Suchergebnisse

Bu yüksek lisans tezinde Soğuk Savaş sonrası oluşan yeni Dünya düzeninde, Dünya haritasında üstünlük kuran ABD'nin, tek kutup olarak lider sürdürdüğü uluslararası sahnede Rusya ile yaşadığı güç mücadelesi hegemonya ve enerji bağlamında tarih boyunca önemli bir coğrafi konumda bulunan Baltık Deniz'i ve Doğu Akdeniz iki deniz hattı üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Geçmişten günümüze enerji kaynaklarına ulaşmak ve sahip olmak her zaman kritik bir öneme sahip olmuştur. Gelişen teknoloji ve küreselleşen Dünya ile yeni enerji sahaları keşfedilmiş ve enerji ihtiyacı artan dünya nüfusu ile artmıştır. Soğuk Savaş süreci sonrası geçiş dönemini atlatan Rusya Federasyonu sahip olduğu enerji kaynakları ve kurduğu ilişkiler ile Dünya sahnesine tekrar büyük bir güç olarak kendine yer bulmuştur. Bölgesel olarak gücünü pekiştiren Rusya bu süreç sonrasında ise Dünya düzeninin hegemonik gücü Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile mücadeleye girmiştir. Bu mücadele güç kavramı ve enerjinin önemi bakımından analiz edilmiştir. Tarihsel süreçte geçirilen aşamalar Realizm ilkesi çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Realizme göre sistemde temel aktör devletlerdir ve gücünü fazla artıran veya tehdit oluşturan devletlere karşı güç dengesi siyaseti ABD-Rusya çatışması çerçevesinde incelenmiş ve bu güç mücadelesi Dünya sahnesindeki diğer devletlerin bu güç çatışmasında aldığı pozisyonlar ve politikalar ile analiz edilmiştir. Dünya sahnesinde yükselen Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti ve Avrupa Birliği lokomotifi Almanya bu mücadelede önemli bir konumdadır. Jeopolitik olarak güç mücadelesine sahne olan bu coğrafyada enerjinin ulusların izlediği politikada önemi vurgulanmış ve uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri ile politikalar hegemonya mücadelesi bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. ; In this master's thesis, in the new World order formed after the Cold War, the power struggle of the USA, which has gained dominance on the world map, with Russia on the international stage, where it maintains as the leader as a single pole, is the Baltic Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean, which have been in an important geographical position throughout history in terms of hegemony and energy It is handled over two sea lines. From past to present, reaching and owning energy resources has always been of critical importance. With the developing technology and the globalizing world, new energy fields have been discovered and the need for energy has increased with the increasing world population. The Russian Federation, which has survived the transition period after the Cold War process, has once again found its place on the world stage as a great power with its energy resources and relations it has established. Russia, which strengthened its power regionally, entered into a struggle with the United States of America, the hegemonic power of the world order after this process. This struggle has been analyzed in terms of the concept of power and the importance of energy. The stages passed in the historical process have been evaluated within the framework of the principle of Realism. According to realism, the main actor in the system is the states, and the balance of power policy against the states that increase their power too much or pose a threat has been examined within the framework of the US-Russia conflict, and this power struggle has been analyzed with the positions and policies of other states on the world stage in this power conflict. Rising on the world stage, the People's Republic of China and Germany, the locomotive of the European Union, have an important position in this struggle. In this geography, which is the scene of a geopolitical power struggle, the importance of energy in the politics of the nations has been emphasized and international relations theories and policies have been evaluated in the context of the struggle for hegemony.

Dış ticaret ve yatırım politikaları, ülkelerin ekonomik kalkınma, sanayileşme ve bu sayede sosyal refahı sağlama hedefine ulaşmada kullandığı en önemli temel araçların başında gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada; 2002-2012 yılları arasında ülkeler düzeyinde gerçekleştirmiş olduğumuz dış ticaret istatistikleri ile yatırım verileri arasında esas alınan 90 ülke 1 için, 2012 yılı ihracat, ithalat ve 2011 yılı doğrudan yatırım değerlerine yönelik rank korelasyonu ve kümeleme analizi yapılmıştır. Her üç değişkene göre de 2002-2012 yılları arasında ülke sıralamaları dikkate alındığında, çok değişken bir yapının olduğu dikkati çekmektedir. Ülkemiz 2012 yılında en fazla ihracatı Almanya ile yapmış ve bu durum 2002 yılından, 2012 yılına kadar da değişmemiştir. Aynı yıllar arasında ülkemiz 2006-2012 arasında en fazla ithalatı Rusya Federasyonu'ndan yaparken, 2002-2005 yılları arasında ise en fazla ithalatı Almanya'dan yapmıştır. Yurt içinde yerleşiklerin en fazla yatırım yaptığı ülke de 2002-2011 yılları arasında Hollanda olmuştur. 2012 yılı değerlerine göre ihracatta ilk üçteki ülke; Almanya, Irak, İran, ithalatta ilk üçteki ülke; Rusya Federasyonu, Almanya ve Çin iken, yatırımda da ilk üçteki ülke; Hollanda, Azerbaycan ve ABD'dir. Türk firmalarının yurt dışındaki yatırımları Batı Avrupa, Doğu Avrupa-Balkanlar, Orta Asya ve Afrika olmak üzere dört bölgede yoğunlaşma göstermektedir. 2002-2012 yılları arasında ihracat değerlerine göre ülkelerin sıra numaralarına yönelik rank korelâsyon katsayısı en yüksek değerine 0,983 ile (α=0,01 yanılma düzeyinde) 2006-2007 yılında ve 0,985 değeri ile de (α=0,01 yanılma düzeyinde) 2010-2011 yılında sahipken, ithalat değerlerine göre de rank korelâsyonu α=0,01 yanılma düzeyinde en yüksek değerine 0,991 değeri ile 2009- 2010 yılında sahiptir. Yatırım değerine göre ülkelerin sıra numarası rank korelâsyonu da α=0,01 yanılma düzeyinde en yüksek değerine 0,984 değeri ile 2006-2007 yılında sahiptir. Ülkelerin; ihracat, ithalat ve yatırım değerlerine göre rank korelâsyon katsayısı takip eden bir sonraki yıl ile en yüksek değerine sahiptir. Seçilen 90 ülke 2002-2012 yılları arası ihracat, ithalat ve doğrudan yatırım değerlerine göre kümeleme analizine tabi tutulduğunda da ABD, İran ile bir küme oluştururken, Almanya, Çin, Hollanda ve Rusya Federasyonu ise tek başlarına birer küme oluşturmuş ve 90 ülkeden 80'i ise bir kümede yer almıştır. ; Foreign trade and investment policies, the countries' economic development, industrialization, and thus used in achieving the goal of providing social welfare is one of the most important basic tools. In this study, which was carried out at the country level between 2002-2012 and investment, foreign trade statistics between the data structure is depicted. Among the 90 countries taken as a basis for the relevant period of 2012, exports, imports and foreign direct investment in 2011 is taken into account in terms of country rankings, it is noteworthy that a structure variable. In 2012, the maximum export country, and this is done with Germany in 2002, it remained unchanged until 2012. In the same years in our country most of the imports of the Russian Federation 2006-2012, while in 2002- 2005 made the most of the imports from Germany. Residents in the country of the Netherlands between 2002-2011 has been more investment in the country. The first on three countries in 2012 according to the values of exports, Germany, Iraq, Iran, the country imports the first on three of the Russian Federation, Germany, and China, while the investment in the first on three countries, the Netherlands, Azerbaijan and the United States. Turkish firms' overseas investments, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, the Balkans, the Middle East and Africa region, including the concentration of four shows. Exports between 2002-2012 according to the values of the rank correlation coefficient for the sequence numbers of the countries with the highest value of 0.983 (α=0.01 level of error) with the value in 2006-2007 and 0.985 (α=0.01 error level) 2010-2011 years, while the rank correlation according to the values of imports and error at the level of α=0.01 in 2009-2010 with the value of 0.991 is the highest value. Investment value of the rank correlation of the sequence number of countries in the α=0.01 level of error in 2006-2007 with the highest value is the value of 0.984. Countries' exports, imports and investment values, followed by the next year, with the rank correlation coefficient has the highest value. The selected 90 countries between the years of 2002 to 2012 exports, imports and foreign direct investment were subjected to cluster analysis according to the values in the U.S., creating a cluster with Iran, China, Germany, the Netherlands and the Russian Federation alone, 90 countries and 80 formed in a cluster has been involved in a cluster.

