); David and Elaine Potter Foundation; Spanish Ministry of ScienceSpanish Government [CGL2009-12877-C02-01, Consolider-Ingenio 2010 CSD2009-00065]; Czech Ministry of Culture [DKRVO2012, DKRVO 2013/14, 00023272]; Czech Ministry of Culture (National Museum) ; SMM acknowledges the financial support of the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology and the David and Elaine Potter Foundation during his PhD studies. EGB acknowledges funding support from the Spanish Ministry of Science (projects CGL2009-12877-C02-01 and Consolider-Ingenio 2010 CSD2009-00065). DLM acknowledges Dr Stephen Beatty (Murdoch University) for his work on the fishes of south-western Australia. RS. acknowledges support from the Czech Ministry of Culture (DKRVO2012 and DKRVO 2013/14, National Museum, 00023272). The authors thank Nicolas Poulet (ONEMA) for providing data on French Mediterranean river systems, Meta Povz and Predag Simonovic for providing data on Adriatic river systems, and Sergio Zerunian and Massimo Lorenzoni for providing data on Italian river systems.