Suchergebnisse

Fin dalla formulazione della teoria della tragedy of the commons di Garrett Hardin nel 1968, assistiamo, sia in ambito accademico sia nella società, a un rinnovato interesse per i commons, le forme collettive o comunitarie di gestione delle risorse ambientali. Questa tesi illustra il funzionamento di queste particolari istituzioni, concentrandosi su un caso di studio italiano, le cosiddette partecipanze agrarie emiliane, indagate adottando una prospettiva antropologica di lungo periodo. Se negli ultimi decenni si sono moltiplicate le ricerche etnografiche e gli studi sperimentali volti a spiegare il grado di performance raggiungibile dai commons, poca attenzione è stata data ai modi in cui questi si formano e si modificano nel tempo per adattarsi a situazioni ecologiche, economiche, politiche e sociali differenti. Sostenendo la necessità di adottare una metodologia il più possibile interdisciplinare, in cui l'antropologo dialoga con la storia, l'economia, la demografia e altre discipline, le domande che guidano la ricerca sono le seguenti: quando, dove e come sono emerse queste particolari istituzioni? Per quali motivi e in che modo sono cambiate nel corso del tempo? Quali fattori hanno permesso loro di continuare ad esistere o, al contrario, le hanno condannate all'estinzione? Quali conseguenze i commons recano all'ambiente e alla popolazione locale nel lungo periodo? In che modo il rapporto tra queste comunità umane e il loro ambiente forgia identità, memorie e comportamenti condivisi? Un'analisi di lungo periodo delle partecipanze agrarie emiliane evidenzia la complessità del fenomeno, in cui i principi di cooperazione sono sempre coesistiti con forti tensioni e conflitti sia interni che esterni, e dove le strategie di gate keeping ed esclusione dei non membri hanno portato nel corso dei secoli a modificare la struttura dei commons, la composizione della popolazione e l'ambiente circostante. ; Since the formulation of the "tragedy of the commons" theory by Garrett Hardin in 1968, we are witnessing, both in the academic world and the society, a renewed interest in the commons, the collective or communal forms of management of environmental resources. This thesis describes the functioning of these particular institutions, focusing on an Italian case study, the so-called "partecipanze agrarie" of Emilia, investigated by adopting a long term anthropological perspective. While during the last decades ethnographic and experimental studies tried to explain the level of performance reached by the commons, scarce attention has been given to the ways in which the commons are formed and change over time to adapt to different ecological, economic, political and social situations. Arguing the need to adopt an interdisciplinary methodology, where anthropology merges with history, economics, demography and other disciplines, the questions that guide the research are the following: When, where and how have the commons emerged? For what reasons and in what way have they changed over time? What factors have helped them to survive or, on the contrary, have condemned them to extinction? What consequences do the commons bring to the environment and to the local population in the long run? How has the relationship between these human communities and their environment forged identities, memories and a shared behavior? A long term analysis of the "partecipanze agrarie" highlights the complexity of the phenomenon, in which principles of cooperation have always coexisted with strong tensions and conflicts, both internal and external, and where gate-keeping strategies and the exclusion of non-members have led to modify over the centuries the structure of the commons, the composition of the population and the surrounding environment.

In the last years, FPGAs have been heavily used in many different critical applications, such as spatial and military ones, where these devices operate in harsh environments. For this reason, research studies about faults (detection, recovery, modelling etc.) in FPGA technology are of primary concern. The main objective of this thesis is the development of an integrated environment for the analysis of fault effects in FPGA routing. The integrated environment has been developed as a Python library, named PyXEL, that integrates Xilinx Software, such as Vivado and ISE tools, and exploits a strong know-how to carry out experiments on routing faults in FPGAs in an automated way. In particular, PyXEL provides an easy way to execute design manipulation, fault injection, bitstreams manipulation, collection and analysis of results. Furthermore, PyXEL has been used for the analysis of fault effects in the interconnection network of the Xilinx Artix-7 XC7A100T FPGA. Routing faults such as conflicts and opens have been injected in the FPGA using randomly chosen Programmable- Interconnect-Points (PIPs). The experiments conducted show that it is possible to use PyXEL in order to gain insights into the real behaviours of fault effects in FPGA routing.

The problem of truth, from the point of view of a historian, arises in clearly different forms compared to those of scientists and probably also of social scholars of other disciplines. History is a narration of past events, but this narration is subject to an arbitrary selection of its parts, its documentation, the facts that make up the event under discussion. History is organized on the basis of documents, testimonies and biographical elements, but also of considerations on the structures of power, on the articulations of society and on the forms of political regimes. As the history of the 1900s amply demonstrates – of which the Shoah and the Nazi destruction of the Jews as well as Soviet communism, the history of Italy and McCarthyism in the United States, as well as the genocides of the 1990s, are touched on in this article – the interpretation of the events involved the greatest difficulty in identifying a recognized and shared truth.

The 43rd UID conference, held in Genova, takes up the theme of 'Dialogues' as practice and debate on many fundamental topics in our social life, especially in these complex and not yet resolved times. The city of Genova offers the opportunity to ponder on the value of comparison and on the possibilities for the community, naturally focused on the aspects that concern us, as professors, researchers, disseminators of knowledge, or on all the possibile meanings of the discipline of representation and its dialogue with 'others', which we have broadly catalogued in three macro areas: History, Semiotics, Science / Technology. Therefore, "dialogue" as a profitable exchange based on a common language, without which it is impossible to comprehend and understand one another; and the graphic sign that connotes the conference is the precise transcription of this concept: the title 'translated' into signs, derived from the visual alphabet designed for the visual identity of the UID since 2017. There are many topics which refer to three macro sessions: - Witnessing (signs and history) - Communicating (signs and semiotics) - Experimenting (signs and sciences) Thanks to the different points of view, an exceptional resource of our disciplinary area, we want to try to outline the prevailing theoretical-operational synergies, the collaborative lines of an instrumental nature, the recent updates of the repertoires of images that attest and nourish the relations among representation, history, semiotics, sciences.

If it is true that geological discontinuities, as well systemic, like climate change, overpopulation, depletion of traditional energy sources, are evidences that today can hardly be questioned, this article intends to address, through the perspective of recorded history and deep history, those particular contributions that, in the complex warp of narratives that emerged on a global level, have proposed interpretations that resort to Malthusian and Neo-Malthusian paradigms. In this perspective of investigation, it is clear the role of the recent global crisis as a historical-economic phenomenon that has triggered countless debates about the overall stability of the system and accelerated the appearance of numerous questions about political-economic scenarios and the related political and social implications to come. ; Se è vero che discontinuità geologiche oltre che sistemiche come il cambiamento climatico, la sovrappopolazione, l'esaurirsi delle tradizionali fonti energetiche, sono evidenze che difficilmente oggi possono essere messe in discussione, il presente articolo intende affrontare, attraverso la prospettiva della recorded history e della deep history, quei particolari contributi che, nel complesso ordito di narrazioni emerse a livello globale, hanno prospettato interpretazioni che ricorrono a paradigmi malthusiani e neomalthusiani. In questa prospettiva di indagine risulta evidente il ruolo della recente crisi globale quale fenomeno storico-economico che ha innescato innumerevoli dibattiti circa la tenuta complessiva del sistema e accelerato la comparsa di numerosi interrogativi circa gli scenari politico-economici e relative implicazioni politiche e sociali a venire.