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This paper was written in response to a comment by a member of the organising collective of the conference to the effect that they had received no submissions about lesbians. It initially couches the problem in terms of 'heterosexism' and 'homosexuality', although in fact it talks mainly about lesbianism. It discusses some ideological justifications which support the concealment of the existence of lesbians, including the British legislation against 'acts of gross indecency'. Much of the paper is devoted to Freud's theory of female sexuality, because a misuse of his theory is the foundation of most 'theories' of homosexuality, and because it is a picture of the fragmentation and alienation of female sexuality under patriarchy. The paper also points out that his 'masculinity complex' (the third of the outcomes for women, the other two being normal femininity and neurosis) could be read as an argument for lesbianism as resistance. Nonetheless, the oppression of lesbians is in the first place a conspiracy of silence, a silence that appears to be reproduced within the women's movement.

Cross culturally and historically people who are attracted to members of their own sex ("homosexuals") have been viewed and treated in radically different ways. Some societies have exhibited tolerance or indifference, whereas others have vilified and persecuted homosexuals. Using primary sources, this project reviews the major sociological and medical theories of "homosexuality" between 1864 and 1946, evaluates their bias and political implications, and closes with a brief overview of contemporary research. In chapter two the themes of the texts presented are: causality, diagnosis, and treatment. The primary theory between 1864 and 1908 argues the congenital nature of "homosexuality. The themes in chapter three are: perspectives on "homosexuality," developmental processes, and the nature of patients' relationships to themselves, their families, and others. Arrested development and the importance of childhood relationships become popular theories between 1908 and 1946. These two chapters represent critical shifts in the medicalization of the "homosexual" body from scientific and medical perspectives to psycho-analytic perspectives. Many of the authors provide progressive ideas on "homosexuality" in their quest for scientific answers to a polarized subject matter. Although these early studies attempt to maintain scientific objectivity, they often conceal moral attitudes and prejudice. The theories and approaches analyzed in both chapters tend to pathologize "homosexuality," marginalize individuals and groups, differentiate "homosexuals" from "normal" people while ignoring diversity, and stereotype on the basis of gender. Problems of prejudice and persecution persist today, as described in chapter four. This project guides the reader through the 19th, and early 20th centuries' literature on homosexuality and analyzes its value judgments and political implications for gay and lesbian groups. Finally, a brief overview of contemporary research reviews the possible biological influence on "homosexuality" and homophobia in clinical settings. It is hoped that this journey will be enlightening and enable professionals as well as laity to make informed and fair decisions in the future.

The following is an excerpt from a larger manuscript HOMOSEXUALITY AND AFRICAN CINEMA, a co-operative effort of Dr Botha (CityVarsity, Film & Television and Multimedia School in Cape Town, South Africa) and Professor Dethier and Dr. Willemse at the Free University of Brussels. IN A GLITTERING ceremony at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival a full-length South African film, The Man Who Drove With Mandela won the Documentary Teddy Prize. It was rewarded for its unique contribution to gay and lesbian history and for bringing forward a challenging and politically engaging subject. The Man Who Drove With Mandela was directed by Greta Schiller and researched by the co-writer of the outstanding compilation on South African lesbian and gay lives, Defiant Desire, namely Mark Gevisser. No other film in South African history chronicled the lives of lesbian and gays in the way Gevisser's documentary has done(1). It is a.

This open access book investigates the pathologisation of homosexuality during the fascist regime in Italy through an analysis of the case of G., a man with "homosexual tendencies" interned in the Collegno mental health hospital in 1928. No systematic study exists on the possibility that Fascism used internment in an asylum as a tool of repression for LGBT people, as an alternative to confinement on an island, prison or home arrests. This research offers evidence that in some cases it did. The book highlights how the dictatorship operated in a low-key, shadowy and undetectable manner, bending pre-existing legislation. Its brutality was - and still is - difficult to prove. It also emphasises the ways in which existing stereotypes on homosexuality were reinforced by the regime propaganda in support of its so-called moralising campaign and how families, the police and the medical professionals joined forces in implementing this form of repression.

