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Despite the scope of the threat they pose to Mexico's security, violent drug-trafficking organizations are not well understood, and optimal strategies to combat them have not been identified. While there is no perfectly analogous case from history, Mexico stands to benefit from historical lessons and efforts that were correlated with improvement in countries facing similar challenges related to violence and corruption

Prefiguring future by constructing history (introduction) / Andreas Leutzsch -- Analogy, allegory and anachronism / Peter Burke -- The subversive power of historical analogies / Antoon De Beats -- The tapestry of history: parallels, analogies, metaphors / Javier Fernández-Sebastián -- Driving with the rearview mirror? historical analogies and European foreign policy / Roland Vogt -- Handing over memories: the transnationalisation of memorials and the construction of collective memory in post-war and postcolonial Hong Kong / Andreas Leutzsch -- The sieve of memory: Chinese coming to terms with the past and parallels in European cultures of remembrance / K. Martin Chung -- Generational conflict in context of the cultural revolution in Chinese movies since 1990 / Barbara von der Lühe.

Cyber weapons and the possibility of cyber conflict—including interference in foreign political campaigns, industrial sabotage, attacks on infrastructure, and combined military campaigns—require policymakers, scholars, and citizens to rethink twenty-first-century warfare. Yet because cyber capabilities are so new and continually developing, there is little agreement about how they will be deployed, how effective they can be, and how they can be managed. Written by leading scholars, the fourteen case studies in this volume will help policymakers, scholars, and students make sense of contemporary cyber conflict through historical analogies to past military-technological problems. The chapters are divided into three groups. The first—What Are Cyber Weapons Like?—examines the characteristics of cyber capabilities and how their use for intelligence gathering, signaling, and precision striking compares with earlier technologies for such missions. The second section—What Might Cyber Wars Be Like?—explores how lessons from several wars since the early nineteenth century, including the World Wars, could apply—or not—to cyber conflict in the twenty-first century. The final section—What Is Preventing and/or Managing Cyber Conflict Like?—offers lessons from past cases of managing threatening actors and technologies.

This book explores the uses of the past in foreign policy-making. It outlines why and how political leaders refer to historical events in contemporary foreign policy discourses; the goals they hope to achieve; and the sometimes unintended foreign policy consequences of their (ab)use of historical memory. Furthermore, it looks at how political leaders shape domestic collective memories in pursuit of their international agendas, and highlight historical events leaders forget, reinterpret or obscure through selective narratives. The chapters explore a variety of theoretical concepts that shed light on how memory and foreign policy are linked in a complex and reciprocal way. The following mechanisms are discussed: the application of historical analogies; the construction of historical narratives; the creation of memory sites; the marginalisation and forgetting of the past; and the securitisation of historical memory. Through the use of a number of methodological approaches (such as discourse analysis, narrative analysis and content analysis of securitising moves) and a broad range of qualitative and quantitative data (newspaper articles, policy documents, commemorative speeches, interviews with policymakers and the observation of memory sites), the contributions highlight the interdependence of the international, national, regional and local dimensions of memory practices and history writing. Although they mostly focus on national case studies of foreign policy-making, they also reveal how representations of historical events evolve through interaction between political actors at the international level of analysis. The collection originated in the section entitled 'Exploring the Link between Historical Memory and Foreign Policy' at the annual Pan-European Conference of the European International Studies Association (EISA) 2018 held in Prague, the Czech Republic

Historical ecologies, heterarchies and transtemporal landscapes : introductory perspectives / Celeste Ray and Manuel Fernández-Götz -- Dialectic in historical ecology / William H. Marquardt -- Historical ecology and longitudinal research strategies around Lake Mývatn, Iceland / Thomas H. McGovern, George Hambrecht, Megan Hicks -- Gender, feminism, and heterarchy / Janet Levy -- "Can you hear me now?" : heterarchy as an instrument and outcome of collective action in Iron Age and medieval Europe / T.L. Thurston -- Reconstructing African landscape historical ecologies : an integrative approach for managing biocultural heritage / Anneli Ekblom, Paul Lane, and Paul Sinclair -- Resilience of agrarian land use practices in Burgundy, France : evolving approaches to historical ecology / Seth Murray, Elizabeth Anne Jones and Scott Madry -- Resilience, heterarchy, and the Native American cultural landscapes of the Yazoo Basin and the Mississippi River Delta / Christopher B. Rodning and Jayur M. Mehta -- Mapping British and Irish hillforts / Gary Lock and Ian Ralston -- Humanizing the western Cantabrian mountains in northwestern Iberia : a diachronic perspective on the exploitation of the uplands during late prehistory / David González Álvarez -- The end of Iron Age societies in northwestern iberia : equality, heterarchy and hierarchy in contexts of interaction / Inés Sastre and Brais Currás -- Iron Age societies at work : towns, kinship and territory in historical analogies / Manuel Fernández-Götz and Raquel Liceras-Garrido -- Empires of stone, politics of shadow : the historical ecology and political economy of mortuary monuments in Mongolia (1500 BC- 1400 AD) / Erik G. Johannesson -- A landscape of ancestors : looking back and thinking forward / Matthew Murray and Bettina Arnold -- Civic-ceremonial transition at Lambityeco, Oaxaca, Mexico / Gary M. Feinman and Linda M. Nicholas -- Sacred wells across the longue durée / Celeste Ray -- Afterword : integrating time and space in dynamic systems / Carole L. Crumley.

