Suchergebnisse

According to researchers, the Lithuanian rock of the 1970s and 1980s was a hybrid of the Western alternative culture, the Soviet proletarian culture and the Lithuanian dissidentism. Instead of turning into a part of show business as it did in the Western Europe, the Lithuanian rockmusic always stayed illegal and prosecuted. Among the most bitter rock groups was Antis, which satirized the Soviet bureaucracy and the official kitschy art. The soloist of the group Algirdas Kaušpėdas was one of the leaders of the Lithuanian movement for freedom. All the power of the national independence movement gave vent in the "Singing Revolution" in 1989. The process of liberation was like a rite, which for many people turned into an unforgettable personal and historical experience. The demonstrators gathered in squares like in churches. Folk, rock and popsongs performed at that time were regarded as sacred; and this attitude towards them did not change much until nowadays. Political demonstrations of Lithuanian people could be characterized by numerous traits typical to the religious festivals: not responding to force by violence, experiencing brotherhood and sisterhood, praying to Providence and hoping for a miracle. In the song by Algirdas Kaušpėdas Coast of Our Dreams, some biblical images could be noted: "We are a strange young armless troop stepping onto a bright surface of water. Let's walk ahead, no hesitations, or we'll forget the destination!" New wave of patriotic songs surged up. [to full text]

According to researchers, the Lithuanian rock of the 1970s and 1980s was a hybrid of the Western alternative culture, the Soviet proletarian culture and the Lithuanian dissidentism. Instead of turning into a part of show business as it did in the Western Europe, the Lithuanian rockmusic always stayed illegal and prosecuted. Among the most bitter rock groups was Antis, which satirized the Soviet bureaucracy and the official kitschy art. The soloist of the group Algirdas Kaušpėdas was one of the leaders of the Lithuanian movement for freedom. All the power of the national independence movement gave vent in the "Singing Revolution" in 1989. The process of liberation was like a rite, which for many people turned into an unforgettable personal and historical experience. The demonstrators gathered in squares like in churches. Folk, rock and popsongs performed at that time were regarded as sacred; and this attitude towards them did not change much until nowadays. Political demonstrations of Lithuanian people could be characterized by numerous traits typical to the religious festivals: not responding to force by violence, experiencing brotherhood and sisterhood, praying to Providence and hoping for a miracle. In the song by Algirdas Kaušpėdas Coast of Our Dreams, some biblical images could be noted: "We are a strange young armless troop stepping onto a bright surface of water. Let's walk ahead, no hesitations, or we'll forget the destination!" New wave of patriotic songs surged up. [to full text]

This paper is devoted to the problem of intangible assets. Questions primarily concerning definitions of the intangible asset phenomenon are at the centre of attention from the position of economic and special accounting legislation. The problem of set of intangible assets is also monitored here together with allocation (placement) in basic accounting records of a company. The conclusions of this paper demonstrate the limited possibilities of official (accounting) data structures (including structures for intangible assets), especially in comparison with theoretical structures, as derived from the needs of economic practice. On the other hand, however, it is also necessary to take into consideration the relative transparency of the official intangible asset structures, which provides apparent hope if involving future development in the direction of greater reflex in economic reality.

This paper is devoted to the problem of intangible assets. Questions primarily concerning definitions of the intangible asset phenomenon are at the centre of attention from the position of economic and special accounting legislation. The problem of set of intangible assets is also monitored here together with allocation (placement) in basic accounting records of a company. The conclusions of this paper demonstrate the limited possibilities of official (accounting) data structures (including structures for intangible assets), especially in comparison with theoretical structures, as derived from the needs of economic practice. On the other hand, however, it is also necessary to take into consideration the relative transparency of the official intangible asset structures, which provides apparent hope if involving future development in the direction of greater reflex in economic reality.