«Matrimonio y homosexualidad» es una aproximación desde el mundo jurídico a la problemática planteada por los colectivos homosexuales ante la demanda concretada en el acceso al matrimonio de personas del mismo sexo. En esta aportación, y partiendo de la nueva Ley que modifica el Código Civil en la materia, se presta atención tanto al debate previo, producido por la presentación de distintas proposiciones y proyectos por los grupos parlamentarios, como a las demandas y propuestas de los colectivos homosexuales. Para finalizar se puntualizan las diferentes cuestiones que continúan sin cerrarse en el debate político, jurídico y social: el modelo de familia y matrimonio, la adopción por parejas del mismo sexo, o la posible objeción de conciencia, entre otras. Además, queda abierto el tema ante el futuro pronunciamiento del Tribunal Constitucional ya que el Partido Popular presentó recurso de inconstitucionalidad. ; This article adopts a legal approach in examining the problems posed by homosexual groups vis-à-vis the demand for access to marriage for people of the same sex. Taking as a starting point the new law which modifies the Civil Code in this area, we focus on both the prior debate, arising from the presentation of different proposals and projects by parliamentary groups, and on the demands and proposals from homosexual groups. We conclude by listing the various issues which have yet to be resolved in political, legal and social circles: the model of family and marriage, adoption by same sex couples, and conscientious objection, among others. Moreover, the main issue remains open pending a future pronouncement by the Constitutional Court, since the Popular Party lodged an appeal on the grounds of unconstitutionality.

This article adopts a legal approach in examining the problems posed by homosexual groups vis-à-vis the demand for access to marriage for people of the same sex. Taking as a starting point the new law which modifies the Civil Code in this area, we focus on both the prior debate, arising from the presentation of different proposals and projects by parliamentary groups, and on the demands and proposals from homosexual groups. We conclude by listing the various issues which have yet to be resolved in political, legal and social circles: the model of family and marriage, adoption by same sex couples, and conscientious objection, among others. Moreover, the main issue remains open pending a future pronouncement by the Constitutional Court, since the Popular Party lodged an appeal on the grounds of unconstitutionality. ; «Matrimonio y homosexualidad» es una aproximación desde el mundo jurídico a la problemática planteada por los colectivos homosexuales ante la demanda concretada en el acceso al matrimonio de personas del mismo sexo. En esta aportación, y partiendo de la nueva Ley que modifica el Código Civil en la materia, se presta atención tanto al debate previo, producido por la presentación de distintas proposiciones y proyectos por los grupos parlamentarios, como a las demandas y propuestas de los colectivos homosexuales. Para finalizar se puntualizan las diferentes cuestiones que continúan sin cerrarse en el debate político, jurídico y social: el modelo de familia y matrimonio, la adopción por parejas del mismo sexo, o la posible objeción de conciencia, entre otras. Además, queda abierto el tema ante el futuro pronunciamiento del Tribunal Constitucional ya que el Partido Popular presentó recurso de inconstitucionalidad.

Homosexuality still remains to be one of the most controversial issues in the world today. The United Nations and other human rights bodies have postulated that all laws that discriminate against people on the basis of their sexual orientation violate human rights. However, despite this, many countries around the world including Malawi still maintain laws that object to same-sex relationships. In Malawi the issue of homosexuality was not in the public domain until recently after the arrest of a gay couple in 2009. In reaction to the arrest, the government, religious leaders, traditional leaders condemned same-sex relationships. They asserted that homosexuality is against Malawian culture and is ultimately against the will of God. Since the arrest, there has been an intense debate between the Malawian Government and some Civil Society Organizations (and donors) on whether to legalize homosexuality or not. The study aimed at finding out the factors that could make legalizing homosexuality in Malawi complex. A qualitative study was employed to find out the attitudes that people have on same-sex-relationships. The study also aimed at finding out the reasons why people hold particular attitudes on same-sex relations. Religion, Culture, politics and the media were determined to be the major factors that shape peoples' attitudes on same-sex relationships in Malawi. A discussion on how criminalization of homosexuality violates human rights in the Malawian context was also central to this study. The research concluded that the government should repeal the old colonial laws and enact new laws based on a number of facts unveiled in the research.

