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"The NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health provides summaries of publications like this. You can sign up to receive the NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health by email. While it has long been known that genetic-environmental covariance is likely to be non-trivial and confound estimates of narrow-sense (additive) heritability for social and behavioral outcomes, there has not been an effective way to address this concern. Indeed, in a classic paper, Goldberger (1979) shows that by varying assumptions of the GE-covariance, a researcher can drive the estimated heritability of an outcome, such as IQ, down to zero or up close to one. Survey questions that attempt to measure directly the extent to which more genetically similar kin (such as monozygotic twins) also share more similar environmental conditions than, say, dizygotic twins, represent poor attempts to gauge a very complex underlying phenomenon of GE-covariance. Methods that rely on concordance between interviewer classification and self-report offer similar concerns about validity. In the present study, we take advantage of a natural experiment to address this issue from another angle: Misclassification of twin zygosity in a nationally-representative study (Add Health). Since such twins were reared under one "environmental regime of similarity" while genetically belonging to another group, this reverses the typical GE-covariance and allows us bounded estimates of heritability for a range of outcomes of interest to medical and behavioral scientists"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

"Gender is a social construct." A framework for thinking about sex differences -- Sex differences in personality -- Sex differences in neurocognitive functioning -- Sex differences in educational and vocational choices -- Sex differences in the brain -- "Race is a social construct." A framework for thinking about race differences -- Genetic distinctiveness among ancestral populations -- Evolution since humans left Africa -- The landscape of ancestral population differences -- "Class is a function of privilege." A framework for thinking about heritability and class -- The ubiquity of heritability and the small role of the shared environment -- Abilities, personality, and success -- Constraints and potentials -- Looking ahead. The shape of the revolution -- Reflections and speculations.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- CHAPTER 1: Molecular Me: Welcome to the Coming Social Genomics Revolution -- CHAPTER 2: The Durability of Heritability: Genes and Inequality -- CHAPTER 3: If Heritability Is So High, Why Can't We Find It? -- CHAPTER 4: Genetic Sorting and Cavorting in American Society -- CHAPTER 5: Is Race Genetic? A New Take on the Most Fraught, Distracting, and Nonsensical Question in the World -- CHAPTER 6: The Wealth of Nations: Something in Our Genes? -- CHAPTER 7: The Environment Strikes Back: The Promise and Perils of Personalized Policy -- CONCLUSION: Whither Genotocracy? -- EPILOGUE: Genotocracy Rising, 2117 -- APPENDIX 1 -- APPENDIX 2 -- APPENDIX 3 -- APPENDIX 4 -- APPENDIX 5 -- APPENDIX 6 -- NOTES -- INDEX.

Intro -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Bringing Biology Back In -- Introduction -- Biosocial Criminology -- The Fallacy of Genetic Determinism -- Behavior and Tinbergen's Four Questions -- Chapter 2 Behavioral Genetics: Genes and Heritability -- From Gene to Protein -- The Concept of Heritability -- Twin and Adoption Studies -- Heritability in Different Environments -- Shared and Non-shared Environment -- Gene-Environment Interaction and Gene-Environment Correlation -- Chapter 3 Molecular Genetics and Behavior -- Genetic Polymorphisms -- Quantitative Trait Loci -- Epigenetics -- Dopaminergic Polymorphisms and Criminal and Sexual Behavior -- Genetics and Human Freedom -- Chapter 4 How Criminal Traits Evolve and Are Retained -- Crime Is Normal -- Altruism -- Empathy -- Cooperation Creates Niches for Cheats -- Detecting and Punishing Cheats -- Chapter 5 Evolutionary Theories of Crime -- Evolutionary Theories of Crime: Past Is Prolog -- Cheater and Conditional Adaptation Theories -- The Gender Ratio Issue -- The Age-Crime Curve -- Chapter 6 Life History Theory and the Covariance of Sexual and Criminal Traits -- The Basics of Life History Theory -- Human Life Histories and the K-Factor -- Linking Sexuality to Criminal Traits and Behaviors -- The Role of the Environment on Life History Strategies -- Chapter 7 The Human Brain -- The Enchanted Loom and Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory -- Wiring the Brain: Experience Expected and Experience Dependent Mechanisms -- Synaptogenesis as Neural Darwinism -- Neurotransmitters -- The Serotonergic System -- Norepinephrine and Epinephrine -- Testosterone and Cortisol -- Chapter 8 The Antisocial Personalities: Psychopaths and Sociopaths -- Differentiating Antisocial Personality Disorder, Psychopathy, and Sociopathy.

