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This article analyzes the political outcome of voluntary participation through three North-African youth associations. The interactionist model as well as ethnographic methods disclose processes of politicization avoidance within the larger context of voluntary associations, which differs from the results of previous quantitative studies on the link between political participation & voluntary associations. Eventually, the author comes up with a wider definition of political involvement. Similarly, individual political participation rationales are revised & redefined in terms of political competence & interactionist levels of political participation. Adapted from the source document.

The number of rare diseases is assessed between 5000 and 8000 distinct pathologies. Individually, these diseases are rare, but together they represent a major health problem at the population level. Because of the limited number of patients with certain diseases and the lack of knowledge about them, diagnosis for patients is often delayed.More than 80 % of rare diseases have a genetic origin, the vast majority of which are monogenic. The democratization of high-throughput sequencing technologies since 2005 has allowed the massive acquisition of genomic data from both healthy individuals and patients. However, establishing a diagnosis of a rare disease with current molecular biology technologies remains difficult.The industrial-scale application of exome and genome sequencing analyses associated with the constant increase in medical knowledge represents a concrete hope to bring a diagnosis to the majority of patients concerned by a rare disease suspected to be genetic.This thesis was particularly interested in the implementation of processes for constitutional genome-wide sequencing data analysis following industrial standards and bioinformatics good practices. Then, in the detection of copy number variations from exome sequencing data, but under-explored by many laboratories.Finally, this thesis has allowed the development and the initiation of collaborations still active today. This has been concretized by a study on detection of small somatic variations in an in vitro model of cancer development linked to the cellular microenvironment, the detection of structural variations using the innovative Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology and the comparison of prioritization methodologies for genetic variations using clinical descriptions based on HPO terms. ; Le nombre de maladies rares est estimé à entre 5000 et 8000 pathologies distinctes. Elles sont individuellement rares puisque par définition elles affectent moins de 1 individu sur 2000 dans la population générale, mais leur nombre les rend collectivement ...

The number of rare diseases is assessed between 5000 and 8000 distinct pathologies. Individually, these diseases are rare, but together they represent a major health problem at the population level. Because of the limited number of patients with certain diseases and the lack of knowledge about them, diagnosis for patients is often delayed.More than 80 % of rare diseases have a genetic origin, the vast majority of which are monogenic. The democratization of high-throughput sequencing technologies since 2005 has allowed the massive acquisition of genomic data from both healthy individuals and patients. However, establishing a diagnosis of a rare disease with current molecular biology technologies remains difficult.The industrial-scale application of exome and genome sequencing analyses associated with the constant increase in medical knowledge represents a concrete hope to bring a diagnosis to the majority of patients concerned by a rare disease suspected to be genetic.This thesis was particularly interested in the implementation of processes for constitutional genome-wide sequencing data analysis following industrial standards and bioinformatics good practices. Then, in the detection of copy number variations from exome sequencing data, but under-explored by many laboratories.Finally, this thesis has allowed the development and the initiation of collaborations still active today. This has been concretized by a study on detection of small somatic variations in an in vitro model of cancer development linked to the cellular microenvironment, the detection of structural variations using the innovative Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology and the comparison of prioritization methodologies for genetic variations using clinical descriptions based on HPO terms. ; Le nombre de maladies rares est estimé à entre 5000 et 8000 pathologies distinctes. Elles sont individuellement rares puisque par définition elles affectent moins de 1 individu sur 2000 dans la population générale, mais leur nombre les rend collectivement ...

The number of rare diseases is assessed between 5000 and 8000 distinct pathologies. Individually, these diseases are rare, but together they represent a major health problem at the population level. Because of the limited number of patients with certain diseases and the lack of knowledge about them, diagnosis for patients is often delayed.More than 80 % of rare diseases have a genetic origin, the vast majority of which are monogenic. The democratization of high-throughput sequencing technologies since 2005 has allowed the massive acquisition of genomic data from both healthy individuals and patients. However, establishing a diagnosis of a rare disease with current molecular biology technologies remains difficult.The industrial-scale application of exome and genome sequencing analyses associated with the constant increase in medical knowledge represents a concrete hope to bring a diagnosis to the majority of patients concerned by a rare disease suspected to be genetic.This thesis was particularly interested in the implementation of processes for constitutional genome-wide sequencing data analysis following industrial standards and bioinformatics good practices. Then, in the detection of copy number variations from exome sequencing data, but under-explored by many laboratories.Finally, this thesis has allowed the development and the initiation of collaborations still active today. This has been concretized by a study on detection of small somatic variations in an in vitro model of cancer development linked to the cellular microenvironment, the detection of structural variations using the innovative Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology and the comparison of prioritization methodologies for genetic variations using clinical descriptions based on HPO terms. ; Le nombre de maladies rares est estimé à entre 5000 et 8000 pathologies distinctes. Elles sont individuellement rares puisque par définition elles affectent moins de 1 individu sur 2000 dans la population générale, mais leur nombre les rend collectivement ...

