Suchergebnisse

This article presents an analysis of Soviet law on the family which was valid in Lithuania from 1940, in order to ascertain how it reflected gender equality, how (or if) it was formed, the legal measures the state harnessed in order to create family and gender relation models in various areas of life, and what kind of family and gender policy formed as a result. The law is contextualised in this paper by immersing it in the social reality of its time. This allows us to determine what norms and provisions determined the political and legal resolutions of the Soviet authorities, and to discuss their influence on society. The two most impor-tant periods in Soviet gender policy are distinguished. Initially revolutionary and radical in Lithuania, with the aim of changing society to realise its goals, after the 1950s, state policy became more reactive, and adapted to the changed, modernised society and its needs. This paper proposes to see changes to women's situation during the Soviet period not as emancipation, but as (double) mobilisation. The reasons for the stagnation in masculinity in Soviet law and policy, for not keeping up with or adapting to the rapidly changing social reality, are also analysed. The contradictions in Soviet policy regarding the family and gender are shown, where it proved impossible to unambiguously apply 'conservative-liberal' or 'tradition-al-liberal' distinctions in both policy and reality.

This article presents an analysis of Soviet law on the family which was valid in Lithuania from 1940, in order to ascertain how it reflected gender equality, how (or if) it was formed, the legal measures the state harnessed in order to create family and gender relation models in various areas of life, and what kind of family and gender policy formed as a result. The law is contextualised in this paper by immersing it in the social reality of its time. This allows us to determine what norms and provisions determined the political and legal resolutions of the Soviet authorities, and to discuss their influence on society. The two most impor-tant periods in Soviet gender policy are distinguished. Initially revolutionary and radical in Lithuania, with the aim of changing society to realise its goals, after the 1950s, state policy became more reactive, and adapted to the changed, modernised society and its needs. This paper proposes to see changes to women's situation during the Soviet period not as emancipation, but as (double) mobilisation. The reasons for the stagnation in masculinity in Soviet law and policy, for not keeping up with or adapting to the rapidly changing social reality, are also analysed. The contradictions in Soviet policy regarding the family and gender are shown, where it proved impossible to unambiguously apply 'conservative-liberal' or 'tradition-al-liberal' distinctions in both policy and reality.

This article presents an analysis of Soviet law on the family which was valid in Lithuania from 1940, in order to ascertain how it reflected gender equality, how (or if) it was formed, the legal measures the state harnessed in order to create family and gender relation models in various areas of life, and what kind of family and gender policy formed as a result. The law is contextualised in this paper by immersing it in the social reality of its time. This allows us to determine what norms and provisions determined the political and legal resolutions of the Soviet authorities, and to discuss their influence on society. The two most impor-tant periods in Soviet gender policy are distinguished. Initially revolutionary and radical in Lithuania, with the aim of changing society to realise its goals, after the 1950s, state policy became more reactive, and adapted to the changed, modernised society and its needs. This paper proposes to see changes to women's situation during the Soviet period not as emancipation, but as (double) mobilisation. The reasons for the stagnation in masculinity in Soviet law and policy, for not keeping up with or adapting to the rapidly changing social reality, are also analysed. The contradictions in Soviet policy regarding the family and gender are shown, where it proved impossible to unambiguously apply 'conservative-liberal' or 'tradition-al-liberal' distinctions in both policy and reality.

This article presents an analysis of Soviet law on the family which was valid in Lithuania from 1940, in order to ascertain how it reflected gender equality, how (or if) it was formed, the legal measures the state harnessed in order to create family and gender relation models in various areas of life, and what kind of family and gender policy formed as a result. The law is contextualised in this paper by immersing it in the social reality of its time. This allows us to determine what norms and provisions determined the political and legal resolutions of the Soviet authorities, and to discuss their influence on society. The two most impor-tant periods in Soviet gender policy are distinguished. Initially revolutionary and radical in Lithuania, with the aim of changing society to realise its goals, after the 1950s, state policy became more reactive, and adapted to the changed, modernised society and its needs. This paper proposes to see changes to women's situation during the Soviet period not as emancipation, but as (double) mobilisation. The reasons for the stagnation in masculinity in Soviet law and policy, for not keeping up with or adapting to the rapidly changing social reality, are also analysed. The contradictions in Soviet policy regarding the family and gender are shown, where it proved impossible to unambiguously apply 'conservative-liberal' or 'tradition-al-liberal' distinctions in both policy and reality.