Soğuk Savaş'ın sona ermesi tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Ortadoğu coğrafyasında da yeni bir dönemin başladığını ifade etmektedir. Soğuk Savaş'ın galibi ABD zengin petrol yataklarına sahip olan Irak üzerinde planlar yapmaya başlamıştır. Körfez Krizi ve 2003 Irak işgali bu planların somutlaştığı gelişmelerdir. Türkiye-Irak ilişkilerinin ekonomi politiğine yönelik bir çalışmada, küresel güçlerin çizdiği çerçeveden bağımsız bir analiz yapmak mümkün değildir. 1990'lı yıllarda Türkiye-Irak ilişkilerini belirleyen temel dinamik Körfez Krizi'dir. Körfez Krizi öncesi Türkiye-Irak ekonomik ilişkileri zirve noktasındayken, krizin başlamasıyla durma noktasına gelmiştir. BM'nin Irak'a uyguladığı ambargonun, iki ülke ilişkilerinin bozulmasında önemli bir payı vardır. 2000 sonrasında ABD'nin Irak işgali, bölgesel gelişmeleri tekrar derinden etkilemiştir. 2003 yılındaki işgal sonrasında bu kez iki ülke arasındaki ekonomik ve ticari ilişkilerin hızla toparlandığı görülmüştür. Türkiye ve Irak arasındaki ticaret işgalden sonraki yıllarda hızlı bir artış içinde olmuştur. 2013 yılı verilerine göre Irak, Türkiye'nin ihracat yaptığı ülkeler arasında Almanya'nın ardından ikinci sırada yer almaktadır. Bu dönemde iki ülke arasında "Kapsamlı Ekonomik İşbirliği Anlaşması" ve "Yüksek Düzeyli Stratejik İşbirliği' gibi diyalog mekanizmaları devreye sokulmuştur. Türk dış politikası; Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi iktidarında çok taraflılık, çok boyutluluk, komşularla iyi ilişkiler ve aktif dış politika gibi yeni kavramlarla şekillenmiştir. Bu yeni bakış Irak, İran ve Suriye gibi komşu ülkelerle daha iyi ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkiler kurmayı öngörmektedir. Yeni bir vizyonla Türkiye-Irak arasındaki ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkilere olumlu bir hava hakim olmuştur. Arap Baharı gelişmeleri ise Türkiye ve Irak arasındaki olumlu politik ortamı bozucu bir etki göstermiştir. Özellikle Suriye'deki iç savaş üzerinden iki ülke siyasi gerginlikler yaşamıştır. Çalışmada Türkiye ve Irak arasındaki ilişkiler ekonomi politik bir perspektifle açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde, iki ülke arasındaki siyasi ve ekonomik gelişmelerin nasıl bir etkileşim içinde olduğu analiz edilmiştir. ; The ending of the Cold War represents the start of a new era in the Middle East as well as all over the world. The winner of the Cold War, the U.S., has began to make plans on Iraq which has rich oil reserves. Gulf Crisis and the 2003 invasion of Iraq are the manifestation of these plans. In a study of the political economy of Türkiye-Iraq relations, it is not possible to make an analysis independent from the scope of global power. In the 1990s, the fundamental dynamics of the Turkey-Iraq relations is the Gulf Crisis. With the start of the Gulf Crisis, Turkey-Iraq economic relations come to a standstill while those relations were at the peak before the Crisis. There is a significant share of the the UN embargo on Iraq in the deterioration of relations between two countries. U.S. invasion of Iraq has deeply affected regional affairs again after 2000. After the invasion in 2003 it has been observed that economic and trade relations between two countries recovered rapidly,. The trade between Turkey and Iraq has been soared in subsequent years after invasion. According to 2013 data, Iraq ranks second, following Germany, among the exporting countries of Turkey. During this period, some initiatives on dialogue between two countries like "Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement" and "High Level Strategic Cooperation Council" have been put in place Turkish foreign policy was shaped by new concepts such as multilateralism, multidimensionality, good relations with neighbors and active foreign policy, in the ruling Justice and Development Party. This new approach forsees that to establish better economic and political relations with neighboring countries such as Iraq, Iran and Syria. With a new vision a positive mood has been dominated the economic and political relations between Turkey and Iraq. As for Arab Spring developments, it has been a destructive effect on the positive political atmosphere between Turkey and Iraq. Especially over the civil war in Syria, the two countries have experienced political tensions. In this study, the relations between Turkey and Iraq have attempted to explain with a political economy perspective. In the Post-Cold War period, it has been analyzed how is the interaction of political and economic developments between the two countries.

Yüksek Lisans Tezi ; Savaş sadece Avrupa ile sınırlı kalmamış bütün dünyaya yayılmıştır. Dolayısıyla Türkiye'de yeni dünya düzeninden fazlasıyla etkilenmiGtir. Sovyetler Birliği, ikinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Boğazlarda üs ile Kars veArdahan'ı istemiştir.Bu istekler Türkiye'yi endişelendirmiştir.Türkiye,güvenliğini sağlamak için Batı ile özellikle Ara Birleşik Devletleri ile yakınlaşmaya çalışmıştır. NATO'nun ortaya çıkması Türkiye'yi memnun etmiş, Türkiye, NATO'ya üye olmak için yoğun çaba göstermiştir. Türkiye önce Truman Doktrini'nden faydalanmış daha sonra Marshall Planı'na dâhil olmuştur. Türkiye, NATO'ya katılabilmek için Kore Savaşı'na da asker yollamış ve sonunda 1952 yıllında NATO'ya üye olmuştur. NATO'ya girme çabası ve NATO üyeliği Türkiye'yi birçok alanda etkilemiştir. Bu çaba Türkiye'nin çok partili hayata geçişinde etkili olmuştur. NATO üyeliği de Türkiye'nin dış politikasına büyük ölçüde nüfuz etmiştir. Balkan İttifakı, Bağdat Paktı, CENTO, gibi oluşumlar NATO etkisi le ortaya çıkmıştır. NATO ayrıca Türkiye'nin Kıbrıs politikasını da derinden etkilemiştir. ; Abstract ; The United States of America, Great Britain and the Soviet Union fought together against Germany during the Secend World War. These states during the Second World War began to plan the post war world. However the victory against Germany began to be apparent differences of opinion among the Allies increased. With the end of the Second World War the cooperatin among the Allies ended. Europen states were greatly damaged in the Second World War and after the war the United States of America and the Soviet Union were superpower in the world. The Soviet Union taking advantage of absence of a power to stop him in Europe established communist regimes in Eastern Europe countries that were occupied by him during the war. Thus the Soviet Union seized an important part of Europe. In the face of threat posed by the Soviet Union, the United Stataes of America and Western Europe states were forced to take action. These states firstly implemented Marshall Plan for organizing economic life. Later NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was established to organize military force. The Soviet Union against the activites of the Western states, established Molotov Plan to preserve economic relationship among states that governed by him. In additon the Soviet Union established Warsaw Pact with states that governed by him. The period after the Second World War rivalty and fight between the United States of America and the Soviet Union, was called the Cold War. The Cold War was not limited to Europe. It spread all over the world. Therefore Turkey was influenced by new world order.

Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ ALİHAN LİMONCUOĞLU Yer Bilgisi: İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı / Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bilim Dalı Konu: Uluslararası İlişkiler = International Relations Dizin: 1 Mart 2003 Tezkeresi = 1 March 2003 Note ; 11 Eylül 2001 olayı = Event of September 11th ; 1980 sonrası = After 1980 ; 1990 sonrası = After 1990 ; Bağımlılık = Dependency ; Ham petrol = Crude oil ; TBMM Hükümeti = TBMM Government ; 11 Eylül saldırısından sonra ki döneme bakıldığında ABD yönetimi geniş Ortadoğu Projesini ileri sürerek bütün dikkatini bu bölgeye yoğunlaştırmıştır. George Bush, Ortadoğu'ya demokrasi getirme eğiliminde bulunurken diğer bir taraftan da bu projeye muhalefet olan hükümetleri zorla bu demokratikleşme projesine dahil etmeye çalışmıştır. Fakat ABD'nin asıl üzerinde durduğu konu Ortadoğu bölgesi demokratikleşmediği müddetçe batı düşmanlığı bu bölgede sona ermeyecek ve istikrar sağlanamayacaktı. Fakat unutulmamalıdır ki mevcut olan düzen içerisinde Ortadoğu'nun demokratikleşmesi olası değildi. Bundan dolayı da başvurulan yöntem rejimlerin zorla ortadan kaldırılmasıydı. Bu anlamda ABD'nin müttefiklerine dayattığı tek seçenek savaş seçeneğiydi. ABD, Irak'a askeri işgalde bulunurken birçok neden öne sürmüştür. Bunlardan en önemlisi ise bölgede yer alan kitle imha silahları olmuştur. Fakat Irak'a bakıldığında böyle bir durum söz konusu değildi. Dikkat edilmesi gerekilen aslında bu askeri müdahalenin altında yatan gizli nedenlerdi. İşte gizli neden olarak karşımıza ulusların ekonomik çıkarları çıkmaktaydı. Bununda asıl nedeni Ortadoğu bölgesinin Jeopolitik konumu olmuştur. İşgal yapılırken ABD, BM'den ya da önemli uluslararası kuruluşlardan destek görmeye çalışmıştır. Fakat destek görmeyip aksine uluslararası kurumlar ve toplumlar tarafından çok eleştirilmiştir. Irak'a askeri müdahale de bulunulmasının nedeni ABD'nin ulusal çıkarlarıydı. Bu durumdan dolayı da başta Almanya ve Fransa bu gerçekleşecek olan savaşa karşı çıkmıştır. Bu iki ülke başta olmak üzere birçok ülkenin ABD ile aralarında çatışma başlamıştır. Bu iki ülkenin düşüncesine göre savaş olan bir ülke varsa başarısız devlet vardır. Yeni bir başarısız devletin ortaya çıkması istikrarsızlığın ve tehdidin ortaya çıkması demektir. Bunlara ek olarak BM'ni prensiplerine bakacak olursak; uluslararası bir sistemde devletler güce ve güç kullanma tehdidine başvurmaktan kaçınmalıdırlar. BM anlaşması gereğince kuvvet kullanma yasağı söz konusudur. Eğer herhangi bir devlet uluslararası barışa ve güvenliğe zarar verirse BM Güvenlik Konseyi devreye girerek tehdit olan hükümeti tespit ederek önlemini alır. BM, belirli koşullarda ülkelere kuvvet kullanımını uygun görmüştür. Bu müdahale meşru müdafaa kapsamı içerisinde yer almaktadır. Fakat unutulmamalıdır ki Irak savaşının birinci ve en önemli nedeni ulusal çıkarların işin içerisinde olmasıydı. Bundan dolayı hiçbir şekilde Irak savaşı konusunda ABD'nin meşru müdafaa hakkı yoktur. Irak savaşı uluslararası hukuk açısından eleştirilen bir savaştı. Irak savaşı liberal dünyanın güvenliği konusunda bir ikilik oluşturmuştur. ABD'nin askeri gücüne dayalı tek yancılık politikası vardı. Avrupa ise uluslararası kurumlara ve hukuka dikkat çekerek çok taraflı politikaya sahipti. Soğuk savaş bittikten sonra ABD'nin tek yancılık düşüncesi büyük tepki görmüştür. ; Looking at the period after the September 11 attack, the US administration has focused on the Middle East Project and concentrated all of its attention in this region. While George Bush tended to bring democracy to the Middle East, on the other hand he tried to force the governments that were opposed to this project into the project of democratization. The main issue was that unless the Middle East region was democratized, the enmity of the West would not end and stability would not be achieved. But it should not be forgotten that it was not possible to democratize the Middle East in the existing order. Therefore, the thought applied is the forced elimination of regimes. The United States has put forward several reasons in the military occupation of Iraq. The most important of these was the mass destruction weapons in the region. But this was not the case. The fact that it was important to note that this was the secret cause of the military intervention. This is the hidden cause of the nations of our own interests. The main reason was the Geopolitical position of the Middle East region. In the occupation, the United States has sought support from the UN or important international institutions. But it has not received support but has been criticized by international institutions and societies. The reason for the military intervention in Iraq is national interests. Because of this situation, Germany and France opposed this war. The conflict between the two countries, particularly the United States, has begun. In the opinion of these two countries, if there is a country with war, there is a failed state. The emergence of a new failed state means the emergence of instability and threat. If we look at the principles of the UN, states should avoid resorting to power and the threat of using force in an international system. The use of force is prohibited in accordance with the UN agreement. If any state harms international peace and security, the UN Security Council will take action to identify the threatening government. The UN considers the use of force in countries under certain conditions. This intervention is included in the scope of self-defense. But it should not be forgotten that the most important reason for the Iraq war in 2003 was that national interests were involved. Therefore, the US has no right of self-defense in the Iraq war. The 2003 Iraq war was the most criticized and punishable war in terms of international law. The Iraq war has created a duality in the security of the liberal world. The US had a single policy based on military power. Europe had a multilateral policy by drawing attention to international institutions and law. After the end of the Cold War, the US's only idea of a supreme attitude was seen.

