Geografie van gezondheid en gezondheidszorg
In: Nederlandse geografische studies 34
In: Nederlandse geografische studies 34
In: International review of social history, Band 49, Heft 1, S. 145-148
ISSN: 1469-512X
In: http://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/358
The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis have emerged as significant waterborne pathogens over the past decades. Many outbreaks of waterborne cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis have been recorded,primarily in the United States and the United Kingdom.Chapter 1 gives an overview on the currently available knowledge on the parasites, the disease, the transmission through drinking water and the measures to prevent waterborne transmission. The disease caused by Cryptosporidium and Giardia consists of a self-limiting diarrhoea that lasts for several days in the majority of cases, but the burden of disease and the mortality are high in the immunocompromised part of the infected population. Several characteristics of the parasites facilitate their waterborne transmission: they are very resistant to environmental stress and to chemical disinfection, they can be transmitted from livestock and wildlife to man and their infectivity is high, so even a dose of 1 (oo)cyst gives a discrete probability of infection. The abundance and size of drinking waterborne outbreaks in developed countries show that transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium by drinking water is a significant risk. In the case of Cryptosporidium, the absence of an adequate cure for immunocompromised patients increases the problem. Although the outbreaks receive most attention, low-level transmission of these protozoa through drinking water is very likely to occur. Cysts and oocysts are regularly found in drinking water, although only a small proportion may be viable and infectious to man. A major drawback for the determination of the health significance of (oo)cysts in (drinking) water is that methods for a sensitive and specific detection of infectious (oo)cysts, with a consistently high recovery are not available. The cause of drinking water contamination with these parasites that led to the reported outbreaks was not limited to obvious treatment inadequacies or post treatment contamination, but also occurred in apparently well-treated water. Moreover, in several outbreaks, the coliforms, the parameter that was used to demonstrate the microbiological safety of drinking water did not warn against parasite breakthrough through the treatment, particularly because the coliforms were more efficiently eliminated by disinfection than both parasites. Surveys of surface water show that these parasites are ubiquitously present in the aquatic environment, even in pristine environments. Hence, all surface water treatment systems have to deal with these protozoa. These developments raised concern over the safety of Dutch drinking water with regard to Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Considering this situation, the Dutch drinking water companies and government initiated a research programme to determine the (im)probability of transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia through drinking water (Chapter 2). The protozoa have changed the philosophy in the developed countries towards safe-guarding of drinking water from monitoring of the 'end-product' drinking water to monitoring raw water and the efficiency of the treatment. Furthermore, the extreme resistance of these organisms implies that a "zero-risk" is no longer achievable. Treatments should be designed to reduce the (oo)cyst concentrations in the raw water as far as possible and preferably include filtration step(s). This implies that information on the parasite concentrations in the raw water is necessary, as well as information on the removal efficiency of the treatment. Quantitative risk assessment provides a tool for the combination of information on raw water quality (concentrations detected, recovery of the detection method, viability) and treatment efficiency (removal by different steps in the treatment).
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In: Backhaus , U M 2007 , ' A history of German and Austrian economic thought on health issues ' , Doctor of Philosophy , University of Groningen , [S.l.] .
De ideeën van Paracelsus over gezondheid vanuit een sociaal-economische visie zijn al 500 jaar oud, maar werden eerst recent teruggevonden en toegankelijk gemaakt door een nieuwe editie van zijn sociaal-economisch werk. Ook de andere hier weergegeven inzichten over gezondheid en gezondheidszorg vanuit een economisch, sociaal en politiek perspectief zijn weinig bekend. In dit boek gaat het over de meest belangrijke ideeën van sociale wetenschappers en economen over gezondheid en gezondheidszorg, beginnend met Paracelsus en eindigend met Schumpeter. Behandeld worden grondleggende ideeën en concepten van Wolff, Justi, Roscher, Menger, Schmoller, Bücher, Oppenheimer en Althoff. De conclusie luidt dat hun bijdragen wel deels zijn te herkennen in de moderne gezondheidseconomie, maar dat wij toch ook belangrijke invalshoeken, die zouden voortvlooeien uit hun werk, vandaag missen. Daarom kan een geschiedenis van de theoretische ontwikkeling van de gezondheidseconomie ook geen Whig history