The greatest problems of the Lithuania country is facing are economic and social: there is an economic recession in the country; the country has lost its eastern markets for agricultural and industriaI products; the standard of living has declined after the political changes; and the crime rate is high. In terms of social development, rural disposable household income is lower than in Lithuania urban areas. In that respect, over-dependence on agriculture is equally a serious problem in rural areas demanding for a diversification of rural activities and employment opportunities. This will be increasingly important when the agriculture and processing sectors become more ef'ficient. Moreover, basic living conditions are comparatively poorer in rural areas than in the cities, and a tendency to ageing of rural population can be a threat to economic vitality. Social and economic changes taking places in Lithuania countryside are changing the problem of gender dimension. The goal of this research was to show the main aspects of leadership in the rural areas of Lithuania in the context oftoday's trade and gender dimension and integration. The main problems in rural areas are related to the current agrarian reform; people are motivated to start private farming, but they do not have enough resources. Rural people have also lost many of the social and communal services main- tained by big state and collective farms. The proportion of women in the totallabour force is high at 48 percent. However, forms of occupational sex segregation can be seen. In rural areas women are mainly involved in unskilled work in the fields, cowsheds, pig or poultry farms, or in social services. A special problem in rural areas is that the privatization of state and collective farms has led to the loss ofthe social services they supplied. If kindergartens are closed, it is difficult for women to have paid employment outside the home There is a great difference in the age structure of men and women in rural areas; in the oldest age group (over 65 years) there are many more women than meno The level of education is far lower in rural than in urban areas, and the educationallevel of rural women is lower than that of rural meno Although there is now more migration from cities to rural areas than vice versa, young and unmarried women have a tendency to move from rural areas to cities, or foreign countries. The greatest problems for rural women are economic and caused by unemployment or a heavy work load. Other problems are the lack of district hospitals, matemity clinics and pharmacies in rural areas and the fact that transportation costs to regional centres are high. It is al so problematic that there are no extension services in home economics, home management or in new job opportunities such as rural entrepreneurship or agrotourism. In addition, discrimination against women in employrnent persists. The transition period in society has been particularly difficult for women because of the threat ofunemployment and the diminishing social services (such as kindergardens). The statistical data show, that women representation in alllevels of govemmental structures of Lithuania Repub- lic is insufficient. Quite big gap between man and women possibilities, seekingprofessional career, and in gender equality in general is noticeable. This study assesses female and male leadership in Lithuania rural areas through analysis of interviews with govemment officials and recognized local leaders. Findings of previous community studies, which suggested that structural characteristics of communities influence their leadership patterns, have been incorporated into this study of gender. Key and action informant data were collected in all regions of rural Lithuania which differ in levels of urban presence and pressure. The findings revealed that men dominated rural leadership positions and were recognized as leaders more often than women, but that the gender ratios ofleaders, as well as the types ofwomen leaders who emer- ged, varied by site.