Tarih boyunca ülkeler birbirleri ile sürekli iletişim halinde olmuşlardır. Bazı devletler iletişim araçlarını etkin kullanmış ve süper güç veya bölgesel güç olmuşlardır. Bu bağlamda yeni dünya düzenin de yeni kavramlar ve yaklaşımlar oluşmaya başlamıştır. Konstrüktivizm (Sosyal İnşacı Yaklaşım) bu bağlamda oluşan yeni bir yaklaşım olarak dış politikada yerini almıştır. Yine yumuşak güç sert kavramı dış politika kavramları arasına girmiştir. Bir devletin süper güç olması diğer güçleri farklı arayışlara itmiştir. Gücün araçları değişmiş, artık sert ve askeri güç yerini ikili ilişkileri kuvvetlendirici yumuşak güce bırakmıştır. Sert güç caydırıcı bir faktör olmakla birlikte uluslararası ilişkilerde ki boşluğu tam olarak dolduramamış ve yerini yumuşak güce bırakmak zorunda kalmıştır. Bu kapsam yumuşak güç araçları bir devlet politikası olmuştur. Gelişmiş ülkelerden Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, İngiltere, Fransa, Japonya, Almanya vb. devletler artık devlet destekli yardım fonlarını dış politika aracı olarak görmelerinden dolayı desteklemektedirler. Türkiye'de de TİKA gibi devlet destekli kurumlar yapmış oldukları yardım ve projelerle ön plana çıkmaktadır. 1990'lı yıllara kadar dış yardım miktarları çok yetersiz kalmıştır. TİKA'nın kurulmasıyla başta Orta Asya ülkeleri başta olmak üzere dünyanın 140'tan fazla ülkesine yardım ve projeleriyle katkı sağlamıştır. Afrika Orta Asya ve Güney Doğu Asya, Balkanlar ve Kafkaslar, Ortadoğu, Latin Amerika da önemli projelere imza atan TİKA, Türkiye'nin dışa açılan kapısı olmuştur. TİKA'nın uyguladığı projeler devletlerarasındaki diplomasinin gelişmesini kolaylaştırdığı gibi ticari ilişkilerin de iyileşmesinde önemli rolü olmuştur. 1990 öncesinde kültürel bağlarımızın kuvvetli olduğu Orta Asya Türk cumhuriyetleri ile olan ticaretimizin az olması ve TİKA sonrasında ticari ilişkilerin hızlı bir şekilde artması TİKA'nın misyonunu anlamamız bakımından iyi bir örnektir. Ekonomik ilişkilerin iyileşmesi yalnız Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetlerinde değil Afrika, Balkanlar Ortadoğu, Asya ve Güney Doğu Asya'da kendini göstermiştir. ; Throught history, countries have been in constant contact with each other. Some states have used communication tools effectively and have become superpowers or regional powers. In this context, new concepts and new approaches have begun to emerge in a new world order . Constructivism ( Social Constructivist Approach ) has taken its place in foreign policy as a new approach in this context. On the other hand the concept of soft and hard power has become one of the foreign policy concepts. A state being a superpower push other powers in different seeks. The tools of power have changed. Now the hard and military power has left the place to soft power which strengthening of bilateral relations. Although the hard power has become a deterrent factor, it has not fully filled the gap in international relations. For that reason hard power lad to leave the place to soft power. In this context soft power tools have become a state policy. The developed countries like United States of Amerika, Britain, France, Japan Germany etc. are supporting state- aid fund because of their views as foreign policy instruments. In Turkey, state-funded institutions such as Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency ( TİKA) come into prominence with their aids and projects. Until 1990's the amount of foreign aid has been insufficient. With the estanblishment of Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency contributed with their helps and projects especially Central Asian countries and also more than one hundred and fourty countries of the world. TİKA, which has made important projects in Africa, Central Asia and South East Asia, Balkans and Caucasus, Middle East, Latin America has become the outward opening door of Turkey. The projects implemented by TİKA have facilitated the development of diplomacy between states and also played an important role in improving trade relations. Before 1990, Turkey and Central Asian Turkish Republics culturel ties are strong but trade relations low. After the TİKA commercial relations increase.So it is a good example to understanding the mission of TİKA. The improvement of economic relations has not only occured in the Cenral Asian Turkish Republics but also in Africa, The Balcans, The Middle East, Asia and Southeast Asia

SUMMARYA great changement was occurring after fell down the Berlin Wall in East Europe, in 1989.The countries had begun to new period with high debts and inflation by these changements.East European countries have a common feature by carry out the transition period politics by rapidly in this process. So, it was necessity on stabilization politics but not easy.At result, privatization and restructure got an importance.I – THEORICAL AND CONSEPTIONAL FRAME OF MARKET ECONOMYFree market economy has the same philosophy and idea with liberalism. Economical liberalism is defended the free competition, reducing the customs taxes, import freedom and resisted to interference of state on the economy.Classical economy's base is economical freedom and market economy. Market economy is relying on free competition and private enterprise. Price mechanism and world prices are important. Interference of state must be in minimum levels. Public sector must be reduced. Basic factors such as wage, capital and foreign currency must reflect the real market prices, must get an importance to external trade.1-DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET ECONOMY1.1. CLASSIC REVIEWFree trade, specialization only on one field, annihilate the obstacles such as customs and quotas, interferences of state on the market are most important according to Adam Smith, which lived in 18th century.A specialization between nations must be obtained according to Ricardo. So, it must be an exchange on the entire world. 1.2. NEO-CLASSIC REVIEWAlfred Marshall, Leon Walras and Carl Menger is an echol. The state must be more active to improve the poor part of community and must create the opportunities on the market, get the taxes from revenues and wealth, finance the education, health, park and city planning, defence the personal freedom, private property and open markets, manufacture the public commodities.1.3. ORDO-LIBERALISM REVIEWIt is different from classic liberalism. Economical regularity is social which emerges in an evident process, not natural. Social and juridical standards emerge the economical system.Price, monetarily stability, sciences, stability and durability on economical politics are important to emerging of market economy.Basic aim is bring to existence an economical constitution.2- BASIC ELEMENTS OF MARKET ECONOMYBasic factors are enterprising, competition, economical ideas and attitudes.Enterprising is a person which makes unity the manufacturing factors, makes direct the investments, begins to motion by utilize the signals from internal and external markets, gets the share on productivity and determines the firm profit. Basic aim is profit.Competition is social event, protects the personal, which works with high productivity against to personal, which works with low productivity, uses the sources most effectively. Buyer and seller number must be too much in this system. Competition is opposed to monopolization but necessity laws and politics have to support it. ECONOMICAL IDEAS AND ATTITUDESIt includes price, wage, interest, hire and foreign currency. Price system occurs freely according to rate of request and demand conditions. At this straight, firms and consumers must carry out their decisions freely.3- MARKET MECHANISM FLOW AND ROLE OF SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONConsumers and producers have activities on the market economy. The prices are determined according to the lowest cost and to the highest profit.Ideal special future is high productivity, low profit and high production. Competition reduces the profit to the lowest level.Main mechanism on free market is price. If the relative scarcity is enough, request and demand is more or less equal.Producers and consumers may have a decision according to the price indicator and request and demand. This case makes lead the manufacturing, increases the alternatives, also economical activities make an harmony against to conditions.The evident features of market economy are free decision, liberty on preferences, a great price mechanism and competition. So, economical stability is obtainable.Interferences may apply on the market economy for public health, regulations on economical activities, protect the consumers. These motions are generally precautions to control of drugs and drink manufacturing and consumption, annihilation of harmful on public health, growth the power on economic morals, make grow the quality, regulation on manufacturing and marketing. The state may meddle with economy to development rapidly. For example, the state may encourage the saving, increase the rates of interest, decrease the taxes to get on the saving, provide the precautions on investment.The buyers and sellers cannot determine the price on one's own on free competition market. Otherwise monopoly, trust and cartels may occur, stability may out of order between commodity and services.Market economy may deviate from the rules on two main categories.Manufacturer, buyer and seller may make deviate from the rules. Especially trade unionization is effective on this deviation.The state may interfere in economy by taxes, if social and individual advantages different, it may deviate from competition market.The state is exist in every kind of economy and serves to people with harmony and politics and social philosophies of our age. Also it provides security, education and health services but it doesn't determine the prices. It is one of the biggest manufacturers at the same time.II – HISTORICAL WIEW TO BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF FREE MARKET ECONOMY1. BASIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL INDICATORS1.1. GENERALThe form of government is republic, capital is Sofia, Population is 8.297.000(1997), increasing of population is %0. 