National audience ; In Germany, the legal and planning framework for establishing a biotope network has been in place since 2002 through inclusion in the Federal Nature Conservation Act ("Bundesnaturschutzgesetz" BNatSchG). Nevertheless, there is a discrepancy between theory and practice at all planning levels. Despite a wide range of information, successes have so far been achieved in Baden-Württemberg rather intermittently, particularly at the municipal level. Various model projects have been initiated with state funding since 2015. The German Federation for the Environment and Nature Conservation (Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, BUND) - one of the largest nature conservation associations in Germany - has tested the planning, implementation and safeguarding of biotope network habitat measures in two municipalities in Baden-Württemberg. This article outlines the framework conditions for the implementation of a state-wide biotope network at the municipal level. The steps from planning to implementation are described using concrete measures. The conclusion highlights the challenges and successes and shows opportunities for continued municipal commitment to a state-wide biotope network. ; En Allemagne, le cadre juridique et de planification pour l'établissement d'un réseau de biotopes est en place depuis 2002 grâce à son intégration dans la loi fédérale sur la protection de la nature ("Bundesnaturschutzgesetz" BNatSchG). Néanmoins, un décalage s'est instauré entre la théorie et la pratique à tous les niveaux de planification. Malgré une grande campagne d'informations, les succès enregistrés jusqu'à présent dans le Bade-Wurtemberg sont plutôt ponctuels, en particulier au niveau municipal. Divers projets modèles sont lancés avec le financement du land depuis 2015. La Fédération allemande pour l'environnement et la protection de la nature (Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, BUND) - l'une des plus grandes associations de protection de la nature en Allemagne - a testé la planification, la mise en ...

International audience ; The international milieu of town planning is an exciting web of people, books, exhibits, congresses or ideas. Its exploration is a tool to complete our national-oriented understandings of the ways in which the urban scene was conceived in the 20th century. This article sets its exploration in the wider context of the "Urban Internationale", this sphere dedicated to the declensions of "urban issues" such as town planning, housing and urban government. It is proposed that the IU is structured around three poles: volontary associations, international institutions and the big US philantropic Foundations. The evolution of those poles, and the relations amongst them, shaped the way in which the 'urban issues' were defined and treated.

International audience ; The international milieu of town planning is an exciting web of people, books, exhibits, congresses or ideas. Its exploration is a tool to complete our national-oriented understandings of the ways in which the urban scene was conceived in the 20th century. This article sets its exploration in the wider context of the "Urban Internationale", this sphere dedicated to the declensions of "urban issues" such as town planning, housing and urban government. It is proposed that the IU is structured around three poles: volontary associations, international institutions and the big US philantropic Foundations. The evolution of those poles, and the relations amongst them, shaped the way in which the 'urban issues' were defined and treated.

International audience ; The international milieu of town planning is an exciting web of people, books, exhibits, congresses or ideas. Its exploration is a tool to complete our national-oriented understandings of the ways in which the urban scene was conceived in the 20th century. This article sets its exploration in the wider context of the "Urban Internationale", this sphere dedicated to the declensions of "urban issues" such as town planning, housing and urban government. It is proposed that the IU is structured around three poles: volontary associations, international institutions and the big US philantropic Foundations. The evolution of those poles, and the relations amongst them, shaped the way in which the 'urban issues' were defined and treated.

International audience ; The international milieu of town planning is an exciting web of people, books, exhibits, congresses or ideas. Its exploration is a tool to complete our national-oriented understandings of the ways in which the urban scene was conceived in the 20th century. This article sets its exploration in the wider context of the "Urban Internationale", this sphere dedicated to the declensions of "urban issues" such as town planning, housing and urban government. It is proposed that the IU is structured around three poles: volontary associations, international institutions and the big US philantropic Foundations. The evolution of those poles, and the relations amongst them, shaped the way in which the 'urban issues' were defined and treated.

International audience ; The international milieu of town planning is an exciting web of people, books, exhibits, congresses or ideas. Its exploration is a tool to complete our national-oriented understandings of the ways in which the urban scene was conceived in the 20th century. This article sets its exploration in the wider context of the "Urban Internationale", this sphere dedicated to the declensions of "urban issues" such as town planning, housing and urban government. It is proposed that the IU is structured around three poles: volontary associations, international institutions and the big US philantropic Foundations. The evolution of those poles, and the relations amongst them, shaped the way in which the 'urban issues' were defined and treated.

International audience ; Several initiatives have been launched at the European level with the aim of creating migrants associations networks. But these initiatives are often confronted to difficulties when it comes to defining which categories of populations should be included, or the themes for an European-wide mobilisation. Two examples are thus analysed to explain those difficulties: the Migrants Forum set up by the Council of European Communities, and SCORE (UK) launched by British associations. Apart from the difficulty to create coherent categories, considering the variety of situations in Europe (in terms of populations, statuses, etc.), a more fundamental issue is to discuss whther the central point at stake is the fight against racism, or the fight for citizenship. ; Un certain nombre d'initiatives existent au niveau européen, visant à constituer des réseaux d'associations immigrées. Ces tentatives sont pourtant souvent confrontées à des difficultés quand il s'agit de déterminer les catégories de populations auxquelles il convient de s'adresser, ou les thèmes centraux de mobilisation européenne. Deux exemples sont alors analysés pour illustrer ces difficultés: celui du Forum des Migrants, mis en place par le Conseil des Communautés Européennes, et celui de SCORE (UK), lancé par des associations britanniques. Au-delà de la difficulté à constituer des catégories cohérentes face à la diversité des situations en Europe (en termes de populations, de statuts, etc.), la question fondamentale qui est posée est celle de savoir si l'enjeu central aujourd'hui est celui de la lutte contre le racisme ou celui de la citoyenneté.