This book explores the uses of the past in foreign policy-making. It outlines why and how political leaders refer to historical events in contemporary foreign policy discourses; the goals they hope to achieve; and the sometimes unintended foreign policy consequences of their (ab)use of historical memory. Furthermore, it looks at how political leaders shape domestic collective memories in pursuit of their international agendas, and highlight historical events leaders forget, reinterpret or obscure through selective narratives. The chapters explore a variety of theoretical concepts that shed light on how memory and foreign policy are linked in a complex and reciprocal way. The following mechanisms are discussed: the application of historical analogies; the construction of historical narratives; the creation of memory sites; the marginalisation and forgetting of the past; and the securitisation of historical memory. Through the use of a number of methodological approaches (such as discourse analysis, narrative analysis and content analysis of securitising moves) and a broad range of qualitative and quantitative data (newspaper articles, policy documents, commemorative speeches, interviews with policymakers and the observation of memory sites), the contributions highlight the interdependence of the international, national, regional and local dimensions of memory practices and history writing. Although they mostly focus on national case studies of foreign policy-making, they also reveal how representations of historical events evolve through interaction between political actors at the international level of analysis. The collection originated in the section entitled Exploring the Link between Historical Memory and Foreign Policy at the annual Pan-European Conference of the European International Studies Association (EISA) 2018 held in Prague, the Czech Republic. Lina Klymenko is Researcher in the International Relations Programme at Tampere University, Finland, and Adjunct Professor at the Karelian Institute at the University of Eastern Finland. Marco Siddi is Montalcini Assistant Professor at the University of Cagliari, Italy, and Senior Research Fellow at the Finnish Institute of International Affairs. He is also Adjunct Professor in World Politics at the University of Helsinki, Finland, and Adjunct Professor in International Affairs at Tampere University, Finland.

Introduction /Yuichi Shionoya --1.Rational reconstruction of the German Historical School: an overview /Yuichi Shionoya --2.Adam Muller's 'Agronomische Briefe' /Tetsushi Harada --3.A lecture notebook of Wilhelm Roscher with special reference to his published works /Yukihiro Ikeda --4.Karl Knies's conception of political economy: the logical status of Analogie and Sitte /Jun Kobayashi --5.Lujo Brentano on the compulsory insurance system for workers in Germany /Sachio Kaku --6.Anonymous history in Austrian economic thought: from Carl Menger and Anton Menger to Friedrich von Wieser /Kiichiro Yagi --7.Gustav von Schmoller and Werner Sombart: a contrast in the historico-ethical method and social policy /Shin'ichi Tamura.

The transformation process in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) after 1989 is often clothed in terms of historical and geographical categories, either as a 'return of history' or as a 'return to Europe', or both. Either way, the radical right in CEE claims a prominent place in this politics of return. Studies of the radical right echo the more general concern, in analyses of the region, with historical analogies and the role of legacies. Sometimes parallels are discovered between the post-1989 radical right and interwar fascism. They imply a 'Weimarization' of the transformation countries and the return of the pre-socialist, ultranationalist, or even fascist past—the 'return of history'. Another interpretation argues that since some CEE party systems increasingly resemble their West European counterparts, so does the radical right, at least where it is electorally successful - the 'return to Europe'. A third line of thought states that the radical right in the region is a phenomenon sui generis, inherently shaped by the historical forces of state socialism and the transformation process. As a result, and in contrast to Western Europe, it is ideologically more extreme and anti-democratic while organizationally more a movement than a party phenomenon. This book provides insight into the role of historical forces in the shaping and performance of the current radical right in CEE. It conceptualizes 'legacies' both as a contextual factor, i.e. as part of structural and cultural opportunities for new movements and parties in the region, and as textual factors, i.e. as part of the ideological baggage of the past which is revived—and reinterpreted—by the radical right. An introductory essay by Michael Minkenberg puts the topic and the concept of legacies into a larger research perspective. Articles by Lenka Bustikova and Herbert Kitschelt as well as John

In examining the influence of historical analogies on decisions to use--or not use--force, military strategist Jeffrey Record assesses every major application of U.S. force from the Korean War to the NATO war on Serbia. Specifically, he looks at the influence of two analogies: the democracies? appeasement of Hitler at Munich and America's defeat in the Vietnam War. His book judges the utility of these two analogies on presidential decision-making and finds considerable misuse of them in situations where force was optional. He points to the Johnson administration's application of the Munich ana

Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- 1 Searching for a Post-Cold War Ballast -- 2 Drawing Historical Analogies -- 3 Probing Great-Power Competition -- 4 Managing a Resurgent China -- 5 Assessing Russia's Conduct and the Sino-Russian Entente -- 6 Seizing America's Great-Power Opportunity -- Afterword -- Notes -- Index.

