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The publication was compiled to provide the Lithuanian reader with a comprehensive understanding of gender responsive economic initiatives. It provides a conceptual and theoretical framework, traces the evolution of work in this area, shows how gender economics and gender analysis have been used as a tool of a more efficient allocation of economic resources. The article outlines and discusses the main gender problems and their impact into the government economic policy not only on the micro– but on the macro level too. It is the discussion about the gender responsive budget, trade liberalisation and gender impact into the trade liberalisation and gender responsive financial policy. The author concludes the integration and implementation of the gender analysis into the Lithuanian government economic policy could accelerate the sustainable economic growth and soften the consequences of globalisation process.

The publication was compiled to provide the Lithuanian reader with a comprehensive understanding of gender responsive economic initiatives. It provides a conceptual and theoretical framework, traces the evolution of work in this area, shows how gender economics and gender analysis have been used as a tool of a more efficient allocation of economic resources. The article outlines and discusses the main gender problems and their impact into the government economic policy not only on the micro– but on the macro level too. It is the discussion about the gender responsive budget, trade liberalisation and gender impact into the trade liberalisation and gender responsive financial policy. The author concludes the integration and implementation of the gender analysis into the Lithuanian government economic policy could accelerate the sustainable economic growth and soften the consequences of globalisation process.

The article examine the entrepreneurship and small and medium business (SMB) concept, shows the role of SMBs in Lithuanian economy. The article discusses the labour market employment policy in gender equality aspect. The summarized results of Eurostat survey (2007) on small and medium business success factors in Lithuania and the European Union countries are presented. [.]

The article examine the entrepreneurship and small and medium business (SMB) concept, shows the role of SMBs in Lithuanian economy. The article discusses the labour market employment policy in gender equality aspect. The summarized results of Eurostat survey (2007) on small and medium business success factors in Lithuania and the European Union countries are presented. [.]

The article examine the entrepreneurship and small and medium business (SMB) concept, shows the role of SMBs in Lithuanian economy. The article discusses the labour market employment policy in gender equality aspect. The summarized results of Eurostat survey (2007) on small and medium business success factors in Lithuania and the European Union countries are presented. [.]

The article examine the entrepreneurship and small and medium business (SMB) concept, shows the role of SMBs in Lithuanian economy. The article discusses the labour market employment policy in gender equality aspect. The summarized results of Eurostat survey (2007) on small and medium business success factors in Lithuania and the European Union countries are presented. [.]

The common reference to the Baltic States as a single geopolitical entity conceals the actual differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The article aims to outline the principal similarities and differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the field of gender equality politics developed within gender mainstreaming approach in attempt to better understanding of the current gender gaps in these countries. The research focuses on how national gender equality machineries were (re)constructed in accordance with international commitments to the UN and the EU after the restoration of independence in the Baltic States. It is demonstrated that differences between the Baltic States in the institutionalization of the contemporary structure of gender equality machinery were overcome once they became EU members. The current outcomes of gender equality politics are described on the basis of the Global Gender Gap Report 2017. The empirical data are provided for three Baltic States by analysing their gender gaps in four spheres ñ Economic participation and opportunity, Education attainment, Political empowerment and Health and survival. According to the Global Gender Gap Index, the Baltic States are among the EU Member States with the average / slightly above-average gender equality. The article argues that confirmation of the institutionalization of the contemporary gender equality machinery, the content of national governmental activities and the predominant relationship model with civil society in the Baltic States indicate that gender mainstreaming is likely yet another and the most recent social policy tool for the management of human resources. Thus, Latvia usually demonstrates a minimal attachment to gender mainstreaming. Moreover, Latvia has regressed somewhat in this respect in 2013. However, current Latvia can be considered as having more equality than Lithuania and Estonia. Among all countries participated in the research in 2017, Latvia ranks 10th, Lithuania, accordingly, 12th, and Estonia, accordingly, 16th. The case of Latvia levering the rank up due to positive trends in closing gender gaps in both Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes confirms an assumption that rather social changes related to national demographical and economic development than merely technocratic sophistication of gender equality politics has a profound impact on current statistical indexes related to gender equality

The common reference to the Baltic States as a single geopolitical entity conceals the actual differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The article aims to outline the principal similarities and differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the field of gender equality politics developed within gender mainstreaming approach in attempt to better understanding of the current gender gaps in these countries. The research focuses on how national gender equality machineries were (re)constructed in accordance with international commitments to the UN and the EU after the restoration of independence in the Baltic States. It is demonstrated that differences between the Baltic States in the institutionalization of the contemporary structure of gender equality machinery were overcome once they became EU members. The current outcomes of gender equality politics are described on the basis of the Global Gender Gap Report 2017. The empirical data are provided for three Baltic States by analysing their gender gaps in four spheres ñ Economic participation and opportunity, Education attainment, Political empowerment and Health and survival. According to the Global Gender Gap Index, the Baltic States are among the EU Member States with the average / slightly above-average gender equality. The article argues that confirmation of the institutionalization of the contemporary gender equality machinery, the content of national governmental activities and the predominant relationship model with civil society in the Baltic States indicate that gender mainstreaming is likely yet another and the most recent social policy tool for the management of human resources. Thus, Latvia usually demonstrates a minimal attachment to gender mainstreaming. Moreover, Latvia has regressed somewhat in this respect in 2013. However, current Latvia can be considered as having more equality than Lithuania and Estonia. Among all countries participated in the research in 2017, Latvia ranks 10th, Lithuania, accordingly, 12th, and Estonia, accordingly, 16th. The case of Latvia levering the rank up due to positive trends in closing gender gaps in both Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes confirms an assumption that rather social changes related to national demographical and economic development than merely technocratic sophistication of gender equality politics has a profound impact on current statistical indexes related to gender equality

