This paper evaluates and assesses hydropolitical conflict and maps the interface currently developing between water scarcity and political crisis and conflict. It discusses the politics of conflict over water in a manner that highlights several key components that represent the underpinnings of a model for studying international conflict over freshwater resources. To this end, the paper itself is presented in two sections. Part one is a discussion of the political ramifications that stem from the scientific characteristics of freshwater in order to understand the linkages between freshwater and political behaviour and international conflict. Part two then advances a foundational construct for a general hydropolitical conflict model that can be used to evaluate and test the basic assumptions of the hydro-conflict nexus.
Sixty-eight authors present current knowledge about landscape-lake and landscape-stream relationships in four continents with a focus on improved understanding and management of fish and macroinvertebrate assemblage patterns and trends. The book includes chapters on (1) finding and interpreting pertinent non-GIS landscape data; (2) use of riverscapes for assessing and interpreting natural and anthropogenic limits on fish species; (3) landscape-lake interactions affecting fish species and lake-river resilience; (4) methods for improving landscape-aquatic survey designs and sampling methodologies; (5) landscape effects on stream habitat conditions; (6) use of hydrologic units or regions for partitioning biotic responses to landscape conditions; and (7) employing landscape variables in predictive conservation modeling.--
There is a general lack of understanding of the role of lipids in aquatic ecosystems. The fundamental purpose of this book is to synthesize the divergent literature on aquatic lipids into a coordinated, digestible form. A large part of the book addresses lipid composition and production in freshwater organisms, with chapters on phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic invertebrates. A common theme throughout the book is the function of lipids in aquatic food webs, with a chapter devoted exclusively to lipids as indicators of health in fish populations. A complementary chapter highlights the role of lipids and essential fatty acids in mariculture. Methodologies to determine the lipid content of aquatic samples and suggestions as to the utility of fatty acids as trophic markers are provided. There is a chapter on the role of lipids in the bioaccumulation and bioconcentration of toxicants and another on the relationships between lipids and surface films and foams. The final chapter highlights the similarities and differences between lipids of marine and freshwater origin. Students and researchers in ecology, phycology, aquatic toxicology, physiological ecology and limnology will find this an invaluable guide and reference
Since the limnological research on the man-made Brokopondo Reservoir in the 'sixties, numerous data have been collected on the ecology of Surinam rivers and swamps. This book is a compilation of these data: it is the first comprehensive survey of the aquatic ecology of one of the peripheral areas of Amazonia. The geomorphology of the country, situated on the Guyana Shield, is the main factor determining the limnological properties of rivers and creeks. This results in an overall picture that is quite different from Amazonia. The emphasis of The Ecosystems of Suriname is on the living aquatic resources, including aquatic and swamp vegetation, phyto and zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. Although most of Suriname is still in a pristine state, the human impact on fresh waters is considerable in those areas of rapid economic development, emphasizing the necessity of conservation measures, specially tailored for aquatic ecosystems. The Ecosystems of Suriname is a valuable acquisition for all scientists, environmental managers and others interested in tropical aquatic ecology
Greater scientific knowledge, changing societal values, and legislative mandates have emphasized the importance of implementing large-scale flow experiments (FEs) downstream of dams. We provide the first global assessment of FEs to evaluate their success in advancing science and informing management decisions. Systematic review of 113 FEs across 20 countries revealed that clear articulation of experimental objectives, while not universally practiced, was crucial for achieving management outcomes and changing dam-operating policies. Furthermore, changes to dam operations were three times less likely when FEs were conducted primarily for scientific purposes. Despite the recognized importance of riverine flow regimes, four-fifths of FEs involved only discrete flow events. Over three-quarters of FEs documented both abiotic and biotic outcomes, but only one-third examined multiple taxonomic responses, thus limiting how FE results can inform holistic dam management. Future FEs will present new opportunities to advance scientifically credible water policies. ; Full Text
Intro -- FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS AND AQUACULTURE RESEARCH -- FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS AND AQUACULTURE RESEARCH -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- PRODUCTION FRESH WATER FISH WITH UNCONVENTIONAL INGREDIENTS IN EGYPT -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Problems Associated with Unconventional Feedstuffs Formulation Problems -- A. Commercialized Sources, which Divided into -- B. Not Commercialized Sources as Single Cell, Protein Grasses, Leaf Protein, Yeast and Phytoplankton -- World Production from Aquaculture -- I. Unconventional Ingredients for Tilapia Feed -- 1. Soybean Meal (SBM) -- A. Production of Fingerlings from Nile Tilapia -- B. Production of Marketing Fish from Nile Tilapia -- 2. Cotton Seed Meal (CSM) -- 3. Sunflower Meal -- 4. Linseed Meal -- 5. Krill -- 6. Poultry-Products and Feather Meal -- 7. Fish By-Product Protein Concentrates -- 8. Brewers Dried Yeast (BDY) -- 9. Broad Bean Meal -- Feed Intake, Growth Performance and Feed Utilization -- Apparent Digestibility Coefficients -- 10. Plant Protein Mixture (PPM) -- 11. Yucca Schidigera -- Common Carp -- Physiology -- Habitat -- Diet -- Reproduction -- II. Unconventional Ingredients for Common Carp -- A. Cluster Bean Cyamposis Tetagonoloba -- 2. Evaluation of Linseed Meal as a Dietary Protein Source for Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio L -- References -- NATURAL RENEWABLE WATER RESOURCESAND ECOSYSTEMS IN SUDAN -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geography, Population and Climate -- 3. Economy, Agriculture and Food Security -- 4. Water Resources and Use -- 4.1. Water Resources -- 4.2. Water Use -- 5. International Water Issues -- 5.1. Water Management, Policies and Legislation Related to Water Use -- 5.1.1. Institutions -- 5.1.2. Water Management -- 5.1.3. Policies and Legislation -- 5.1.4. Finances -- 6. Irrigation and Drainage Development -- 6.1. Evolution of Irrigation Development.