7, distinctive characteristics in common with Turkishs, Pomaks, Russians, Gipsies, Tatars, Jewishes are in 16 percent.Estimated agricultural area is 1/3 and woodland is 1/3 of all the land. Charcoal, petroleum, natural gas, ferrum and sources except metal are too much. Bulgaria can't use the money too much on surroundings cause of economical lacks.Too many people are migrated to Turkey reason of economical lacks after communism regime. Population is decreased year by year, but unemployment.2. BULGARIA BEFORE 1989Ottoman empire had governorship on the Bulgaria more 500 years till 1908. Then, Bulgarian Kingdom is founded in 1908. Stamboliyski is in powered from Farmer Party in 1920. A new fascism supporter government is founded but communists and farmers were outside of government.Bulgaria is allied with Germany in 1941. Although a new government was found in 1944, the republican regime with referendum is founded in 1946. The new constution is validated in 1947. Cercenkov is in powered in 1950, relations with U.S.A. were out of order and membership of United Nations was validity in 1955.The new constitution is validated in 1971. T.Jivkow is in powered continually, became arrested cause of irregularity in 1990 and then, again a new constitution is validated. Communist Party is made to take out of only one party. In that year, state's name is changed to Republic of Bulgaria and removed the communist symbols from flag. Privatizational laws are validated with Jelev in 1992. The Government of Videnov is contraried the privatization in 1994.Peter Stoyanov is Nato's supporter and he was president in 1996. United Democratic Forces is in powered with 52 percent of vote after selections in 1997.2.1. COMECON AND COLLAPSING OF SYSTEMComecon is a union that emerged by East European Countries. Bulgarian economy has begun to transition period with some negative ness like other East European countries causes of political incompetence and dissociating end of 1980s.Bulgaria which had more than 60 percent of export to associate but it had couldn't find the new markets cause of inadequate ship of quality standards and had an old technology. Foreign currency reserves are high level. It has too many debts, political incompetent ship in the land. Financial system is not conformity to market economy and also could not claim 2 million dollars of money owing from Iraq because of golf war. So, Bulgaria couldn't save from crisis because of above reasons.2.2 GENERAL ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECTORSBulgarian manufacturing industry basically is founded on textile, wooden engrave, leather products and food prep rationing sectors.Bulgaria had realisation the attacks on the heavy industry that supported by S.S.C.B. after 2nd world war.Production of electro-mechanic and electronic goods in manufacturing sector is reached to an important share since 1970s.The biggest natural wealth of Bulgaria is productive earths. There are not important minerals in Bulgaria.In the following period of 2nd world war, metallurgy and chemical production had an importance. Industry sector had old technology. Its competition is losted the power with disunited of the Comecon.Productivity rates on industry are grown with economical reforms that started in 1979. Economical growing is dynamically continued in spite of reducing the productivity on agriculture sector, building sector and investments in Bulgaria. Especially, price volatility on agriculture sector is a reason of suspicion about real value of growth in 1988 according to 1987.Productions on agriculture and industry of Bulgaria are reduced according to statistics. Main problem on agriculture sector is delivery prices of goods.A stagnation indicator on Bulgarian economy is weakness of building and construction sector. Manufacturing products such as cement and weawing is in necessity. Manufacturing level is inadequate on that area and also unqualificationed organisations have been affected.2.3 - FOREIGN TRADEThere are no definite results on foreign trade reason of inadequate of numerical data's.However, export is increased up to the rate of 4 percent in 1988 and import is reduced to the rate of 1.8 percent. Bulgaria finance deficit is 600 million dollars result of trade with west countries in 1998. Tourism revenues are positive. Trade connections with Turkey are weak according to another East European countries.2.4 – PERESTROICA POLITICSThe new age on economy with state council's decision is started in January 9,1989. Activities to get the indepences of firms are velocitied. At the same time, this decision is more benefit to foreign investors too.3. 1989 – 1997 TRANSITION PERIOD3.1 – ECONOMICAL REFORM ACTIVITIESAlteration is started in east block countries after 1989 and together with this alteration. Comecon is losted the activity. So, idle capacities are commenced and Bulgaria is losted the production markets.The reforms are making started by new government in February 1991. External trade regime is liberalisation in one direction; this is one of the import nest factors of the reforms. With a decision is accepted in 1989, basic of economical reforms are occurred. Firms had equal rights to execution of economical activities. The laws related to foreign investment are validated in 1992.Commercial banks have gone to consolidation. Prices had freed except 11 basic consumption. Economical activities, government status on economy, foreign trade and foreign exchange regime, price regulations, privatization, tax systems are reorganized about foreign investors.3.2. SECTORAL CONSTITUTIONIndustrial sector had the over 50 percent of share on economy until 1990s. 11 private sector's share with service and trade sector approached to 60 percent between 1992 and 1997.SECTORSProductivity with old technologies on industrial sector is at low level. Engineering sector is developed. Products of textile sector are manufactured at high quality.CHEMICALSChemical products that have an important mark on export of Bulgaria. They were 1,096 milliard dollars with 22,3 percent in 1997 and 983 million dollars with 19.4 percent of total export in 1998.AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND TOBACCORate of plan tablelands are 34 percent in Bulgaria. Totally 304 firms are active on food, drink and tobacco sector.METALLURGY AND MINERSHIPIron product is 6.2 percent and other than iron is 6.8 percent on all of industry in 1998. In 1997, metallurgy sector is grown up to 117.2 percent with 529 million dollars in total amount of export in Bulgaria.MACHINEShare of machine sector is 13.8 percent in all of industry. Principal are; Machine parts, tractor, bus, ship, building and auto spare parts.CONSTRUCTIONPrivate firms in the sector have share with 13 percent in 1991. That share is grown to 62 percent in 1995 but then; it is reduced reason of financial inadequate ships.TOURISMTourism revenues are approximately 280 million dollars in 1995.4.5 million of transits and totally 8 million tourists are visited the Bulgaria in 1996.3.3. TRADE AFTER ECONOMICAL REFORMSExport of Bulgaria is totally 4.9 milliard dollars in 1997. The import nest export products are fuel oil, other fuels, cooper and its products and nuclear reactors. Import is 4.5 milliard dollars in 1997 and included the product such as mineral fuels, nuclear reactor heaters and spare parts, electric machines, mineral substances, cotton, synthetic fibres, cereals, auto and tractors.3.4. EXTERNAL DEBTSRate of the external debts to export revenues were 249.9 Percent in 1993 but then, back to 188.2 percent in 1994.Official external debts were 10.363 dollars in the end of 1997.3.5. FOREIGN INVESTORS EXTERNAL CAPITALMost investments with 636.2 million dollars by foreigners are made in 1997. This amount is 526 million dollars in 1998. Principal foreign investors are European countries and U.S.A. A new foreigner investment law is prepared in Oct 1997. Main sectors to investment are industry, trade, finance and