The common reference to the Baltic States as a single geopolitical entity conceals the actual differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The article aims to outline the principal similarities and differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the field of gender equality politics developed within gender mainstreaming approach in attempt to better understanding of the current gender gaps in these countries. The research focuses on how national gender equality machineries were (re)constructed in accordance with international commitments to the UN and the EU after the restoration of independence in the Baltic States. It is demonstrated that differences between the Baltic States in the institutionalization of the contemporary structure of gender equality machinery were overcome once they became EU members. The current outcomes of gender equality politics are described on the basis of the Global Gender Gap Report 2017. The empirical data are provided for three Baltic States by analysing their gender gaps in four spheres ñ Economic participation and opportunity, Education attainment, Political empowerment and Health and survival. According to the Global Gender Gap Index, the Baltic States are among the EU Member States with the average / slightly above-average gender equality. The article argues that confirmation of the institutionalization of the contemporary gender equality machinery, the content of national governmental activities and the predominant relationship model with civil society in the Baltic States indicate that gender mainstreaming is likely yet another and the most recent social policy tool for the management of human resources. Thus, Latvia usually demonstrates a minimal attachment to gender mainstreaming. Moreover, Latvia has regressed somewhat in this respect in 2013. However, current Latvia can be considered as having more equality than Lithuania and Estonia. Among all countries participated in the research in 2017, Latvia ranks 10th, Lithuania, accordingly, 12th, and Estonia, accordingly, 16th. The case of Latvia levering the rank up due to positive trends in closing gender gaps in both Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes confirms an assumption that rather social changes related to national demographical and economic development than merely technocratic sophistication of gender equality politics has a profound impact on current statistical indexes related to gender equality

The common reference to the Baltic States as a single geopolitical entity conceals the actual differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The article aims to outline the principal similarities and differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the field of gender equality politics developed within gender mainstreaming approach in attempt to better understanding of the current gender gaps in these countries. The research focuses on how national gender equality machineries were (re)constructed in accordance with international commitments to the UN and the EU after the restoration of independence in the Baltic States. It is demonstrated that differences between the Baltic States in the institutionalization of the contemporary structure of gender equality machinery were overcome once they became EU members. The current outcomes of gender equality politics are described on the basis of the Global Gender Gap Report 2017. The empirical data are provided for three Baltic States by analysing their gender gaps in four spheres ñ Economic participation and opportunity, Education attainment, Political empowerment and Health and survival. According to the Global Gender Gap Index, the Baltic States are among the EU Member States with the average / slightly above-average gender equality. The article argues that confirmation of the institutionalization of the contemporary gender equality machinery, the content of national governmental activities and the predominant relationship model with civil society in the Baltic States indicate that gender mainstreaming is likely yet another and the most recent social policy tool for the management of human resources. Thus, Latvia usually demonstrates a minimal attachment to gender mainstreaming. Moreover, Latvia has regressed somewhat in this respect in 2013. However, current Latvia can be considered as having more equality than Lithuania and Estonia. Among all countries participated in the research in 2017, Latvia ranks 10th, Lithuania, accordingly, 12th, and Estonia, accordingly, 16th. The case of Latvia levering the rank up due to positive trends in closing gender gaps in both Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes confirms an assumption that rather social changes related to national demographical and economic development than merely technocratic sophistication of gender equality politics has a profound impact on current statistical indexes related to gender equality

Gender Quotas in Company Boards This paper focuses on the analysis of the legal regulation of gender quotas and the importance of balanced gender representation on company boards. Taking into account that ensuring gender balance in decision-making is one of the priorities of gender equality policy and democracy, the importance of rules governing the legal relationship between gender quotas will only increase, and with it – the legal challenges for various states. This Master Thesis consists of three main structural parts. In order to disclose which management body is subject to gender quotas, the understanding of board representation and what are the most common theories of representation is analysed in the opening chapter of the thesis. Also, a lot of attention is paid to the lack of representation of both genders on company boards, addressing gender quality issues. The concept of gender quotas, their significance for democracy and good governance, and the ways in which gender quotas are implemented are also analysed. The second chapter of the thesis analyses the legal regulation and application problems of gender quotas in different countries, as well as provides statistical data that helps to understand and evaluate the actual functioning of legal norms. After the analysis and evaluation, the peculiarities and problems of the application of national legislation are identified, and possible solutions of the problems are considered. In this part of the thesis, the analysis of the state legal regulation is aimed at revealing practices that could be applied to the formation of the governing bodies of Lithuanian companies from a gender perspective. The third chapter of the thesis, based on representation theories, examines the importance of gender representation on company boards for shareholders, stakeholders, democracy and good corporate governance and analyses the impact assessment procedure introduced by the EU.