zijn. Volgens deze richting is de huidige stand van de ontwikkeling het logische gevolg van werk dat vroeger al is gedaan. Om een aantal redenen hoeft dit niet per se zo te zijn. De nieuwe economie van de gezondheidszorg heeft andere wortels, met name de Engelse National Health Service. Verder staan de hier besproken bijdragen niet in het Engels, vandaag de lingua franca van de sociale wetenschappen, ter beschikking. In de dissertatie zijn, naast één voorbeeld van wetenschapspolitiek (Althoff), uitsluitend auteurs uit het Duitse taalgebied die klassieke bijdragen hebben geleverd voor een bespreking opgenomen. De hier gekozen auteurs zien gezondheid als onderdeel van menselijk handelen en gezondheidszorg als onderdeel van cultuur. De nadruk ligt op culturele ontwikkeling en gezondheid, op het subsidiariteitsbeginsel en op een minimale rol van de overheid in de gezondheidszorg. De weergave van de inzichten van de behandelnde auteurs geeft ook een antwoord op de vraag in hoeverre zij een bijdrage leveren over aspecten zoals vraag naar en aanbod van de gezondheidszorg, informatie, optimale contracten, de markt voor geneesmiddelen, verzekeringen, technologie, instituties zoals ziekenhuizen en bejaardenhuizen, waardering van levens en levenskansen, sociale verzekeringen, en beleid en vraagstukken in de toekomst. Aangegeven wordt dat hun voorstellen politieke relevant waren in hun eigen tijd
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In: Forum of nutrition v. 58
Executive summary -- Outlook -- Trends of average food supply in the European Union -- Food availability at the household level in the European Union -- Energy and nutrient intake in the European Union -- Health indicators and status in the European Union -- General discussion.
In: Studies of the Netherlands Institute for war documentation
History;geography;auxiliary disciplines - In 1945 moest Europa in het reine zien te komen met de verwoestende gevolgen van de oorlog. Miljoenen hadden het leven gelaten. Anderen waren ziek, uitgehongerd of getraumatiseerd door hun kamp- of onderduikervaringen, of door belevenissen in gevechten en bombardementen. Vandaag zouden we die slachtoffers tegemoet treden met een legertje traumapsychologen, maar in 1945 was het begrip posttraumatische stress nog onbekend. Hoe keken de slachtoffers zelf naar hun gezondheid? En hoe benaderden de medische professionals de problematiek? Welke financiële ondersteuning werd er geboden? En wie kwamen daarvoor in aanmerking? The Politics of War Trauma vergelijkt attitudes en overheidsbeleid met betrekking tot de gezondheidseffecten van de Tweede Wereldoorlog in elf Europese landen. Uit de studie komen opvallende verschillen naar voren in de manier waarop deze landen omgingen met eventuele medisch-psychologische problemen van overlevenden. Het boek legt een verrassend en vernieuwend interdisciplinair verband tussen de aspecten van de nasleep van de oorlog. Het analyseert de veranderingen in het medisch en psychologisch denken over oorlog en gezondheid tegen de politieke en landspecifieke achtergronden van Koude Oorlog, welvaartsstaatontwikkeling, collectieve herinnering en psychiatrische zorg
In: Philosophie und Wissenschaft, transdisziplinäre Studien Band 13
In: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/214144
Providing optimal care for a sudden, unexpected large amount of victims from a disaster or major incident is challenging. It requires an approach different from regular traumacare. The population as a whole, rather than the individual, should be the focus of management. This thesis focuses on medical preparedness, care and follow-up for victims of a disaster or major incident, and explores new opportunities for improvement of disaster relief using the Internet as a supportive tool. The Major Incident Hospital (MIH) , the Netherlands, is a unique facility that offers permanent, reserved facilities to provide acute , structured care for groups of patients after a disaster or major incident. Its contribution to preparedness is not limited to providing directly available resources without impact on regular care. It also offers expertise, infrastructure, organisation, support systems, training, research and systematic working methods adapted to provide the greatest good for the greatest amount of people in case of multiple simultaneous victims. Pre-arranged cooperation, between the military, a trauma center and the National Poison and Information Center add to its value. Group-wise treatment relief for incident victims showed to be advantageous for overview, logistics, registration, quarantine, emotional support and (pre)arrangements for family, media and security. The evaluation of all MIH deployments since its foundation in 1991 resulted in five concluding recommendations: 1) improvement of embedding of the MIH in regional and national procedures; 2) continued dedicated time and staff for training, research and development; 3) improvement of nuclear/biological/chemical decontamination facilities and preparedness; 4) implementation of standardized scoring systems; and 5) expansion of registration systems to the pre-hospital setting. Lack of overview of victims and difficulties in sharing information showed to be recurrent barriers to an effective response in major incidents and disasters. To overcome these problems, ...