The greatest problems of the Lithuania country is facing are economic and social: there is an economic recession in the country; the country has lost its eastern markets for agricultural and industriaI products; the standard of living has declined after the political changes; and the crime rate is high. In terms of social development, rural disposable household income is lower than in Lithuania urban areas. In that respect, over-dependence on agriculture is equally a serious problem in rural areas demanding for a diversification of rural activities and employment opportunities. This will be increasingly important when the agriculture and processing sectors become more ef'ficient. Moreover, basic living conditions are comparatively poorer in rural areas than in the cities, and a tendency to ageing of rural population can be a threat to economic vitality. Social and economic changes taking places in Lithuania countryside are changing the problem of gender dimension. The goal of this research was to show the main aspects of leadership in the rural areas of Lithuania in the context oftoday's trade and gender dimension and integration. The main problems in rural areas are related to the current agrarian reform; people are motivated to start private farming, but they do not have enough resources. Rural people have also lost many of the social and communal services main- tained by big state and collective farms. The proportion of women in the totallabour force is high at 48 percent. However, forms of occupational sex segregation can be seen. In rural areas women are mainly involved in unskilled work in the fields, cowsheds, pig or poultry farms, or in social services. A special problem in rural areas is that the privatization of state and collective farms has led to the loss ofthe social services they supplied. If kindergartens are closed, it is difficult for women to have paid employment outside the home There is a great difference in the age structure of men and women in rural areas; in the oldest age group (over 65 years) there are many more women than meno The level of education is far lower in rural than in urban areas, and the educationallevel of rural women is lower than that of rural meno Although there is now more migration from cities to rural areas than vice versa, young and unmarried women have a tendency to move from rural areas to cities, or foreign countries. The greatest problems for rural women are economic and caused by unemployment or a heavy work load. Other problems are the lack of district hospitals, matemity clinics and pharmacies in rural areas and the fact that transportation costs to regional centres are high. It is al so problematic that there are no extension services in home economics, home management or in new job opportunities such as rural entrepreneurship or agrotourism. In addition, discrimination against women in employrnent persists. The transition period in society has been particularly difficult for women because of the threat ofunemployment and the diminishing social services (such as kindergardens). The statistical data show, that women representation in alllevels of govemmental structures of Lithuania Repub- lic is insufficient. Quite big gap between man and women possibilities, seekingprofessional career, and in gender equality in general is noticeable. This study assesses female and male leadership in Lithuania rural areas through analysis of interviews with govemment officials and recognized local leaders. Findings of previous community studies, which suggested that structural characteristics of communities influence their leadership patterns, have been incorporated into this study of gender. Key and action informant data were collected in all regions of rural Lithuania which differ in levels of urban presence and pressure. The findings revealed that men dominated rural leadership positions and were recognized as leaders more often than women, but that the gender ratios ofleaders, as well as the types ofwomen leaders who emer- ged, varied by site.

The greatest problems of the Lithuania country is facing are economic and social: there is an economic recession in the country; the country has lost its eastern markets for agricultural and industriaI products; the standard of living has declined after the political changes; and the crime rate is high. In terms of social development, rural disposable household income is lower than in Lithuania urban areas. In that respect, over-dependence on agriculture is equally a serious problem in rural areas demanding for a diversification of rural activities and employment opportunities. This will be increasingly important when the agriculture and processing sectors become more ef'ficient. Moreover, basic living conditions are comparatively poorer in rural areas than in the cities, and a tendency to ageing of rural population can be a threat to economic vitality. Social and economic changes taking places in Lithuania countryside are changing the problem of gender dimension. The goal of this research was to show the main aspects of leadership in the rural areas of Lithuania in the context oftoday's trade and gender dimension and integration. The main problems in rural areas are related to the current agrarian reform; people are motivated to start private farming, but they do not have enough resources. Rural people have also lost many of the social and communal services main- tained by big state and collective farms. The proportion of women in the totallabour force is high at 48 percent. However, forms of occupational sex segregation can be seen. In rural areas women are mainly involved in unskilled work in the fields, cowsheds, pig or poultry farms, or in social services. A special problem in rural areas is that the privatization of state and collective farms has led to the loss ofthe social services they supplied. If kindergartens are closed, it is difficult for women to have paid employment outside the home There is a great difference in the age structure of men and women in rural areas; in the oldest age group (over 65 years) there are many more women than meno The level of education is far lower in rural than in urban areas, and the educationallevel of rural women is lower than that of rural meno Although there is now more migration from cities to rural areas than vice versa, young and unmarried women have a tendency to move from rural areas to cities, or foreign countries. The greatest problems for rural women are economic and caused by unemployment or a heavy work load. Other problems are the lack of district hospitals, matemity clinics and pharmacies in rural areas and the fact that transportation costs to regional centres are high. It is al so problematic that there are no extension services in home economics, home management or in new job opportunities such as rural entrepreneurship or agrotourism. In addition, discrimination against women in employrnent persists. The transition period in society has been particularly difficult for women because of the threat ofunemployment and the diminishing social services (such as kindergardens). The statistical data show, that women representation in alllevels of govemmental structures of Lithuania Repub- lic is insufficient. Quite big gap between man and women possibilities, seekingprofessional career, and in gender equality in general is noticeable. This study assesses female and male leadership in Lithuania rural areas through analysis of interviews with govemment officials and recognized local leaders. Findings of previous community studies, which suggested that structural characteristics of communities influence their leadership patterns, have been incorporated into this study of gender. Key and action informant data were collected in all regions of rural Lithuania which differ in levels of urban presence and pressure. The findings revealed that men dominated rural leadership positions and were recognized as leaders more often than women, but that the gender ratios ofleaders, as well as the types ofwomen leaders who emer- ged, varied by site.

