Suchergebnisse

Genetics is the science of heredity. In the Western world modern genetics has a history of nearly a hundred years, beginning with the discovery of laws of heredity established by Mendel in 1866. Then, early in the 1930s, a Soviet genetics emerged. The foremost proponent of this new science is the Soviet Academician and agriculturist Lysenko. Let me sum up briefly the differences between Western and Soviet genetics. Modern genetics has established that hereditary material is located in the chromosomes of the nucleus of reproductive cells (sperms and eggs). This material is organised into functionally separate units called "genes." Hence, it is known as the gene theory or the chromosome theory of heredity. On the other hand, Lysenko and his followers believe that every particle of an organism plays a part in heredity; the particles assimilate the influence of environment and pass it on to the next generation. Thus, if an organism can be forced or trained to assimilate certain environmental elements, there will be hereditary changes in their offspring. Lysenko borrows the prestige of Michurin, a skilful and successful Soviet horticulturist by calling this doctrine Michurinism, while we refer to it as Lysenkoism.

Front Cover -- Advances in Genetics -- ADVANCES IN GENETICS, VOLUME 97 -- Advances in GeneticsEdited byTheodore FriedmannDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego,School of Me ... -- Advances in GeneticsEdited byTheodore FriedmannDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego,School of Me ... -- Contents -- CONTRIBUTORS -- One - Sixteen Years of Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE DISCOVERY OF MEIOTIC SILENCING BY UNPAIRED DNA -- 2.1 Asm-1, a Conserved Regulator of Fungal Development -- 2.2 Mating in Neurospora crassa -- 2.3 Ascus Dominance and Gene Pairing During Meiosis -- 2.4 Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA -- 3. GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE UNPAIRED DNA DETECTION MECHANISM OF MEIOTIC SILENCING BY UNPAIRED DNA -- 3.1 Properties of Unpaired DNA Required for Silencing -- 3.2 Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA Silencing Does Not Spread Between Asci or Genes -- 3.3 DNA Methylation Interferes With the Identification of Pairing Partners -- 3.4 The Search for Pairing Partners Is Spatially Constrained -- 4. RNA SILENCING AND MEIOTIC SILENCING BY UNPAIRED DNA PROTEINS -- 4.1 Silencing the Silencer -- 4.2 Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA Is a Small RNA-Based Silencing Pathway -- 4.3 Identification and Characterization of Other Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA Proteins -- 4.4 A Silencing Complex Stands Guard Around the Nucleus During Meiosis -- 4.5 A Model for Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA -- 5. MEIOTIC SILENCING BY UNPAIRED DNA IN THE WILD -- 6. THE PURPOSE OF MEIOTIC SILENCING BY UNPAIRED DNA -- 7. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Two - Sleeping Beauty? Developmental Timing, Sleep, and the Circadian Clock in Caenorhabditis elegans -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CIRCADIAN CLOCKS AND THE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS DEVELOPMENTAL TIMER -- 2.1 Postembryonic Development in Caenorhabditis elegans

Our current knowledge of marine organisms and the factors affecting their ecology, distribution and evolution has been revolutionised by the use, in the last 20 years, of molecular population genetics tools. This book is the result of a meeting of world-leading experts, in Rio de Janeiro, where the state of the art of this field was reviewed. Topics covered include the molecular analysis of bio-invasions, the recent developments in marine biotechnology, the factors affecting levels of genetic variation and population structure in marine organisms and their application to conservation biology, fisheries and aquaculture. This is the first book dedicated to the genetic study of marine organisms. It will be very useful to biology students, scientists and anyone working or simply interested in areas such as marine biology, zoology, ecology, and population and molecular genetics

1 Ecological Genetics -- 2 Numerical Changes in Animal Populations -- Numerical fluctuations in a colony of Melitaea aurinia -- Numerical fluctuations in Panaxia dominula -- Numerical fluctuations in a Maniola jurtina population -- Some effects of climate and food on animal numbers -- The spread of species in new territories -- 3 Genetic Drift and the Founder Principle -- Random genetic drift -- The founder principle -- 4 Polygenic Characters Evolving in Isolation -- Selection for a balanced gene-complex in Panaxia dominula -- Selection for spotting in Maniola jurtina -- Maniola jurtina in the Isles of Scilly -- 5 Sympatric Evolution -- The transition between different stabilizations of Maniola jurtina -- 6 The Theory of Genetic Polymorphism -- Balanced polymorphism -- The evolution of polymorphism -- The formation of super-genes -- Human polymorphism -- Criticisms of the polymorphism concept -- 7 Balanced Polymorphism in Panaxia dominula -- Estimates of larval populations -- Estimates and analysis of imaginal populations -- Experimental populations -- 8 Polymorphism and the Effects of the Switch-gene -- Selection for the effects of the switch-gene -- Heterozygous advantage and multiple-phase polymorphism -- Sex-controlled polymorphism -- Polymorphism in hydrogen cyanide production -- The super-gene -- Protein variation and 'neutral' mutants -- 9 Polymorphism and the Super-gene in Snails -- The genetics of Cepaea nemoralis -- Natural selection in populations of C. nemoralis -- Selection and genetic drift in C. nemoralis and C. hortensis in England and France -- Partula and Achatinella on Pacific islands -- 10 The Heterostyle-Homostyle System -- The homostyle primrose in England -- Primrose pollination -- Tristylic and 'concealed' heterostyled conditions -- 11 Chromosome Polymorphism -- Drosophila -- Chromosome polymorphism and selection in Drosophila -- Heterozygous advantage in chromosome polymorphism -- Other organisms, and conclusion -- 12 Mimicry -- General survey -- Experimental proofs of mimicry -- Mimetic polymorphism in the Lepidoptera -- Mimicry in brood parasites -- Aggressive mimicry -- Sound and scent mimicry -- 13 Papilio dardanus and the Evolution of Mimicry -- The races of Papilio dardanus -- The genetics of Papilio dardanus -- The evolution of mimicry -- Monomorphic Batesian mimicry -- 14 Transient Polymorphism and Melanism -- Transient polymorphism -- The spread of melanic forms -- Explanations of industrial melanism -- Selective elimination by birds -- The insularia forms -- The evolution of melanic forms -- Melanism in Phigalia pedaria -- Melanism in the beetle Adalia bipunctata -- A comparison of melanism in three species -- Recessive melanism -- Melanism in Amathes glareosa -- 15 Isolation and Adaptation -- Mortality in small localities -- The evolution of local races and species -- Ecological genetics and adaptation -- Conclusion -- Plates -- References.

The recent sequencing of the human and other genomes have opened many possibilities for advances in the medical field. However, most of the developing world lacks the resources to exploit this knowledge. The article describes approaches adopted by developing countries to build genetic research capabilities. Global collaborations to study diseases common in the developing world, through true partnerships have already rendered valuable results in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as thalassemia, chagas disease, leishmaniasis etc. National investments in genetics sectors, both in infrastructure and in qualified personnel have proved very promising, as the example of China, Brazil and Mexico has shown. Engagement in genetic sciences should occur at the appropriate level depending on the particular country. Special emphasis is given to collaborative training fellowships.