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Cover -- Contents -- Series Foreword -- Introduction Woman39;s Health -- Part 1 The Context of Health -- 1 Women39;s Health58; A Contextual Approach -- Introduction -- Cultural Contexts -- Promoting health58; the social context -- Self45;determination -- Priorities -- Summary -- References -- 2 Reproductive and Physical Health -- Introduction -- Reproductive and physical health -- Age45;related health problems -- Summary -- References -- 3 Women Aging with Intellectual Disabilities58; What are the Health Risks63; -- Introduction -- Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey58; comparison of women with and without ID -- Implications for health care -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part 2 Health Status and Trends -- 4 Women39;s Mental Health -- Introduction -- Risk factors -- Gender differences in prevalence -- Case study58; Tammy -- Treatment issues -- Mental health promotion -- Future areas for research -- References -- 5 Sterilization and Sexual Control -- Introduction -- Eugenics and intellectual disability -- Gender and sexuality -- References -- 6 Sexuality -- Introduction -- Taking a life span perspective -- Taking an equal opportunities47;inclusive perspective -- What we do know about sexuality and women with intellectual disabilities -- Improving the way women with intellectual disabilties experience thei sexuality -- Case study58; Maria -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 Parenting -- Introduction -- Parenting in context -- Research on parenting by women with intellectual disabilities -- Mothers with intellectual disabilities and the justice system -- Policy recommendations -- References -- 8 Social Roles and Informal Support Networks in Mid Life and Beyond -- Introduction -- Importance of informal support networks -- Understanding informal networks -- Network funcitons -- Informal support and women with intellectual disability -- Vulnerability of networks -- Case study58; Ada -- Summary -- References -- Part 3 Promoting Health -- 9 Health and Aging lssues for Women in Their Own Voices -- Introduction -- Salient health issues of older women with intellectual disabilities -- Promising directions -- Conclusions and recommendations -- Note -- References -- 10 Risk and Vulnerability58; Dilemmas for Women -- Introduction -- Right and risks -- Abuse and neglect58; the evidence -- Strategies for change -- Summary -- References -- 11 Health Promotion and Women -- Health promotion and women with intellectual disabilties -- Health status of women with intellectual disabilties -- Health risks -- Key aspects of health promotion programs -- Case study58; Emily -- Conslusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 12 Building Health Supports for Women -- Introduction -- Background -- Nutrition and exercise -- Health screens and examinations -- Breast health -- Sexuality and self45;image -- Menstrual matters -- Menopause58; physical and psychological care needs -- Case study58; Beatrice -- Osteoporosis -- Uro45;gynecology -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 Approaches for Health Education and Policies in Health and Social Care -- Introduction -- A chronicle of developing ideas -- Some inconsistencies -- Foundations and ideas for progress.
In: http://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/283476
Decision-making refers to assessing costs and benefits of competing actions, with either a known outcome or an uncertain result. Decision-making depends on several abilities, such as behavioural flexibility and inhibiting risky responses. Several factors affect decision-making, causing differences in the outcome of decision-making processes. The overall aim was to improve our understanding of effects of stress and gender on decision-making, in rodents and in humans. First, impulsive decision-making was examined by testing male and female mice in a delay-discounting task. The data show that female mice shift more quickly from a large-late to a small-soon reward than male mice. While this suggests that female mice are more impulsive than male mice, an alternative explanation is that female mice are more exploratory than male mice and thus detect changes earlier. Factors like gender and internal state, but also handling-induced stress may affect task outcome. Therefore, home-cage testing has become popular. Here, a pilot study on home-cage testing of delay-discounting was conducted in rats. No differences were found in task-performance compared to traditional stand-alone tasks. Following from this, rats were tested in a home-cage setting in a more complex decision-making task: a new protocol to run a rodent version of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a task for decision-making in humans. To validate this protocol, brain serotonin levels in rats were manipulated prior to testing their decision-making. As expected, lowering serotonin levels led to both poor decision-making and to gambling proneness. As increases in the stress hormone cortisol have been shown to disrupt IGT decision-making in men, time-dependent effects of corticosterone - the rodent equivalent of cortisol - on decision-making were addressed by treating male rats at two different time-points prior to testing in the rodent version of the IGT. Administration of corticosterone 30 min prior to testing disrupted reward-based decision-making. This was associated with increased c-Fos expression in a number of areas, i.e. the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, infralimbic cortex and insular cortex. Administration of corticosterone 3 hours prior to testing had no effect on task-performance. In line with systemic injections, infusions of corticosterone in the infralimbic cortex disrupted reward-based decision-making. The data for the lateral orbitofrontal cortex were inconclusive, possibly due to (unintended) damage, preventing treatment differences to be observed. Finally, time-dependent effects of stress on social decision-making were addressed. Earlier studies showed that experimentally induced stress in men is associated with lowered generosity, and altered altruistic punishment in a time-dependent manner. In contrast, women stress altruistic punishment or general altruism in women was not affected in a time-dependent manner by stress. This may be due to, among other things, the use of hormonal contraceptives, a condition that is associated with a more blunted stress-induced cortisol response. In professional environments, such as in health care, financial business, police and military, decisions are made under stress. Taking wrong decisions may have great personal and societal consequences. Therefore, increasing our knowledge of the differential effects of stress on decision-making in men and women, including the underlying brain circuits, is of great societal relevance.