The greatest problems of the Lithuania country is facing are economic and social: there is an economic recession in the country; the country has lost its eastern markets for agricultural and industriaI products; the standard of living has declined after the political changes; and the crime rate is high. In terms of social development, rural disposable household income is lower than in Lithuania urban areas. In that respect, over-dependence on agriculture is equally a serious problem in rural areas demanding for a diversification of rural activities and employment opportunities. This will be increasingly important when the agriculture and processing sectors become more ef'ficient. Moreover, basic living conditions are comparatively poorer in rural areas than in the cities, and a tendency to ageing of rural population can be a threat to economic vitality. Social and economic changes taking places in Lithuania countryside are changing the problem of gender dimension. The goal of this research was to show the main aspects of leadership in the rural areas of Lithuania in the context oftoday's trade and gender dimension and integration. The main problems in rural areas are related to the current agrarian reform; people are motivated to start private farming, but they do not have enough resources. Rural people have also lost many of the social and communal services main- tained by big state and collective farms. The proportion of women in the totallabour force is high at 48 percent. However, forms of occupational sex segregation can be seen. In rural areas women are mainly involved in unskilled work in the fields, cowsheds, pig or poultry farms, or in social services. A special problem in rural areas is that the privatization of state and collective farms has led to the loss ofthe social services they supplied. If kindergartens are closed, it is difficult for women to have paid employment outside the home There is a great difference in the age structure of men and women in rural areas; in the oldest age group (over 65 years) there are many more women than meno The level of education is far lower in rural than in urban areas, and the educationallevel of rural women is lower than that of rural meno Although there is now more migration from cities to rural areas than vice versa, young and unmarried women have a tendency to move from rural areas to cities, or foreign countries. The greatest problems for rural women are economic and caused by unemployment or a heavy work load. Other problems are the lack of district hospitals, matemity clinics and pharmacies in rural areas and the fact that transportation costs to regional centres are high. It is al so problematic that there are no extension services in home economics, home management or in new job opportunities such as rural entrepreneurship or agrotourism. In addition, discrimination against women in employrnent persists. The transition period in society has been particularly difficult for women because of the threat ofunemployment and the diminishing social services (such as kindergardens). The statistical data show, that women representation in alllevels of govemmental structures of Lithuania Repub- lic is insufficient. Quite big gap between man and women possibilities, seekingprofessional career, and in gender equality in general is noticeable. This study assesses female and male leadership in Lithuania rural areas through analysis of interviews with govemment officials and recognized local leaders. Findings of previous community studies, which suggested that structural characteristics of communities influence their leadership patterns, have been incorporated into this study of gender. Key and action informant data were collected in all regions of rural Lithuania which differ in levels of urban presence and pressure. The findings revealed that men dominated rural leadership positions and were recognized as leaders more often than women, but that the gender ratios ofleaders, as well as the types ofwomen leaders who emer- ged, varied by site.