Biosocial criminology : the paradigm for the twenty-first century -- A question for all ages : the hedonic tug of war -- Behavioral genetics : genes and heritability -- The human brain -- The canonical neurotransmitters and hormones -- Molecular genetics and the environment -- Anomie/strain, learning theories, and the adolescent brain -- The control tradition and human nature -- The antisocial personalities : psychopaths and sociopaths -- The schizophrenia spectrum and crime -- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder -- Criminal violence -- Index

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- List of Illustrations -- Preface -- Acknowlegments -- CHAPTER ONE. Social Behavior and Evolutionary Thought -- CHAPTER TWO. Models of Social Behavior -- CHAPTER THREE. The Price Equation -- CHAPTER FOUR. Inclusive Fitness and Hamilton's Rule -- CHAPTER FIVE. Nonadditive Interactions and Hamilton's Rule -- CHAPTER SIX. Conditional Behaviors and Inclusive Fitness -- CHAPTER SEVEN. Variants of Hamilton's Rule and Evolutionary Explanations -- CHAPTER EIGHT. Heritability, Maximization, and Evolutionary Explanations -- CHAPTER NINE. What Is Fitness? -- CHAPTER TEN. Evidence, Other Approaches, and Further Topics -- Glossary -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

Contents -- 1. The Dual Nature of Causation in Biology -- Proximate and ultimate cause and the nature of explanation -- 2. Some Fallacies and Misconceptions -- 3. Evolutionary Theory Since Darwin -- Natural variation and its sources -- Forces of evolutionary change -- The sometimes elusive concepts of heritability, adaptation, and fitness -- Some recent contributions to evolutionary theory particularly relevant for the study of behavior -- 4. Reasoning about Ultimate Causes of Behavior -- What is the meaning of sex? -- The fundamental significance of parental investment

Chapter 1. Dissecting the concept of aggression from biology to law enforcement -- Chapter 2. The heritability of aggressiveness and violence-proneness -- Chapter 3. Neurogenetics, genome-wide association and candidate gene studies -- Chapter 4. Social factors of biological change -- Chapter 5. The biology of glucocorticoids – normal and abnormal aggression -- Chapter 6. Glucocorticoids in humans -- Chapter 7. The aggression circuitry in animals -- Chapter 8. Distorted circuitry in violent animals -- Chapter 9. The neurobiology of human aggression and violence -- Chapter 10. Biological factors of psychological change. .