tourism.3.6. COMMERCIAL BANKINGState banks are privatization by associate. Regulations relate to control of banking are valitidied by government. In the middle of 1997, a new law on banking are validated after economical crisis in 1996, Central Bank Law are rebuilt. High levels of capital and capital qualifications are obligationed.3.7. PRIVATIZATIONPrivatization is started with foundation transformation and privatization belongs to state and municipalities in April 1992. Privatization Agency is built-up. Privatization is realization with totally 836 million dollars between Jan 1,1993 and Dec 30,1998. Its part of 421.4 million dollars is in 1997 and part of 116 million dollars is realization in 1998.Foundations like ports, telecommunication and, etc.are out of privatization by laws. 95 percent of state firms transformed to form of private limited or nationalization. Share of these firms are belong to state.III. BULGARIA IN EUROPAN UNION AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEY1. BULGARIAN ECONOMY AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEYTest and certification operations, metal products except iron, chemical products, cereals, operational petroleum. Products are important substances from Bulgaria to Turkey.Although weaving products, food, chemical products, leather and stout leather products, glass, ceramics, brick products are ones of important from Turkey to Bulgaria.1.1. CONTENTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN TURKEY AND BULGARIAAll taxes and restrictictions on industrial products by signed on European Agreement between European Union and Bulgaria in Mar 8,1993 and validated in Dec 31,1993 will be removed till 2002.Turkey and Bulgaria made easy to particularization into agricultural products market by reduced the taxes for between their selves.End of signed acts, 131 products of 446 that stated to Turkey and 1141 goods of existing on European Union Agreement are liberalization by remove from list of sensitive products.Foreign companies had a partnership rights with corporations and individuals and also foreign individuals had a right on economical activities by law of keeping foreign investors, which is validated in 1992. Same economical rights are recognized between foreigners and Bulgarians and also getting unlimited share from exist companies and companies that will be found.2. CONNECTIONS WITH EUROPEAN UNION AND FINANCIAL PORTREIT OF BULGARIA2.1. CONNECTION WITH EUROPEAN UNION OF BULGARIAIn the autumn 1989, Berlin wall is demolished and this motion make united the European that had divided to east and west after 2nd world war. Comecon's mean is continuing the economical dependent ship to Soviet Union. But, most east and west European countries reject it. After these European Union augmented economical and political supports to that countries reason of carry out and conclude the reform, which is started in middle and east European countries.Firstly, a group includes the Turkey is formed by 24 of OECD countries. G24s are transferred to entrust with coordination of support to the European Union Commission.That commission is functionizationed the Phare program that helps on financial and technical areas to Poland and Hungary. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania in Sept.1990, Albanian, Estonia, Leetonia and Livonia in Jan.1992 and Slovenia in Aug.1992 are included by Phare program.Military regulations on security of West European losted the importance but they are already securely areas.Main political aims that related to Middle and East European countries of European Unions are explained below;a- Encouragement of liberal democratic system with respectful of law's superiority.b- to be sense on surroundingsc- to prevent the ethnical collidesd- to prevent the migration to foreign countries at the west.e- Phare program and encouragement of free market economy from planned economy.2.2. WHAT IS THE PHARE PROGRAM?Phare program's aim is build the encourage mental conditions to the market economy and to take pains about investments on economies of Middle and East Europe countries. This program includes unfinancable fields by traditional external supports. That supports on the program is formed by credits and encouragements and used for pilot projects related to reorganization of associations.Bulgaria is taken a support of 10.6 millions ECU by include of Phare program.European Union don't use only Phare program as a tool on politics related to Middle and East Europe countries, except itIncludes the programs within own constitution such as ERASMUS and COMETT.2.3. FIRST PERIOD (before 1989)In this period; trading is developed between Middle and East European countries that named as COMECON COUNTRIES but couldn't show the same developments against to West Europe in European Union.Soviet Union takes the priority on exporting with countries. Bulgaria is the develop pest country on trade with Soviet Union.2.4 TRANSITION PERIOD (1989-1992)The great changements occurred on trade in Soviet Union and Middle and East Europe countries from starting the reforms in 1989 to 1992.From 1989,trade and partnership agreements signed with Hungary and Poland then, with Czechoslovakia in 1990,also Bulgaria and Romania in 1991. At the same time, rejection is started on amount of restrictions. Exporting is increased between Middle and East European countries, Soviet Union and European Union other than below too;Devaluation in the countries other than Hungary,- Workings to join into the West European markets reason of re-emerging the losted ones in East European- Import is on peak-level from those countries to Germany after unitized the East and West Europe.2.5. EUROPEAN AGREEMENTSEuropean agreements are acted end of 1991.Bulgaria-Europe agreement's date of signature: Mar8, 1993Date of being inforce: Dec 31,1995Temporarily agreement: Dec 31,1992European agreement has been in force in Bulgaria, end of 1995. European agreements are partnership agreements that signed by based on 238th paragraph of Roma agreement and Maastricht agreement. According to that state, increasing of export is an prestipulation to growth the economy with stability.3. SUCCEED OF STABILITY PROGRAM IN BULGARIABulgaria signed on an agreement with IMF to pass over the economical hardships and started the reforms in 1991.Economy is grown at the rates of 2.1 percent in 1995.In 1997,economy has the new crisis related to Yugoslavia crisis and so, Bulgaria signed on a new agreement with IMF.Leva is fixed with 20 DM and 1000 Bulgarian Leva to 1 DM and constructral reforms is started to gain the speed.Economy in Bulgaria grown to positive from 1994 but to the 10.9 percent in 1996.- Inflation rates (%) in Republic of Bulgaria; 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199882,2 72,8 96,2 62 123,1 1082,3 22,3After the stand-by agreement with IMF, inflation approached to 22.3 percent in 1998.Annual average of inflation is expected as 7.3 percent in 1999 and 9.0 percent in 2000.Bulgaria is the poorest country according to other east European countries candidate to membership of EU. Bulgarian Leva is determined by rejected the 3 zeros from Detsch Mark. So, new Leva is make related on euro at the rates of 1.95583:euro 1 (Lvl:DMI ).CONCLUSION:Bulgaria is declared the moratorium reason of hardness's to find an external debt, to refund the capital and interests of external debt.While external debt is 10.6-milliard dollars end of 1990,it has been 12.2 milliard dollars, end of 1993. So, started to paces towards to market economy in Feb 1991. Annual inflation is reduced from 338.5 percent in 1991 to 79.4 percent in 1992.The debts of managements of state are ruined the budget and also a reason to broken balance on economy too.The crisis on foreign currency is occurred in Mar 1994. Reforms have been out of control at the result of that crisis.Leva is devaluated as 100 percent and inflation is reduced to 90 percent on annual average. At this parallel, financial and revenue politics, money and its value are controlled. The debts to foreign countries are decreased to 9.8 milliard dollars with precautions in 1994 and end of 1996.Financial balance are obtained again in the first months of 1995, reduced the inflation and also rate of interests to 72 percent.Rate of exchange (Leva/$) was 503 percent between Jan 1 and Feb 12,1997. Especially, that increasing was 20-percent/each day in Feb 1997.Rate of interest was 300 percent in Sep.1996. 14 Banks are bankrupted in that period. Bulgaria had been 1st of the world from inflation increasing speed of view.Inflation, devaluation, unemployment and also wages are on the lowest level in transition period in Bulgaria. Incoming per person is decreased 50 percent between 1989 and 1995.Annual criminal events are increased 3 times more after 1990. Money committee had formed by advice of IMF in Jul 1997. 1Deutsche Mark is indexed on 1 Leva.Qualified personnel with educationed on technical areas is a great potential force of Bulgarian economy.Bulgaria will be completed the transition period when it became to membership of European Union.