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In: International migration: quarterly review, Band 26, Heft 3, S. 337-350
ISSN: 1468-2435
Book reviewed in this article:Bade, K. J. (Ed.) Population, Labour and Migration in the 19th and 20th‐century Germany.Leman. J. From Challenging Culture to Challenged Culture. The Sicilian Cultural Code and the Socio‐Cultural Praxis of Sicilian Immigrants in Belgium.Les enfants de migrants à l'école.Immigrant's children at school.Rex, J., D. Joly and C. Wilpert (Eds.) Immigrant Associations in Europe.Ethnic Phenomena. Nationalism, Classifications, Prejudice.Markus, A. and R. Rasmussen (Eds.) Prejudice in the Public Arena: Racism.Carickci, E. The Economic Impact of Temporary Manpower Migration in Selected OIC Member Countries (Bangladesh, Pakistan and Turkey).Georges, P. L'Immigration en France. Fails et Problèmes.Eppink, A. Migranten in het buitenland. Buitenlands wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de gezondheid van migranten. Een analyse ten behoeve van het Nederlands beleid.Tassello, G. Lessico Migratorio
In: Zhang , Y 2018 , ' Advancing the right to health care in China : Towards Accountability ' , Doctor of Philosophy , University of Groningen , [Groningen] .
Hedendaags is sprake van een bijna universele onderschrijving van het recht op gezondheid (en het recht op gezondheidszorg als onderdeel daarvan). Ondanks de groeiende wettelijke erkenning van het recht op gezondheidszorg, blijkt uit empirisch onderzoek dat de implementatie van dit recht grotendeels retorisch blijft op het nationale niveau. Hoewel China bijvoorbeeld het IVESCR in 2001 heeft geratificeerd, is weinig aandacht besteed aan de tenuitvoerlegging van het recht op gezondheidszorg op nationaal niveau. Schendingen van dit recht zijn dan ook vastgesteld. Aangezien de hervorming van de gezondheidszorg in China de zogenaamde 'diepwaterzone' ingaat, is het van cruciaal belang voor de Chinese overheid om te onderzoeken hoe iedereen gelijke toegang tot gezondheidszorg te garanderen. Het doel van deze studie is om bestaande tekortkomingen in China's tenuitvoerlegging van het recht op gezondheidszorg te identificeren. Om vervolgens de resterende uitdagingen te onderzoeken in het kader van het mensenrechten-concept accountability (de plicht van overheden om verantwoording af te leggen). En daaropvolgend aanbevelingen te doen aan Chinese wet- en beleidsmakers voor het implementeren van de Chinese verplichtingen onder het recht op gezondheidszorg middels de conceptwet Basic Health Law. De centrale onderzoeksvraag is daarom of en hoe het 'verantwoording afleggen' (accountability) het recht op gezondheidszorg kan bevorderen in het licht van China's unieke politieke, juridische en sociaal-maatschappelijke context. Op deze wijze worden in deze studie twee verschillende concepten gesynthetiseerd: (1) het recht op gezondheid; en (2) accountability. Beide concepten worden zo in een analytisch raamwerk voor 'het recht op gezondheid-gerelateerde accountability' geïntegreerd. Op basis hiervan beoogt de studie een constructief verantwoordingsmodel te bieden dat toegepast kan worden op specifieke gezondheidsproblemen, zowel in China als in andere landen, met name landen met niet-electorale regimes. ; Currently, there is an almost universal commitment to the right to health (care). However, despite the growing legal recognition of this right, empirical evidence suggests that the domestic implementation of the right to health (care) around the globe remains largely rhetorical. For example, although China ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 2001, relatively little attention was paid to the domestic implementation of the right to health care. Violations of this right were also identified in reality. Given that China's health care reform is entering into the so-called 'deep-water' zone, it is of vital importance for the Chinese government to guarantee everyone equal access to health care. This study aims to identify existing shortcomings in China's domestic implementation of the right to health care, and to address the remaining challenges through the lens of accountability. Having done so, this study offers recommendations for Chinese law- and policy-makers for implementing China's obligations under the right to health care through the draft Basic Health Law. Therefore, the central research question is whether and how 'accountability' could advance the right to health care in light of China's unique political, legal and social background. In doing so, this study synthesises two different concepts: (1) the right to health; and (2) accountability, and integrates them into an analytical framework for 'right to health-based accountability'. The study is expected to establish a constructive accountability model that can be applied to specific health concerns in China, as well as in other countries, particularly those with non-electoral regimes.