The value of specially designated sites in conserving biodiversity has been a hotly debated issue for many years. The debate has recently been given fresh impetus by the creation of Natural England, the new Government Agency responsible for the protection and enhancement of the natural environment in England, and the challenges facing the management of designated sites resulting from the increasingly tangible effects of climate change. In the freshwater environment, the role of designated sites is very much under the spotlight because of the implementation of the European 'Water Framework' Directive, which aspires to holistic, ecologically-based management of aquatic habitats.This paper explores the underlying premises of, and rationale for, special site designations for wildlife, and provides a frank account of the inevitable clash of management philosophies that designated sites create in the freshwater environment, drawing on experiences of managing designated freshwater sites in England over the past decade. A positive role is outlined for designated sites in freshwater conservation, which addresses these management conflicts in a way that not only meets Government obligations towards these sites but also paves the way for enlightened, progressive management of the wider freshwater resource. As part of this account, attempts are made to clarify the relationship between key biodiversity-related policy drivers in the freshwater environment, and to explain how the spectre of climate change can be addressed within designated site management.The importance of strategic freshwater science, collaboratively designed and funded, in maximising the value of the designated freshwater site network to the wider freshwater habitat resource, is stressed.
International audience ; This chapter explores the links between drought governance and the vulnerability of freshwater for drinking water supply, with a focus on drought adaptation. The public awareness of drought and water scarcity risks in such a flood-prone region is still low. However, the fact that fresh water availability for drinking water supply is threatened not only by a decrease in water availability, related to climate variability and climate change, but also due to the increase in water demand, related to population and economic growth, this issue can potentially motivate the introduction of drought and water scarcity risks into the public and political agenda. Even if the northwestern European countries in this study have similar climatic settings, other aspects of their contexts can be quite contrasting in each pilot case. Depending on where the freshwater reservoir is placed, upstream or downstream within the catchment, different levels and scales are mobilized to tackle water management challenges. The priority hierarchy of water uses in case of drought can also be surprisingly different in neighboring countries. Even if some actions, as the expansion of spatial water networks connectivity, have started to improve the robustness of drinking water systems, the solutions that require a paradigm shift to a most systemic strategy including water demand control remain out of the agenda and could greatly improve the resilience of the region to drought and water scarcity risk.
International audience ; This chapter explores the links between drought governance and the vulnerability of freshwater for drinking water supply, with a focus on drought adaptation. The public awareness of drought and water scarcity risks in such a flood-prone region is still low. However, the fact that fresh water availability for drinking water supply is threatened not only by a decrease in water availability, related to climate variability and climate change, but also due to the increase in water demand, related to population and economic growth, this issue can potentially motivate the introduction of drought and water scarcity risks into the public and political agenda. Even if the northwestern European countries in this study have similar climatic settings, other aspects of their contexts can be quite contrasting in each pilot case. Depending on where the freshwater reservoir is placed, upstream or downstream within the catchment, different levels and scales are mobilized to tackle water management challenges. The priority hierarchy of water uses in case of drought can also be surprisingly different in neighboring countries. Even if some actions, as the expansion of spatial water networks connectivity, have started to improve the robustness of drinking water systems, the solutions that require a paradigm shift to a most systemic strategy including water demand control remain out of the agenda and could greatly improve the resilience of the region to drought and water scarcity risk.
This book is about freshwater fish in streams, lakes, reservoirs, and special habitats around the world. It addresses approximately twenty major topics in freshwater fish ecology in a format suitable for use in graduate-level courses. The book focuses on basic ecology and contains much data from fisheries ecology. Dr. Matthews explains the way in which empirical studies, theoretical concepts, and experimental evaluations blend into the current state-of-the-art with respect to each major topic, and provides original data and interpretations on some points as well as new syntheses. Each chapter contains empirical information, a synthesis, and a summary