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Ben Bradshaw is an Associate Professor in Geography. His main strand of research focuses on relations between Aboriginal communities and mining firms in Canada, and especially their use of negotiated agreements – typically called Impact and Benefit Agreements (IBAs) - to settle their differences. This research has been aggressively oriented towards the needs of IBA signatories, which has been achieved, in part, through the creation of the popular IBA research network. Related work has sought to assist communities to develop a meaningful but systematic means of tracking change in their well-being in light of mining. For more information about Ben Bradshaw's research, please go to his website at https://www.uoguelph.ca/geography/people/faculty/bradshaw.shtml Noella Gray is an Assistant Professor in Geography. Broadly, she is interested in the politics of conservation and environmental governance – in how access to natural resources is defined, contested and legitimated by resource users, experts, civil society and the state. More specifically, she considers how science is incorporated into environmental policy, the politics of scale in marine conservation, and how resource management policies are negotiated under co-management arrangements. For more information about Noella Gray's research, please go to her website at https://www.uoguelph.ca/geography/people/faculty/gray.shtml ; Ben Bradshaw assists Aboriginal communities in Canada to track health outcomes related to mining; works to support relations with mining companies.Noella Gray informs marine conservation policy across scales, from global negotiations to local participation and tourism in marine protected areas.

This book highlights the increasingly important contribution of geographical theory to the understanding of social change, values, economic & political organization and ethical imperatives. As a cohesive collection of chapters from well-known geographers in Britain and North America, it reflects the aims of the contributors in striving to bridge the gap between the historical-materialist and humanist interpretations of human geography. The book deals with both the contemporary issues outlined above and the situation in which they emerge: industrial restructuring, planning, women's issues, soci

In 1986, 585 out of 5,686 members of the Association of American Geographers declared their allegiance to the Historical Geography Specialty Group; among 50 AAG specialty groups, the historical geographers ranked 7th. Yet one prominent human geographer regards historical geography as "overdetermined," an "empty concept" conveying "few (if any) significant analytical distinctions" (Dear 1988: 270). Dear's argument is that, by definition, all geography should be historical, since "the central object in human geography is to understand the simultaneity of time and space in structuring social process." So the only subdisciplines of human geography which have any intellectual coherence are those focused on distinct processes—political, economic, social. To me, even this distinction is unrealistic and impracticable for research purposes. But Dear does not go so far as to argue that historical geography or other "overdetermined," "multidimensional," or "peripheral" subdisciplines are wrong, merely that they are incidental to geography's "intellectual identity."

This text introduces both traditional and contemporary approaches and perspectives in urban geography. It explores the roles played by global cities, governments and institutions in forming and changing urban landscapes. This third edition has a new concluding chapter giving students' ideas for their dissertations

Military geography in Australia is being revived. Under the Institute of Australian Geographers a Strategic and Military Geography Study Group has been formed to contribute some new thinking on military geography. Current themes are: strategic security geography, strategic military geography and military landscape ecology. The initial work of the group is framed by four key tenets: thinking "big picture" and taking a holistic view; using systems thinking; taking a participatory approach and engaging broadly; and using a multi-level learning process that maps across tactical, operational and strategic military domains. These concepts are applied through methodologies such as Systemic Action Research (Burns 2009) and are described in Holloway et al (2015) as an analytical framework that includes physical geography, human geography and cyber-geography. These explorations are firmly based on existing theories and practices in military geography and integrative geography, and seek to consider inter-linked fields such as post-conflict activities and humanitarian aid. The outcomes of the group's inaugural meeting included consideration of climate change impacts on the military and on security, Defence land management and military ecology, Defence-civilian information sharing and joint operations, teaching and using geography within Defence. Problem based and mission based research, integrated researchThe paper outlines this new thinking, some results and discusses potential opportunities for collaborations with other researchers interested in strategic and military geography.

By Definition, an Encyclopaedia is "A Work that Aims at Giving a comprehensive summary of all branches of knowledge… Encyclopaedias usually consist of articles on separate subjects arranged in dictionary or alphabetical order to facilitate use… ." A more differentiated view is given by the New Encyclopaedia Britannica, which describes encyclopaedias as follows: "Today most people think of an encyclopaedia as a multivolume compendium of all available knowledge, complete with maps and a detailed index, as well as numerous adjuncts such as bibliographies, illustrations, list of abbreviations and foreign expressions, gazetteers, and so on…"Unlike the Encyclopaedia Americana or the Encyclopaedia Britannica, whose primary goals have been and still are to serve as comprehensive and always up-to-date works of reference of general knowledge, the Encyclopaedia Iranica would fall under the category of specialized encyclopaedias "that have deliberately been planned for a special purpose" or even better: encyclopaedias of countries and regions "dealing with a single country and region."

In 1904 Sir Halford Mackinder published his seminal paper The Geographical Pivot of History demonstrating the central position of political geography in the study of geography as a whole; a century later and political geography is still at the heart of human geography. Yet over time political geography has experienced many significant ups and downs, eventually recovering to a position of renewed pre-eminence as the last century drew to a close. This fascinating journey, charted by this equally fascinating book, forms a key part of the history of the evolution of spatial science. Beyond a narra

Investigates the way geographers have sought to make sense of urban transformation. This book critically synthesizes key literatures in the following areas: approaches to urban geography; economic geography of the city; urban policy; new urban forms and landscapes; impacts of urban change; and, sustainability and the city