The aspect of gender (equality) often goes down among other general statements defining equality of all individuals as regards such aspects as age, achievements etc. Lithuanian scientific society still lacks discussion on equality between women and men in science and equal opportunities for women and men in decision making. Male prevail in decision making bodies, composed by state, science and academic studies institutions. Participation of women and men in decision making is not proportional. In this study more substantial changes of legal regulation that are important to reconcile scientific activity and family duties are described. The attention is also drawn to the fact, that in practice science and academic institutions lack initiatives when solving specific problems that women and men experience reconciling family duties and scientific activity. Equality between women and men is one of the fundamental values of the European Union and horizontal priority in all activity areas. Equal and effective participation of both women and men in all activity areas is not only a requirement of social justice, but also a necessary precondition for further development of state's economic growth, competitiveness and welfare of the society. [.]

The aspect of gender (equality) often goes down among other general statements defining equality of all individuals as regards such aspects as age, achievements etc. Lithuanian scientific society still lacks discussion on equality between women and men in science and equal opportunities for women and men in decision making. Male prevail in decision making bodies, composed by state, science and academic studies institutions. Participation of women and men in decision making is not proportional. In this study more substantial changes of legal regulation that are important to reconcile scientific activity and family duties are described. The attention is also drawn to the fact, that in practice science and academic institutions lack initiatives when solving specific problems that women and men experience reconciling family duties and scientific activity. Equality between women and men is one of the fundamental values of the European Union and horizontal priority in all activity areas. Equal and effective participation of both women and men in all activity areas is not only a requirement of social justice, but also a necessary precondition for further development of state's economic growth, competitiveness and welfare of the society. [.]

Gender equality is one of the democracy principals. It should be the same opportunity for man and woman to participate in economical, social, political life. However man and women status is different in our society. Woman is appreciated as a weak gender in many activities despite her skills. Researches showed that woman can be a good leader. She has all necessary qualities. This work aimed at studying woman political communication. The main aim is to create communicative strategy for woman politician which used she could win elections in Lithuania. Politician leader have to be charismatic, professional, honest, active, decided, initiative, powerful. These characteristics link with man in our society. That's why is difficult to win elections for woman. The quantitative research (interview with experts) maintained that is not purposeful to demonstrate female quality in elections to Parliament. In this way woman could win elections, but she will appreciated only as a woman (gender), not a politician leader. If woman want to work as a professional politician, she have to demonstrate characteristics of leader during elections. It is important to mention, experts agreed what woman politician has to work harder to improve her cleverness. The most known Lithuania politician women Kazimiera Prunskiene during elections to post of the President on 2004 demonstrated both leader and feminine characteristics, our research showed. Experts agreed, for this politician lacked leader characteristics. This is one of the main reasons K. Prunskiene lose elections. The main concepts in this work are gender equality, patriarchal society, stereotype, woman leadership, policy, image, communication. This work can be useful for communications, public relations, gender studies students, politicians.

Gender equality is one of the democracy principals. It should be the same opportunity for man and woman to participate in economical, social, political life. However man and women status is different in our society. Woman is appreciated as a weak gender in many activities despite her skills. Researches showed that woman can be a good leader. She has all necessary qualities. This work aimed at studying woman political communication. The main aim is to create communicative strategy for woman politician which used she could win elections in Lithuania. Politician leader have to be charismatic, professional, honest, active, decided, initiative, powerful. These characteristics link with man in our society. That's why is difficult to win elections for woman. The quantitative research (interview with experts) maintained that is not purposeful to demonstrate female quality in elections to Parliament. In this way woman could win elections, but she will appreciated only as a woman (gender), not a politician leader. If woman want to work as a professional politician, she have to demonstrate characteristics of leader during elections. It is important to mention, experts agreed what woman politician has to work harder to improve her cleverness. The most known Lithuania politician women Kazimiera Prunskiene during elections to post of the President on 2004 demonstrated both leader and feminine characteristics, our research showed. Experts agreed, for this politician lacked leader characteristics. This is one of the main reasons K. Prunskiene lose elections. The main concepts in this work are gender equality, patriarchal society, stereotype, woman leadership, policy, image, communication. This work can be useful for communications, public relations, gender studies students, politicians.