Neo-realist perspektiften analizlere yer verilen bu tez çalışmasında, Avrupa Birliği'nin Ukrayna Krizi öncesi ve kriz sonrasında Ukrayna'ya karşı izlediği politikaları şekillendiren olgulara verilmiştir. Bu süreç içerisinde Avrupa Birliği üye ülkelerinin, farklı ulusal çıkarlara sahip olmaları nedeniyle ortak bir dış politika çerçevesinde hareket edemediği ve bu nedenle Ukrayna Krizi özelinde başarı sağlayamadığı görülmüştür. Özellikle Ukrayna Krizi'nin ana aktörlerinden olan Rusya'ya karşı Avrupa Birliği tarafından alınan yaptırım kararlarının, Rusya ile güçlü ilişkilere sahip olan Almanya gibi ülkeler tarafından esnetildiği ve beklenen etkiyi sağlayamadığı da görülmüştür. AB'nin, geçmiş dönemlerdeki birçok bölgesel ve küresel gelişmede görülen ortak bir dış politika vizyonu çerçevesinde hareket edememe olgusu, Ukrayna Krizi'yle birlikte yeniden gün yüzüne çıkmış ve üye ülkelerdeki "ulusal çıkar" kavramının birlik politikalarından önce geldiği gerçeği bir kez daha doğrulanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, Krize giden süreçte AB'nin doğu Avrupa ülkelerine karşı geliştirdiği politikalar, NATO faaliyetleriyle paralel ilerlemesi nedeniyle, neo-realizmin öngörülerine uygun olarak Rusya'da güvenlik endişelerine neden olmuştur. Bu endişelerin sonucunda gerçekleşen Rusya'nın karşı hamlelerinden hem AB hem de Ukrayna olumsuz olarak etkilenmiştir. Tüm bu gelişmeler, AB tarafından atılan dış politika hamlelerinin etkisinin daha çok üye ülkelerin çıkarlarına, komşu ülkelerin hem sistemsel hem de bölgesel ilişkilerine ve bu bağlamda daha etkili bölgesel/küresel aktörlerin varlığına bağlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışma, AB tarafından Ukrayna özelinde atılan ve atılmak istenilen adımları, karşılıklı bağımlılıkların, uluslararası sistemdeki güç mücadelelerinin ve ikili ilişkilerin belirlediğini izah etmektedir. Buradan hareketle çalışmanın ana argümanı; Ukrayna Krizi'nde, üye ülkelerin Rusya ile ilgili ekonomik ve enerji odaklı ulusal çıkarları doğrultusunda hareket etmeleri ve yekpare bir duruş sergileyememeleri nedeniyle, AB'nin net bir etki ve başarı sağlayamadığıdır. --- This thesis analyzes the policies of the European Union towards Ukraine before and after the crisis with Russia, with a neo-realist perspective. The thesis argues that the member states of the European Union could not act within the framework of a common foreign policy due to their different national interests and therefore could not achieve success in the Ukrainian crisis. In particular, the decisions on sanctions to be imposed on Russia by the European Union were stretched by member states such as Germany, which has strong relations with Russia, and, did not achieve the expected effect. The EU has failed to act within the framework of a common foreign policy in many regional and global developments and this has also been the case with the Ukrainian Crisis and the "national interests" of member states have preceded common policies. This surely testifies to the neo-realist claims that the EU cannot pursue an effective common foreign and security policy. In addition, the EU's policies towards Eastern European countries during the crisis which went in parallel with NATO activities led to security concerns in Russia, in line with the predictions of neo-realism. These concerns have made Russia pursue policies designed to counter both the EU and Ukraine. All these developments have shown that the impact of foreign policy moves by the EU depend mainly on the national interests of the member states; systemic factors as well as the regional context; and the presence of more effective regional/global actors in this context. This study explains the steps taken (or intended to be taken) by the EU in Ukraine, and the impact of the facts on the ground, power struggles and bilateral relations, and the international system on the EU's policies. Therefore, the main argument of the study is that in the Ukrainian crisis, the EU has been unable to create a clear impact and act successfully, because the member states have acted in line with their economic and energy-oriented national interests and failed to take a unified position.

Neo-realist perspektiften analizlere yer verilen bu tez çalışmasında, Avrupa Birliği'nin Ukrayna Krizi öncesi ve kriz sonrasında Ukrayna'ya karşı izlediği politikaları şekillendiren olgulara verilmiştir. Bu süreç içerisinde Avrupa Birliği üye ülkelerinin, farklı ulusal çıkarlara sahip olmaları nedeniyle ortak bir dış politika çerçevesinde hareket edemediği ve bu nedenle Ukrayna Krizi özelinde başarı sağlayamadığı görülmüştür. Özellikle Ukrayna Krizi'nin ana aktörlerinden olan Rusya'ya karşı Avrupa Birliği tarafından alınan yaptırım kararlarının, Rusya ile güçlü ilişkilere sahip olan Almanya gibi ülkeler tarafından esnetildiği ve beklenen etkiyi sağlayamadığı da görülmüştür. AB'nin, geçmiş dönemlerdeki birçok bölgesel ve küresel gelişmede görülen ortak bir dış politika vizyonu çerçevesinde hareket edememe olgusu, Ukrayna Krizi'yle birlikte yeniden gün yüzüne çıkmış ve üye ülkelerdeki "ulusal çıkar" kavramının birlik politikalarından önce geldiği gerçeği bir kez daha doğrulanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, Krize giden süreçte AB'nin doğu Avrupa ülkelerine karşı geliştirdiği politikalar, NATO faaliyetleriyle paralel ilerlemesi nedeniyle, neo-realizmin öngörülerine uygun olarak Rusya'da güvenlik endişelerine neden olmuştur. Bu endişelerin sonucunda gerçekleşen Rusya'nın karşı hamlelerinden hem AB hem de Ukrayna olumsuz olarak etkilenmiştir. Tüm bu gelişmeler, AB tarafından atılan dış politika hamlelerinin etkisinin daha çok üye ülkelerin çıkarlarına, komşu ülkelerin hem sistemsel hem de bölgesel ilişkilerine ve bu bağlamda daha etkili bölgesel/küresel aktörlerin varlığına bağlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışma, AB tarafından Ukrayna özelinde atılan ve atılmak istenilen adımları, karşılıklı bağımlılıkların, uluslararası sistemdeki güç mücadelelerinin ve ikili ilişkilerin belirlediğini izah etmektedir. Buradan hareketle çalışmanın ana argümanı; Ukrayna Krizi'nde, üye ülkelerin Rusya ile ilgili ekonomik ve enerji odaklı ulusal çıkarları doğrultusunda hareket etmeleri ve yekpare bir duruş sergileyememeleri nedeniyle, AB'nin net bir etki ve başarı sağlayamadığıdır. --- This thesis analyzes the policies of the European Union towards Ukraine before and after the crisis with Russia, with a neo-realist perspective. The thesis argues that the member states of the European Union could not act within the framework of a common foreign policy due to their different national interests and therefore could not achieve success in the Ukrainian crisis. In particular, the decisions on sanctions to be imposed on Russia by the European Union were stretched by member states such as Germany, which has strong relations with Russia, and, did not achieve the expected effect. The EU has failed to act within the framework of a common foreign policy in many regional and global developments and this has also been the case with the Ukrainian Crisis and the "national interests" of member states have preceded common policies. This surely testifies to the neo-realist claims that the EU cannot pursue an effective common foreign and security policy. In addition, the EU's policies towards Eastern European countries during the crisis which went in parallel with NATO activities led to security concerns in Russia, in line with the predictions of neo-realism. These concerns have made Russia pursue policies designed to counter both the EU and Ukraine. All these developments have shown that the impact of foreign policy moves by the EU depend mainly on the national interests of the member states; systemic factors as well as the regional context; and the presence of more effective regional/global actors in this context. This study explains the steps taken (or intended to be taken) by the EU in Ukraine, and the impact of the facts on the ground, power struggles and bilateral relations, and the international system on the EU's policies. Therefore, the main argument of the study is that in the Ukrainian crisis, the EU has been unable to create a clear impact and act successfully, because the member states have acted in line with their economic and energy-oriented national interests and failed to take a unified position.