Front Cover -- Embodiment and Epigenesis: Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Understanding the Role of Biology within the Relational Developmental System -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents (Volume 45) -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter One - Introduction: Embodiment and Epigenesis: A View of the Issues -- ?1. INTRODUCTION -- ?2. RELATIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS THEORIES: AN OVERVIEW -- ?3. EMBODIMENT, EVOLUTION, AND ONTOGENY -- ?4. THE PLAN OF THESE TWO VOLUMES -- ?5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Two - Dynamic Models of Biological Pattern Formation Have Some Surprising Implications for Understanding the Epigenetics of Development -- ?1. INTRODUCTION -- ?2. BIOLOGICAL PATTERN FORMATION -- ?3. IFACE -- ?4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Three - A Developmental Systems Approach to Executive Function -- ?1. INTRODUCTION -- ?2. CLAIMS ABOUT THE HERITABILITY OF EF -- ?3. CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE CLAIMS ABOUT THE HERITABILITY OF EF -- ?4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Four - No Genes for Intelligence in the Fluid Genome -- ?1. THE BELL CURVE ILLUSION -- ?2. WHERE ARE ALL THE PROMISED GENES? -- ?3. THE ELUSIVE IQ GENES -- ?4. EPIGENETIC AND CULTURAL INHERITANCE -- ?5. IDENTICAL TWINS ARE NOT GENETICALLY IDENTICAL -- ?6. ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTIONS CAN IMPROVE IQ AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT -- ?7. TO CONCLUDE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Five - The Lost Study: A 1998 Adoption Study of Personality That Found No Genetic Relationship between Birthparents and Their 240 Adopted-Away Biological Offspring -- ?1. PLOMIN AND COLLEAGUES' 1998 PERSONALITY ADOPTION STUDY -- ?2. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY -- ?3. ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS OF THE RESULTS -- ?4. THE 1998 CAP STUDY AND THE TWIN METHOD -- ?5. THE 1998 CAP STUDY AND THE MINNESOTA STUDY OF TWINS REARED APART (MISTRA).

Front Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Copyright Page -- About the Author -- Disclaimer -- Title Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- The Story of Fidgety Philip -- Foreword -- Ten Things to Know About ADHD -- Preface -- Introduction -- PART 1: Understanding ADHD -- Chapter 1: What ADHD Is - And Is Not -- Chapter 2: The Traits -- Chapter 3: Seeking a Diagnosis -- Chapter 4: Heritability and the Comorbidities -- Chapter 5: Medication -- Chapter 6: Self-medication -- PART 2: Survive -- Chapter 7: Know Thyself -- Chapter 8: Education -- Chapter 9: Entrepreneurship -- Chapter 10: Jobs and Careers -- Chapter 11: Relationships and Friends -- Chapter 12: Parenthood -- Chapter 13: On the Move Again -- Chapter 14: Money and the Law -- PART 3: Thrive -- Chapter 15: Therapy -- Chapter 16: Celebrate ADHD -- A Better Future -- Ten of The Most Common Myths About ADHD -- Appendix -- Recommended Reading -- Acknowledgements.

Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1: Introduction to Cannabis Use Disorders -- Introduction -- Epidemiology of CUD -- The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) -- Translational Aspects -- Clinical Manifestations -- Developmental Aspects of CUD -- Treatment -- References -- 2: Epidemiology of Cannabis Use Disorder -- Introduction -- US Estimates and Trends -- National Surveys -- Prevalence and Trends in Cannabis Use -- Prevalence and Trends in Cannabis Use Disorder -- Risk Factors -- Subgroup Differences -- Psychiatric Comorbidity -- Impact of Cannabis Policy -- Discussion -- References -- 3: Genetic Aspects of Cannabis Use Disorder -- Introduction -- Heritability: Family Aggregation and Twin Studies -- Candidate Gene and Hypothesis-Based Studies of CUD -- Dopamine Genes -- Cannabinoid Genes -- ABCB1 Transporters -- Clock Genes -- GWAS Studies -- Whole Genome Sequencing -- Epigenetics in CUD -- Future Directions -- References -- 4: The Endogenous Cannabinoid System: A Cadre of Potential Therapeutic Targets -- Introduction -- Types of Cannabinoids -- Phytocannabinoids -- Synthetic Cannabinoids -- Endocannabinoids -- Endocannabinoid Metabolism -- Cannabinoid Receptors -- References -- 5: Cannabidiol and Cannabis Use Disorder -- Epidemiological, Social, Economic, and Health Impact of Cannabis Use Disorders -- Therapeutic Management of CUD -- Rationale or Justification for Testing the Efficacy of Cannabidiol in CUD -- Antipsychotic-Like Effects of CBD -- Anxiolytic-Like Effects of CBD -- Antidepressant-Like Effects of CBD -- Neuroprotective Properties of CBD -- Neurochemical Mechanisms Underlying CBD Effects -- CBD Lacks Potential as a Drug of Abuse -- CBD and Drug Use Disorders -- CBD and Cannabis Use Disorders -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References.