Presents an analysis of the foreign policy-making processes of the two Bush administrations prior to the attacks on Iraq. In a systematic comparison, this book shows how both presidents used historical analogies to evaluate information, relied on instinct to formulate decisions, and drew on moral language to justify their choices

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- About This Book -- Contents -- About the Author -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Maps -- Central Personalities -- 1 Introduction -- Statement of the Problem -- Purpose of the Book -- The Use of Case Studies -- Conceptual Underpinnings for the Study -- Research Questions -- Research Hypotheses -- Scope of the Study -- Limitations and Assumptions -- Power Projection Disparities -- Interdependence -- Data Analysis -- The Differential Effects of Threat Perception -- Summary -- 2 Literature Review -- Background -- Deterrence Theory -- The Spread of Nuclear Weapons -- Nuclear Motivations -- Proliferation Optimism and Proliferation Pessimism -- The Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation -- Political Psychology -- Summary -- 3 Cognitive Psychological Influences -- Cognitive Psychological Influences -- Historical Tragedy and Perceptions of Threat -- Israel-Historical Tragedy and Perceptions of Threat -- Historical Analogies -- Adversarial Rhetoric -- Fixed Analogy -- The United States-Historical Tragedy and Perceptions of Threat -- Historical Analogies -- Adversarial Rhetoric -- Fixed Analogy -- History of Conflict -- Israel-History of Conflict -- Israel and Iraq -- Israel and Hezbollah and Hamas -- Israel and Syria -- Israel and Iran -- The Regional Hegemon -- The United States-History of Conflict -- The United States and Iraq -- The United States and Syria -- The United States and Iran -- Summary -- 4 National Security Policy and Nuclear Policy -- Israel-National Security Policy -- Foreign Policy Decisions -- The United States-National Security Policy -- The Truman and Eisenhower Administrations -- The Kennedy and Nixon Administrations -- The Carter Administration -- The Reagan Administration -- The George H.W. Bush Administration -- The Clinton Administration.

Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Figures -- 1 Introduction -- Germany - a multicultural nation-state -- The pitfalls of biological analogies and 'national identities' -- 'Mapping multiculturality in historical perspective - some models of cultural diversity -- Cooperation and multiculturality: some abstract considerations -- PART I THE GENESIS OF A MELTING-POT -- 2 From Germania to the Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic Nation -- Romans and Germani -- Gentes and the Frankish Empire -- Towards linguistic divergence -- The emergence of a new multi-ethnic unit: the Holy Roman Empire -- The colonization of the East - multi-ethnicity becomes enlarged -- The decline of central power -- The beginnings of a collective German identity -- 3 From Reformation to Enlightenment - Political Fragmentation and Cultural Unification -- Reformation: a new cultural cleavage -- The Habsburg monarchy, The Netherlands, Alsace - changes in the ethnic pattern -- The Thirty Years War -- The Peace of Westphalia: balancing diversity -- The rise of Brandenburg-Prussia -- Education and Bildungsburgertum -- The emergence of a common literary standard -- Infant nationalism -- 4 1792-1871: the Shaping of Germany -- French hegemony and modernization -- Nationalism, patriotism and wars of liberation -- The Congress of Vienna and the German League, or the irrelevance of nationality -- Prussia and the Polish territories, or the relevance of nationality -- The Zollverein -- Liberal patriotism versus conservatism: the emergence of a new cultural cleavage -- 1848: abortive unification from below -- The road to the Kaiserreich -- Summary - the formation of the German nation-state -- PART II A MELTING-POT UNDER PRESSURE -- 5 Germany after 1871 - Some General Aspects and Trends -- Political system and society in outline -- The education system.

Especially during Barack Obama's first campaign for the presidency, commentators and Obama himself noted several similarities between him and Abraham Lincoln. These comparisons became the premises for arguments from historical analogy. Such arguments can have several purposes, including making a direct comparison, using the past as a new frame of reference for the present, and suggesting teleology. Each of these uses has pitfalls as well as promises. Obama, however, used analogies to make a fortiori arguments, indicating that if Lincoln could surmount greater obstacles, we should be able to su