This study aims to explore and analyze the process of defining homosexuality as an act of political implications. Defining the homosexuality influence the terms of social and political debate and implies distinct lines of actions. Qualitative analysis of the individual interviews used in this study shows how people discursively construct opinions about homosexuality. This study includes 10 participants using in-depth interviews and literature review as a research method. Evidence of this study indicates that cognitive beliefs and definitions about homosexuality are related directly and indirectly on attributions of causes that are biological or lifestyle choices in discourses. Surprisingly there is a significant number of responses about homosexuality that are not clearly defined. For some people, homosexuality can purport multiple things and others don't think that they have the knowledge to give an opinion about the reasons that causes the homosexuality. In order to generate statistical estimates about how prevalent these different patterns of discourse are in the population in large, we must generate survey instruments that are more capable of measuring the complexity of people's understandings of homosexuality.

A critical analysis of the attempts by Nollywood, the melodramatic video-film industry in Nigeria, to address and mainstream the notion of homosexuality in Nigeria and across the continent. Using the cultivation theory and the inter-group contact theory, the study explores the notion of mainstreaming of homosexuality by the very popular medium across Africa. How has this particular medium address the issue of homosexuality in society through characterization and plot? Since Nollywood is a highly didactic medium, what messages about homosexuality are being presented and how do these messages contribute to or erode from existing conceptions and misconceptions about homosexuality in Nigeria? Has the medium, in its portrayal of homosexuality, contributed to the moral panic on the issue or help deflect the moral panic? The analysis is done against the backdrop of the ongoing legal, social and political homophobic rhetoric currently engulfing Nigeria and other African nations. The focus of the study is the frequency of reference to homosexuality in the society, the characterization of homosexual persons in the video-films and the narratives of the homosexual person in relation to heterosexuals in the society. The video-films examined are: Emotional Crack (2003); Men in Love (2010) and Mind Game (2010). The results indicate that while more plots and characterization is being done by Nollywood to make homosexuality salient to the society, the characterizations of homosexuality is unsympathetic at best and even dubious in certain circumstances. In the one instance where a strong and sympathetic characterization is employed, the plot is undermined to restore the mainstream socio-religious homophobic discourse.

Homosexuality is a behavior of social deviation that is considered to violate human nature and violate the norms that exist in Indonesia as a civilized country according to the First Precepts and Second Precepts. Ironically, there is no legal umbrella that can ensnare homosexuals, whereas if viewed from homosexual criminology this is included in crime because crime is not only considered as something that violates the rules contained in the legislation but something that is considered to violate the values values and norms that exist in society that disturb security order and something that harms the community. From the point of view of criminology, as well as the legal arrangements governing LGBT if it is linked to the Criminal Code, and prevention and control efforts so that LGBT can be overcome. The method used in this study is a juridical approach, which is done by examining primary data by direct observation in the field. The factor behind a person being a part of homosexuals is environmental factors because the environment can lead someone in a negative or positive direction and if related to criminology according to my analysis can be related to Differential Association theory where crime can be learned through close communication. The legal regulation governing LGBT is still considered weak and if it is linked to the Criminal Code it cannot yet fully regulate LGBT because the elements in it have not been fulfilled and there is still a legal vacuum.

This essay examines the relationships between homosexuality and sex education in New Zealand during the 1970s. It argues that reading sex education debates and resources provides a useful way of exploring connections between the ontologies and politics of sexuality at that time. In particular, the advent of social movements concerned with sexual issues marked a turning point in homosexuality's appearance within formal and informal modes of sex education. During the 1970s, sex education and related debates became a key site at which various conceptualisations of homosexuality were constructed and contested. By analysing the struggles between radical and conservative perspectives, we can see how same‐sex desire came to symbolise changing sexual mores, as well as broader ideas about social order and social change. ; Peer Reviewed

Whether homosexuality should be described as one among many paraphilic sexual interests or an altogether different dimension of sexual interest has long been discussed in terms of its political and social implications. The present article examined the question instead by comparing the major correlates and other features of homosexuality and of the paraphilias, including prevalence, sex ratio, onset and course, fraternal birth order, physical height, handedness, IQ and cognitive neuropsychological profile, and neuroanatomy. Although those literatures remain underdeveloped, the existing findings thus far suggest that homosexuality has a pattern of correlates largely, but not entirely, distinct from that identified among the paraphilias. At least, if homosexuality were deemed a paraphilia, it would be relatively unique among them, taxonometrically speaking.

