Hate speech, human rights, and G. W. F. Hegel
In: Handbook of Human Rights
In: Handbook of Human Rights
Following an overview of the history & structure of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) & its role in international geopolitics, NATO's success as a instrument of international peace is evaluated using a Kantian three-pronged conceptualization of peace: democratization, codependence established through economic interaction, & joint membership in international institutions. Reasons behind Hungary's fervent desire to become a part of this "extraterritorial institution of the world hegemony"& its acceptance into NATO in 1998 are chronicled & the issue of Hungarian sovereignty vs independence is considered, drawing on an archival analysis of Hungarian reactions to NATO membership & official NATO publications. The role of the Magyar militia & its key pro-NATO position is discussed. The notion of NATO as a "process" & Hungary as a "space of opportunism" is also explored. References. K. Hyatt Stewart
Although H. G. Adler wrote extensively on the Holocaust, his voice has been excluded from the discussion of the Holocaust following Adorno's pessimistic analysis. The reasons for this exclusion lie in Adler's aesthetics, ethics, & method, examined here based on his biography, his works, the Adorno-Adler correspondence, & the way in which scholars treat other voices in their books on the topic. Against Adorno's fallacy of negativism, Adler argued for the sovereignty of ethical values, human rights, & democracy. His poetry during his time in the concentration camps shifted to an inner perspective & a protest against inhumanity. His method in examining the Holocaust -- scholarly documentation, an objective style, intellectual analysis, & an ethical viewpoint -- was highly unfashionable in British & American sociology at the time. Adler's novels Eine Reise ([A Journey] 1962), Panorama (1968) & Die unsichtbare Wand ([The Invisible Wall] 1989), all representing Auschwitz but with complementary methods, are discussed. M. Pflum
In: The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Diplomacy, S. 361-374
In: Challenges and perspectives of hate speech research, S. 165-183
From a psychological point of view, hate speech can be conceptualized as harmful intergroup communication. In contrast to other forms of incivility, hate speech is directed toward individuals because of their (perceived) social identity. This explains why the harm of hate speech can extend to entire social groups and societies. Hate speech therefore cannot be separated from pre-existing power structures and resource inequalities, as its harm is particularly severe when coping resources are already deprived. Psychological research on the perpetrators of hate speech links hate speech to a lack of empathy and the acceptance of, or even desire for social inequalities. In summary, hate speech jars the norms of democratic discourses by denying fellow humans basic respect and violating the democratic minimal consent of human equality. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the usefulness of a (social) psychological perspective on the harms of hate speech for both researchers and practitioners.
In: Challenges and perspectives of hate speech research, S. 143-163
Hate speech - communication that attacks a person or a group on the basis of identity factors, such as gender, race, or religion - is one of the main digital threats to democracy. Hate speech has manifold, empirically evidenced consequences for targeted individuals and groups experiencing systematic discrimination and for social cohesion as a whole. Yet, while the upheaval of social media has put the concept in the spotlight, such attention has also structurally transformed its meaning, turning hate speech from a concept with clear defining properties into a family resemblance comprising all kinds of online abuse. This process is far from causing only academic issues. It also sidesteps historical oppression as a defining property and as the reason for which one is targeted by hate speech. Thus, the process has been belittling public animosity against historically oppressed groups, reducing hate speech merely to a matter of offensive language on social media. This chapter shows how and why this conceptual change has taken place and the consequences it unleashes. It specifically addresses the problems of concept stretching, concept shrinking, and the inflation of concepts. Finally, it concludes that such conceptual issues jeopardize the potential that digital media research on hate speech has to provide guidance to a broad range of social actors.
In: SpymasterDai Li and the Chinese Secret Service, S. 1-11
In: The Creation of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, S. 113-138
In: The Creation of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, S. 105-112
In: The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Diplomacy, S. 161-175
In: Surviving the International War Zone, S. 147-151
In: The Triumph of Israel’s Radical Right, S. 116-149
In: Fantasy and Political Violence, S. 103-114