Cover -- Front Matter -- Contents -- Preface -- References -- Global Suicide -- Abstract -- Suicide Mortality Rates -- The Proportion of Male and Female Suicides -- Age Patterns -- Suicide Methods -- Suicide Attempts -- Suicide Prevention -- References -- Suicidal Ideation, Suicide Attemptsand Completed Suicide in Adolescents: Neurobiological Aspects -- Abstract -- The Neurobiology of Suicidal Behavior -- The Serotonergic System -- The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis -- Signal Transduction Studies in Teenage Suicide -- Protein Kinase A -- Protein Kinase C -- Phospholipase C in Suicide -- Transcription Factor CREB -- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Tyrosine Kinase B Receptors in Suicide -- Cytokines and Suicidal Behavior -- Conclusion -- References -- Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Neurotransmitter Systems in Suicide -- Abstract -- Serotonergic System in Suicide -- Noradrenergic System in Suicide -- Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms and Suicide -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- GABA, Depression and Suicide -- Abstract -- Brief Summary of Current Research on Suicide -- Early Studies of the GABA System in Suicide -- GABA in Depression: Evidence from Human Postmortem Studies from Our Research Group -- Reduced Markers of GABA-Related Dendritic Inhibition in Major Depression -- A Model Linking Reduced GABA-Mediated Dendritic Inhibition with Increased Focus on the Self in Major Depression -- Somatostatin-Related GABA Measures in Major Depressive Disorder According to Suicide Status -- GABA, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Suicide -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Genetics of Suicidal Behavior -- Abstract -- Heritability of Suicidal Behavior -- Association Studies of Suicidal Behavior -- Genome-Wide Association Studies of Suicidal Behavior -- References.