This article considers the figures of the anarchist and the homosexual in Oscar Wilde's play Vera, or the Nihilists (1880) and Émile Zola's novel Paris (1898) and argues that the two are ideologically associated and structurally analogous. In Zola's novel and French and English responses to the Wilde trials, the article identifies a peculiarly fin-de-siècle form of homophobia that denigrates an abstract notion of male homosexuality while denying the authenticity of homosexual tastes as they are professed by real individuals. Both this understanding of homosexuality and the politics of Paris are complicated by the structural and lexical associations the novel sets up between the homosexual and the anarchist, the latter of whom Zola treats sympathetically, if critically. The article goes on to consider how both Vera and Paris situate anarchism and, implicitly or explicitly, homosexuality in opposition to the idea of the family, which represents for Zola the only conceivable foundation of human happiness and social progress, and for Wilde's Nihilists an oppressive structure to be resisted or destroyed. Wilde's play is shown to offer an exploration of the tension between family and politics, sexual or otherwise, and of the possibilities and risks involved in "coming out" as anything other than normal; it thus provides a critique of the heteronormativity and familialism of Zola's ideological project.

Zenne Dancer is a 2011 Turkish film written by Caner Alper and directed by Alper and Mehmet Binay. It is inspired by the story of Ahmet Yildiz, a gay Kurdish Turk allegedly murdered by his father in 2008 for dishonoring his family. Through its depiction of the unlikely friendship between three men, the film addresses the problem of homosexuality, the desire-in-uneasiness evoked by men being together, and the complex social structures of honor killings. In its address of honor killings, Zenne Dancer follows in a prestigious line of some of the best of Turkish and world cinema. Importantly, though, there are differences here as Zenne Dancer reimagines the relationships involved in crimes of honor. First, Zenne Dancer deploys the story of a father killing his son, rather than his daughter, to save the family honor, which is threatened by homosexual desire rather than the loss of virginity or illegitimate pregnancy. Second, rather than pitting the modern state against religion, tradition, or pre-modern culture, Zenne Dancer's critique of honor killing implicates both the police and the military in the violence done in the name of tradition (not religion). Islam plays a much smaller part than economic deprivation or the trauma of war in this film. Third, the film complicates gendered expectations through its deployment of female characters—mothers, sisters, lovers—who all have their own relationships with and perspectives on these men. The film depicts heteropatriarchy as a system harmful to women and men and shows men and women enforcing and resisting that harm. In the end, Zenne Dancer connects these thematic concerns through a mixture of realist story, dance video, daydream, fairytale, and melodrama in a film ultimately concerned with the care of the self and the meaning of liberation. Thus, it resists falling into fictional "realist anthropology" or simplistic assertions of repression in confronting the complexities of honor killings, the problem of homosexuality, and friendship in cinema.

Primarily based upon archival resources at the Archivo Histórico del Distrito Federal (AHDF) and the Archivo General de la Nación (AGN) in Mexico City, this thesis is a social and cultural history of the criminalization and punishment of homosexuality during the 1920s and 1930s in Mexico City. The bulk of the primary historical research is based upon two separate spheres of homosexual-related criminal cases, adult and juvenile homosexual 'criminal' cases. The Archivo Histórico houses adult crime cases adjudicated by Mexico City's Tribunal Superior de Justicia del Distrito Federal. The AGN, meanwhile, houses juvenile cases brought to the officials at the Tribunal Administrativo para Menores, a court established in 1927 to adjudicate cases involving troubled youths and delinquents. The criminalization of homosexuality embodied the contradictory and exclusionary nature of modernization in Mexico. More precisely, criminological discourse of turn-of-the-century Mexico, born in the name of modern science, did not aim to extend benefits of progress of the entire population. Rather, it served as an acceptable justification for the exclusion of vast segments of Mexican society from the progress of modernization. Thus, the attempt to criminalize homosexuality in Mexico City was a means for the dominant Mexican culture, itself in a constant process of social and cultural transformation (and re-transformation), to police its own boundaries and solidify notions of 'normal' masculine behavior