ÖZET Türkiye'nin güney doğu komşusu olan Kuzey Irak ya da Irak anayasasına göre resmi adıyla Irak Kürdistan Bölgesel Yönetimi (IKBY) son beş yılda Türkiye'nin Ortadoğu'ya açılan tek kara kapısı konumuna gelmiş bulunmaktadır. TUİK'in son beş yıllık ticari rakamlarına bakıldığında Irak, Türkiye'nin (ki burada civarındaki pay IKBY'e aittir), Almanya'dan sonra en büyük ikinci ticaret ortağıdır. Mal, hizmet, insan ve sermaye gibi her türlü ticaret hareketliliğinin olduğu Türkiye ile Kuzey Irak arasında legal ve illegal (kaçakçılık) olmak üzere iki tür yoğun ekonomik ilişki bulunmaktadır. Yaptığımız saha çalışmasında da görüleceği gibi illegal ticaret, legal ticaretten neredeyse daha fazladır. Bunun başlıca sebepleri ise, coğrafi nedenlerden dolayı sınır kontrolünün zorluğu, petrol, sigara ve çay gibi ticari ürünlerde iki taraf için ciddi karlı fiyat farklılığı, komşuluk, ortak dil, akrabalık ilişkileri, IKBY'de özellikle petrolün sudan ucuz olmasına karşın Türkiye'de aşırı pahalı olması…gibi nedenler Türkiye ile Kuzey Irak arasındaki ticaretin başlıca sebeplerini oluşturmaktadır. Bu sürecin hızla geliştiği son onüç yılda Türkiye ile IKBY arasındaki ekonomik ilişkileri güçlendiren iki önemli tarihi süreç yaşanmıştır. İlki 2003 yılı Nisan ayında Saddam Hüseyin'in devrilmesinden sonra Kuzey Irak'ın Irak anayasasına göre IKBY olarak resmi olarak varlığının kabulu, diğeri ise 21 Mart 2013 yılında Türkiye'de PKK ile kırk yıllık silahlı çatışmayı (Temmuz 2015'te fiilen bitmiştir) geçici olarak donduran çözüm süreci. Çalışmamız bu aşamaların ikinci maddesi kapsamında üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci Bölüm: Türkiye ile Irak arasındaki ekonomik, sosyal, tarihsel ve siyasal ilişkiler, İkinci Bölüm: 2002-2013 yılları arasında Türkiye ile IKBY arasındaki ekonomik ilişkiler, Üçüncü Bölüm: Çözüm süreci döneminde (Mart 2013 ve Temmuz 2015) tarihleri arasında Türkiye-IKBY arasındaki ekonomik ilişkiler. Bu çalışmada Türkiye-IKBY arasındaki ekonomik ilişkilerde çözüm sürecinin yeri ve 6 önemi üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu kapsamda hem sahada çalışılmış hem de teorik bilgilerden yararlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada çözüm süreci döneminde (Mart 2013-Temmuz 2015) legal ve illegal (kaçakçılık) yollarla Türkiye ile IKBY arasında ekonomik ilişkilerde ciddi artışlar görülürken, Temmuz 2015 yılından itibaren fiilen ve resmen biten çözüm süreci sonrasında, Güneydoğu'da başlayan silahlı çatışmalar ve Kerkük –Yumurtalık boru hattı, Türkiye-Irak arasındaki ana sınır kapısı konumunda olan Habur sınır kapısı yoluna yapılan saldırılar sonucu Türkiye ile IKBY arasında ekonomik ilişkilerin ciddi kırılmaya uğradığı görülmüştür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, IKBY, Çözüm Süreci, Ticaret, Habur Sınır KapısıABSTRACT Iraq Kurdistan Regional Government (IKRG), with its official name according to the constitution of Northern Iraq or Iraq, which is the south eastern neighbor of Turkey, has become Turkey's only land border gateway to the Middle East in the last five years. Iraq is Turkey's second largest trade partner after Germany where about 90% of the shares belong to the IKRG looking at the last five years' trade figures of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). There are two types of intensive economic relations between Turkey and Northern Iraq, where goods, services, people and capital have all kinds of trade activity, both legal and illegal (smuggling). Illegal trade is almost more than legal trade as we can see from field work that we did. The main reasons for this are the difficulty of border control due to geographical reasons, the serious profitable price difference for the two sides in commercial products such as petroleum, cigarettes and tea, neighboring, common language, kinship relations, although the oil is especially cheap in IKRG, extremely expensive in Turkey are the main causes of trade between Turkey and Northern Iraq. Two important historical processes have been experienced that strengthen the economic relations between Turkey and IKRG during which this process has developed rapidly in the last thirteen years. The first was the official acceptance of Northern Iraq (as an IKRG under the Iraqi Constitution) after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in April 2003 and the other is a solution process that temporarily halts the forty-year armed conflict with the PKK in Turkey in March 21, 2013 (actually ended in July 2015). Our work consists of three main parts under the second item of these steps. Chapter One: The economic, social, historical and political relations between Turkey and Iraq, Chapter Two: Economic relations between Turkey and IKRG in 2002-2013, 8 Chapter Three: Economic relations between Turkey and IKRG between March 2013 and July 2015 during the solution process. This study focuses on the place and the importance of the solution process in the economic relations between Turkey and IKRG. In this context, both field work and theoretical information are used. It has been seen that economic relations between Turkey and IKRG have been seriously broken the result of armed conflicts starting in the Southeast and the attack on Kerkuk-Yumurtalık pipeline, the Habur border gate road, which is the main border gate between Turkey and Iraq after the de facto and formally ending solution process since July 2015, while there has been a significant increase in economic relations between Turkey and IKRG through legal and illegal (smuggling) routes during the solution process (March 2013 - July 2015). Key Words: Turkey, IKRG, Solution Process, Trade, Habur Border Gate