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In: Cambridge studies in population, economy, and society in past time 38
1. The persistence of misery in Europe before 1900 -- 2. Why the twentieth century was so remarkable -- 3. Tragedies and miracles in the Third World -- 4. Prospects for the twenty-first century -- 5. Problems of equity in health care -- Postscript : how long can we live?
Neighbourhood deprivation monitoring in Rotterdam and London: exploring barriers to evidence-based policy and practice There is ample evidence that area-based approaches to tackling health inequalities, as part of a wider policy of community regeneration, are effective. Nevertheless, embedding this evidence in the routine practice of health professionals has not followed automatically. One of the barriers to the uptake of research is the process by which evidence is generated and its usability, or "stickiness". This paper draws on the concept of stickiness to explore the role of deprivation monitoring data in creating an evidence base for neighbourhood health policies and intervention. The study was undertaken as part of a Knowledge Exchange Programme aimed at sharing learning to improve the participation and health of disadvantaged people in deprived neighbourhoods in Rotterdam and London. The two cities are similar in that they both have highly diverse populations and government health and social policies that employ area-based approaches to tackle deprivation. Documentary analysis and in-depth interviews with health professionals and policymakers in the two cities have explored the construction of health policy, the congruence between data on deprivation and the contextual experience of practitioners, and the factors that influenced the usability of the data. Monitoren van achterstand op wijkniveau in Rotterdam en Londen: een verkenning van obstakels binnen "evidence-based" beleid en praktijk Een gebiedsgerichte aanpak om achterstandswijken te vernieuwen is effectief gebleken om ongelijkheid op het gebied van gezondheid aan te pakken. Toch wordt het bewijs voor de werkzaamheid van deze aanpak niet automatisch ingebed in de dagelijkse werkpraktijk van professionals in de gezondheidssector. Een van de factoren waardoor kennis uit onderzoek niet wordt opgenomen ligt besloten in het proces van kennisverwerving en de bruikbaarheid van de kennis, ofwel de "kleeffactor" van onderzoeksresultaten. Dit artikel bouwt voort op het concept van de kleeffactor binnen de context van het monitoren van achterstand en de rol die het monitoren kan spelen in het vinden en toepassen van evidence-based gezondheidsbeleid en interventies op wijkniveau. Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen een breder project, Everybody on Board, dat zich richt op vergroting van de participatie en verbetering van de gezondheid van groepen mensen met een achterstand in een aantal geselecteerde wijken in Rotterdam en Londen. In beide steden zijn interviews afgenomen bij professionals en beleidsmakers in de gezondheidssector om zo het beleid, de congruentie tussen statistische data en het beeld dat de professional van de werkelijkheid heeft, en factoren die hun gebruik van deze data beïnvloeden, in kaart te brengen.
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In: World anthropology
Introduction : whither the fresh course? / by Joseph Westermeyer -- The relationship between witchcraft beliefs and psychosomatic illness / by Marlene Dobkin de Rios -- Humoral theory and therapy in Tunisia / by Joel M. Teitelbaum -- Japanese-American suicides in Los Angeles / by Joe Yamamoto ; with comments by H. Warren Dunham -- Personal situation as a determinant of suicide and its implications for cross-cultural studies / by Mamoru Iga -- Multiethnic studies of psychopathology and normality in Hawaii / by Martin M. Katz and Kenneth O. Sanborn -- Kifafa : a tribal disease in an East African Bantu population / by Louise Jilek-Aall ; with comments by Nancy Rollins -- Coalition of a Kali healer and a psychiatrist in Guyana, mediated by an anthropologist (a summary) / by Philip Singer, Enrique Areneta Jr., and Jamie Naidoo -- Psychiatrists and spiritual healers : partners in community mental health / by Pedro Ruiz and John Langrod -- A model for training mental health workers in cross-cultural counseling / by Paul Pedersen --