Gender equality is one of the democracy principals. It should be the same opportunity for man and woman to participate in economical, social, political life. However man and women status is different in our society. Woman is appreciated as a weak gender in many activities despite her skills. Researches showed that woman can be a good leader. She has all necessary qualities. This work aimed at studying woman political communication. The main aim is to create communicative strategy for woman politician which used she could win elections in Lithuania. Politician leader have to be charismatic, professional, honest, active, decided, initiative, powerful. These characteristics link with man in our society. That's why is difficult to win elections for woman. The quantitative research (interview with experts) maintained that is not purposeful to demonstrate female quality in elections to Parliament. In this way woman could win elections, but she will appreciated only as a woman (gender), not a politician leader. If woman want to work as a professional politician, she have to demonstrate characteristics of leader during elections. It is important to mention, experts agreed what woman politician has to work harder to improve her cleverness. The most known Lithuania politician women Kazimiera Prunskiene during elections to post of the President on 2004 demonstrated both leader and feminine characteristics, our research showed. Experts agreed, for this politician lacked leader characteristics. This is one of the main reasons K. Prunskiene lose elections. The main concepts in this work are gender equality, patriarchal society, stereotype, woman leadership, policy, image, communication. This work can be useful for communications, public relations, gender studies students, politicians.

Gender equality is one of the democracy principals. It should be the same opportunity for man and woman to participate in economical, social, political life. However man and women status is different in our society. Woman is appreciated as a weak gender in many activities despite her skills. Researches showed that woman can be a good leader. She has all necessary qualities. This work aimed at studying woman political communication. The main aim is to create communicative strategy for woman politician which used she could win elections in Lithuania. Politician leader have to be charismatic, professional, honest, active, decided, initiative, powerful. These characteristics link with man in our society. That's why is difficult to win elections for woman. The quantitative research (interview with experts) maintained that is not purposeful to demonstrate female quality in elections to Parliament. In this way woman could win elections, but she will appreciated only as a woman (gender), not a politician leader. If woman want to work as a professional politician, she have to demonstrate characteristics of leader during elections. It is important to mention, experts agreed what woman politician has to work harder to improve her cleverness. The most known Lithuania politician women Kazimiera Prunskiene during elections to post of the President on 2004 demonstrated both leader and feminine characteristics, our research showed. Experts agreed, for this politician lacked leader characteristics. This is one of the main reasons K. Prunskiene lose elections. The main concepts in this work are gender equality, patriarchal society, stereotype, woman leadership, policy, image, communication. This work can be useful for communications, public relations, gender studies students, politicians.

SUMMARY This paper investigates the relations of the social, political, economic and societal movement feminism insofar as it affects theatre within the statistics of the field, methods of creative process and its expression. The statistics released in 2019 indicate that Lithuania has not made any progress in the field of gender equality since 2005, and therefore it is crucial to examine how systematic and internalized sexism correlates with artistic and social – societal processes. This paper is divided into four parts and acts as a full-fledged study of feminism in theatre using diverse perspectives. This research uses the premise of women as "Other" proposed by Simone de Beauvoir: contemplating on woman, which was created by and for Man, it aims to give feminism a time and location frame, describe its waves and find its manifestation within theatre in general terms. In the second part, the author offers an innovative approach to the organisation of creative process by including feminism as a creative strategy. This strategy aims not only for the world portrayed on stage, but also for rehearsal processes and structuration of work, contextualisation, and usage of the tools proposed by intersectional feminism. In the third part, potentially adverse effects of feminism are discussed i.e. censorship and euphemizing of rhetoric and phenomena in theatrical discourses. The last part, studies the example of the show "Requiem for a Woman" (dir. Uršulė Bartoševičiūtė, produced by Lithuanian State Youth Theatre, Lithuanian Music and Theatre Academy and Iceland University of the Arts, premiered at culture bar KABLYS+CULTURE on 19 and 20 of August 2020). The creative process where feminism was employed as a creative strategy and stimulated a healthy dialogue amongst all members of the creative team is scrutinized in this part. This research aspires to create a supplemented theatrical theory and practice that is capable of encompassing and systematizing the need of intersectional feminism in theatre.