M. Aurillac
It is not so much the forms of administration which are new but rather the way in which they are used, i.e. on a regional level. When the 1972 Law came into force, this was greeted by a certain amount of suspicion on the part of the Regional Council vis-a-vis the State administrative machinery and the development of polymorphous structures entrusted with a wide range of functions, e.g. State enterprises, associations, semi-public companies. No one will deny their efficiency but their use involves grave dangers which demonstrate the limits of para-administration, e.g. hostility between these organisations and government departments and the surrender of power by elected assemblies to intermediary bodies which threaten to usurp their authority.

The connections between preaching, politics, and society have been manifold yet varied in the period from late Antiquity to the end of the Middle Ages. In this multi-lingual volume, these associations are studied within their historical context over twelve new contributions, addressing a wide range of geographical areas and opening up a series of sources which have previously been neglected. Special attention is paid to the cultural and geographical circumstances in which the complex relationship between political thought and preaching should be explored. These contributions reveal the circumstances and the procedures that inspire various preachers to reflect upon political topics, which are often of a sensitive nature. In this way, the powerful and the general public of believers have access to an array of political ideas, allowing opinion-making and political discussion

Non-profit organizations (NPO) help in keeping alive those pluralist places which are vital for democracy making processes. The link between the vitality of the voluntary sector and the production of social capital is established because NPO take an active part in the confidence spreading process which is necessary for smooth institutional and economic management. However, the concept of social capital is based on arguable postulates: a «determinist» and a «liberal» one. In the thesis, we have thus tried to deconstruct these theoretical a priori constructions in the complex reality of Sicily in order to use the concept of social capital in a wider interpretative framework. This interpretative framework is thus not limited to the exclusive analysis of social interactions within networks but takes into account the specific nature of their background. Hence, it is possible to re-introduce the modalities of interaction between NPO and authorities as well as the role of the institutions in the production of social capital. ; Les associations contribuent à garder en vie les espaces de pluralisme indispensables à la démocratie. Un lien est établi entre vitalité associative et production de capital social, car les associations participent à la généralisation de la confiance, nécessaire au bon fonctionnement institutionnel et économique. Cependant, la notion de capital social se fonde sur des postulats discutables : l'un « déterministe » et l'autre « libéraliste ». Ainsi, à partir d'une réalité « complexe », celle de la Sicile, nous avons essayé de déconstruire ces a priori théoriques. Ceci afin d'utiliser la notion de capital social dans un cadre interprétatif plus ample qui, d'une part ne s'arrête pas à la seule analyse des interactions sociales au sein des réseaux mais prend en compte la nature spécifique de leur contexte. Et, d'autre part, puisse réintroduire les modalités d'interaction entre associations et pouvoirs publics ainsi que le rôle des institutions dans la production de capital social.

Non-profit organizations (NPO) help in keeping alive those pluralist places which are vital for democracy making processes. The link between the vitality of the voluntary sector and the production of social capital is established because NPO take an active part in the confidence spreading process which is necessary for smooth institutional and economic management. However, the concept of social capital is based on arguable postulates: a «determinist» and a «liberal» one. In the thesis, we have thus tried to deconstruct these theoretical a priori constructions in the complex reality of Sicily in order to use the concept of social capital in a wider interpretative framework. This interpretative framework is thus not limited to the exclusive analysis of social interactions within networks but takes into account the specific nature of their background. Hence, it is possible to re-introduce the modalities of interaction between NPO and authorities as well as the role of the institutions in the production of social capital. ; Les associations contribuent à garder en vie les espaces de pluralisme indispensables à la démocratie. Un lien est établi entre vitalité associative et production de capital social, car les associations participent à la généralisation de la confiance, nécessaire au bon fonctionnement institutionnel et économique. Cependant, la notion de capital social se fonde sur des postulats discutables : l'un « déterministe » et l'autre « libéraliste ». Ainsi, à partir d'une réalité « complexe », celle de la Sicile, nous avons essayé de déconstruire ces a priori théoriques. Ceci afin d'utiliser la notion de capital social dans un cadre interprétatif plus ample qui, d'une part ne s'arrête pas à la seule analyse des interactions sociales au sein des réseaux mais prend en compte la nature spécifique de leur contexte. Et, d'autre part, puisse réintroduire les modalités d'interaction entre associations et pouvoirs publics ainsi que le rôle des institutions dans la production de capital social.