Gender Quotas in Company Boards This paper focuses on the analysis of the legal regulation of gender quotas and the importance of balanced gender representation on company boards. Taking into account that ensuring gender balance in decision-making is one of the priorities of gender equality policy and democracy, the importance of rules governing the legal relationship between gender quotas will only increase, and with it – the legal challenges for various states. This Master Thesis consists of three main structural parts. In order to disclose which management body is subject to gender quotas, the understanding of board representation and what are the most common theories of representation is analysed in the opening chapter of the thesis. Also, a lot of attention is paid to the lack of representation of both genders on company boards, addressing gender quality issues. The concept of gender quotas, their significance for democracy and good governance, and the ways in which gender quotas are implemented are also analysed. The second chapter of the thesis analyses the legal regulation and application problems of gender quotas in different countries, as well as provides statistical data that helps to understand and evaluate the actual functioning of legal norms. After the analysis and evaluation, the peculiarities and problems of the application of national legislation are identified, and possible solutions of the problems are considered. In this part of the thesis, the analysis of the state legal regulation is aimed at revealing practices that could be applied to the formation of the governing bodies of Lithuanian companies from a gender perspective. The third chapter of the thesis, based on representation theories, examines the importance of gender representation on company boards for shareholders, stakeholders, democracy and good corporate governance and analyses the impact assessment procedure introduced by the EU.

Gender Quotas in Company Boards This paper focuses on the analysis of the legal regulation of gender quotas and the importance of balanced gender representation on company boards. Taking into account that ensuring gender balance in decision-making is one of the priorities of gender equality policy and democracy, the importance of rules governing the legal relationship between gender quotas will only increase, and with it – the legal challenges for various states. This Master Thesis consists of three main structural parts. In order to disclose which management body is subject to gender quotas, the understanding of board representation and what are the most common theories of representation is analysed in the opening chapter of the thesis. Also, a lot of attention is paid to the lack of representation of both genders on company boards, addressing gender quality issues. The concept of gender quotas, their significance for democracy and good governance, and the ways in which gender quotas are implemented are also analysed. The second chapter of the thesis analyses the legal regulation and application problems of gender quotas in different countries, as well as provides statistical data that helps to understand and evaluate the actual functioning of legal norms. After the analysis and evaluation, the peculiarities and problems of the application of national legislation are identified, and possible solutions of the problems are considered. In this part of the thesis, the analysis of the state legal regulation is aimed at revealing practices that could be applied to the formation of the governing bodies of Lithuanian companies from a gender perspective. The third chapter of the thesis, based on representation theories, examines the importance of gender representation on company boards for shareholders, stakeholders, democracy and good corporate governance and analyses the impact assessment procedure introduced by the EU.

Gender Quotas in Company Boards This paper focuses on the analysis of the legal regulation of gender quotas and the importance of balanced gender representation on company boards. Taking into account that ensuring gender balance in decision-making is one of the priorities of gender equality policy and democracy, the importance of rules governing the legal relationship between gender quotas will only increase, and with it – the legal challenges for various states. This Master Thesis consists of three main structural parts. In order to disclose which management body is subject to gender quotas, the understanding of board representation and what are the most common theories of representation is analysed in the opening chapter of the thesis. Also, a lot of attention is paid to the lack of representation of both genders on company boards, addressing gender quality issues. The concept of gender quotas, their significance for democracy and good governance, and the ways in which gender quotas are implemented are also analysed. The second chapter of the thesis analyses the legal regulation and application problems of gender quotas in different countries, as well as provides statistical data that helps to understand and evaluate the actual functioning of legal norms. After the analysis and evaluation, the peculiarities and problems of the application of national legislation are identified, and possible solutions of the problems are considered. In this part of the thesis, the analysis of the state legal regulation is aimed at revealing practices that could be applied to the formation of the governing bodies of Lithuanian companies from a gender perspective. The third chapter of the thesis, based on representation theories, examines the importance of gender representation on company boards for shareholders, stakeholders, democracy and good corporate governance and analyses the impact assessment procedure introduced by the EU.

This article deals with concept of gender mainstreaming based on Lithuanian and EU documents and scientific literature. Gender mainstreaming concentrates main attention towards both problems of men and women in their private and public lives. For the equity between men and women to become reality it is an imperative not only to solve specific problems of men and women, but also to understand them as complex issues incorporated in real life situations. This practically can be achieved through consistent integration of gender aspects into legal documents, programmes and policies related to institutions active in society. In order to accomplish gender mainstreaming two elements are of key importance – adequate and relevant understanding of strategy and specific methods of gender aspect integration in public institution practices. Two methods for the integration of gender mainstreaming in social care institutions at the municipal level and for direct social work practice are represented and discussed.