Intro -- Contents -- Determinants of Individual Prosociality and of Collective Social Solidarity-Cohesion: A Literature Review -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Editor's Introduction: "Individual Prosociality and Collective Social Solidarity as Key Terms in Voluntaristics in Their Larger Terminological Context" -- Synopsis -- 1 On Human Prosociality: Being Hyper-Social as Distinctive of the Human Species -- 1.1 Some Key Definitions of Current Prosociality-Solidarity S-Theory -- 1.2 The Practical Importance of Informal Prosociality Activities -- 2 Informal Prosociality Activities as One Basis for Social Solidarity -- 2.1 The Practical Invisibility of External Informal Prosociality Activities -- 2.2 Informal and Formal Volunteering as Prosociality Activities -- 2.3 The Universality of Informal Volunteering and Other Informal Prosociality Activities -- 3 Applying Individual-System-Level General S-Theory to Explaining Prosociality -- 3.1 The Mega-IV of Body/B -- 3.1.1 Including Biological Explanations of Informal Prosociality Activities -- 3.1.1.1 Evolution and Natural Selection Affecting IPAs -- 3.1.1.2 Genetics and Heritability Affecting IPAs -- 3.1.1.3 Brain Structures and Processes Affecting IPAs -- 3.1.1.4 Development and Maturation Affecting IPAs -- 3.2 The Mega-IV of Environment/E -- 3.2.1 Socialization and Social Control Processes Affecting IPAs, as Aspects of Human Population Environment -- 3.2.1.1 Socialization Processes Affecting IPAs -- 3.2.1.2 Social Control Processes Affecting IPAs -- 3.3 The Mega-IV of Psyche/Ψ -- 3.3.1 Prosocial Internal Psychological States and Processes (PIPSPs) Affecting IPAs -- 3.3.1.1 M = Motivations/Dispositions Affecting IPAs -- 3.3.1.2 A = Affects/Emotions Affecting IPAs -- 3.3.1.3 G = Goals/Values Affecting IPAs -- 3.3.1.4 I = Intellectual Capacities/Skills Affecting IPAs.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: Affinities as an Invitation to Think Differently -- PART ONE: SENSATIONS OF LIVING -- Why Sensations? -- Facets of Sensation -- 1. Ashes, ghosts and the 'sense of presence' -- 2. 'Grandma's Hands' by Bill Withers (version by Gil Scott-Heron) -- 3. The sensations of others: children's perspectives -- Looks -- Voices, volume and imitation -- Size, height, weight, growing -- Play fighting and real fighting -- Bodily proximity with others -- Relational traces and bodily inscriptions -- 4. The sensory-kinaesthetic intimacies of violence -- 5. Becky Tipper's creaturely 'moments of being' -- 6. Meat, 'food-animals' and Rhoda Wilkie's 'sentient commodities' -- Layering the Argument: Sensations of Affinity -- Life is full of sensory-kinaesthetics -- Sensations are multiple and atmospheric, emanating in encounters -- Sensations as sensations: not representations, adjuncts or qualities -- A sensory-kinaesthetic attunement reveals characters -- Affinities are charged with the energies of fascination, wondering and discordance -- PART TWO: INEFFABLE KINSHIP -- Why Ineffable Kinship? -- Facets of Ineffable Kinship -- 1. Family resemblances in literature and art -- 2. Resemblance interactions -- A familiar conversation topic and form -- Resemblances as striking, fleeting and capricious Negotiating and 'settling' resemblances -- An uneasy combination of the potent and the trivial -- 3. Resemblance stories -- 4. The still-beating heart -- 5. Nordqvist and Smart's donors as 'enigmatic presences' -- 6. Konrad's 'nameless relations' and 'transilience' -- 7. Super-donors and dubious progeniture -- 8. 'The Seed' by The Roots, featuring Cody Chesnutt -- Layering the Argument: Affinities of Ineffable Kinship -- Metaphors of genetics and heritability

Intro -- Drug Abuse and Antisocial Behavior -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- List of Figures -- 1 The Scope of the Problem -- Introduction -- Drug Abuse, Dependence, Use Disorders, and Addiction -- What is the Difference? -- How Prevalent is Drug Use? -- Drug Use and Antisocial Behavior -- An Introductory Illustration -- The Prevalence of Drug-Related Arrests -- Drugs and Recidivism -- Adding to the Complexity of the Drug-Crime Problem: Mental Health -- Drugs and Victimization -- Popular Views of the Drugs-Crime Nexus -- Is the Relationship Between Drug Use and Crime Causal, or Simply Correlational? -- Evidence in Support of a Spurious Relationship Between Drug Use and Crime -- Specificity of the Relationship Between Drug Use and Crime -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Prevailing Conceptions of Drug Abuse and Addiction -- Introduction -- Prevailing Conceptualizations -- The Moral Model of Addiction -- The Brain Disease Model of Addiction -- Addiction is a Brain Disease -- Addiction is a Chronic, Relapsing Brain Disorder -- Addiction is a Brain Disease with Context -- Ecological Systems and Biological Integration -- A Public Health Framework -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Genetic Underpinnings -- Introduction -- The Evolutionary Context -- Genetics, Addiction, and Antisocial Behavior -- The Genetic Framework for Studying Addiction -- Heritability Estimates -- Molecular Genetics -- Gene-Environment Interplay -- Susceptibility Genes -- Key Neurotransmitters -- Gene-Environment Interactions -- Proximal Environmental Pathogens and Their Distal Context -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Neurobiological Contributions -- Introduction -- How Do We "Map" Addiction and Offending in the Brain? -- The Key to Addiction: The Reward Pathway -- The Role of Stressful Life Events.