Summary of Master Thesis 'Establishment of the State of Israel and its Territorial Issues' Blood in Palestine both sharpens hatred between Arabs and Jews and is the best justification to Arab terrorism all over the world. Hatred, slaughter, violence, terror and practically no hope to come to an agreement are inseparable elements of Israel and Palestine. Israel has been an independent state for 60 years now; however, it does not exist in the same way as many other states established some time ago. This reason became an inducement to analyse the establishment of the State of Israel and the problems caused by this process in a more detailed way. This work consists of four parts. The first part discusses establishment of states in terms of international law. Whereas international law itself is pertinent to the state rights and responsibilities, specific criteria revealing state conception in the sense of international law and its main features are presented as well as discrepancy of their theoretical and practical existence. At the same time this part shows the development of state characteristics and distinguishes the importance of additional criteria uprising. The second part analyses peculiarities of one particular Israel state formation in the entire historical and political context. This part consists of four chapters, which consistently discuss historical circumstances of the Palestine Mandate formation, its influence to further idea of state establishment, legitimacy of the mandate content, continuity of the mandate as a law, United Nations Partition Resolution and legal validity of its acceptance. The third part is devoted to the creation of the State of Israel, declaration of independence. This part covers three chapters separately analysing attributes of the State of Israel in terms of international law. It studies the criteria of territory, permanent population and effective authority and how they were compatible with the State of Israel as a newly created territorial entity agreeably to the rules of international law. The biggest attention is paid to the recognition institution as one of the most relevant questions of international law and politics. The fourth part analyses the creation of Palestine Autonomy and peculiarities of the problem of Israel territorial settlement. This part consists of four chapters which distinguish the main reasons of this problem and Israel breaches of international law rules analyse the content of the autonomy and how it is consistent with the State of Israel, define reasons for not recognising Palestine as a state and present possible perspectives to settle the conflict as hopes of all world community.

Summary of Master Thesis 'Establishment of the State of Israel and its Territorial Issues' Blood in Palestine both sharpens hatred between Arabs and Jews and is the best justification to Arab terrorism all over the world. Hatred, slaughter, violence, terror and practically no hope to come to an agreement are inseparable elements of Israel and Palestine. Israel has been an independent state for 60 years now; however, it does not exist in the same way as many other states established some time ago. This reason became an inducement to analyse the establishment of the State of Israel and the problems caused by this process in a more detailed way. This work consists of four parts. The first part discusses establishment of states in terms of international law. Whereas international law itself is pertinent to the state rights and responsibilities, specific criteria revealing state conception in the sense of international law and its main features are presented as well as discrepancy of their theoretical and practical existence. At the same time this part shows the development of state characteristics and distinguishes the importance of additional criteria uprising. The second part analyses peculiarities of one particular Israel state formation in the entire historical and political context. This part consists of four chapters, which consistently discuss historical circumstances of the Palestine Mandate formation, its influence to further idea of state establishment, legitimacy of the mandate content, continuity of the mandate as a law, United Nations Partition Resolution and legal validity of its acceptance. The third part is devoted to the creation of the State of Israel, declaration of independence. This part covers three chapters separately analysing attributes of the State of Israel in terms of international law. It studies the criteria of territory, permanent population and effective authority and how they were compatible with the State of Israel as a newly created territorial entity agreeably to the rules of international law. The biggest attention is paid to the recognition institution as one of the most relevant questions of international law and politics. The fourth part analyses the creation of Palestine Autonomy and peculiarities of the problem of Israel territorial settlement. This part consists of four chapters which distinguish the main reasons of this problem and Israel breaches of international law rules analyse the content of the autonomy and how it is consistent with the State of Israel, define reasons for not recognising Palestine as a state and present possible perspectives to settle the conflict as hopes of all world community.

There is a growing amount of studies that prove the fact that negative and positive outcomes of traumatic experience can exist in coherence. Positive outcomes are defined as posttraumatic growth (PTG). Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996) were the first to offer the concept of posttraumatic growth. Posttraumatic growth is defined as positive change that the individual experiences as a result of the struggle with a traumatic event and difficulties following it. Posttraumatic growth is reported in three major domains: change in the sense of self, change in philosophy of life and change in relationships with others. The aim of this study was to evaluate posttraumatic growth experience among political repression survivors in Lithuania and identify the relation between PTG and trauma symptoms, traumatic experience and the factors that helped to overcome traumatic experience. 205 survivors of political repression participated in the survey: 1) PTG group: the ones who reported positive outcomes of political repression and gave qualitative information about this experience (N = 107); 2) non PTG group: the ones who did not report positive changes related to political repression (N = 98). The methods used: The first part of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ-I), Lithuanian version (Mollica et al., 1992; Gailienė, Kazlauskas 2005); Lithuanian version of Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-35) (Gailienė, Kazlauskas, 2005); some questions were given: 1) about the traumatic experience of political repression and difficulties when returned home; 2) about the factors that helped to overcome difficult experience of repression; 3) about the positive aspects of traumatic experience of repression (Kazlauskas, 2006). Theoretical thematic analysis was used for analyzing the qualitative information (Braun, Clarke, 2006). The results revealed that experience of posttraumatic growth among political repression survivors in Lithuania corresponds to the theoretical model of PTG. It was also defined that personal strength is most commonly reported by political repression survivors. The results showed that two more aspects are common to PTG experience of political repression survivors: stronger patriotism, appreciation of homeland and freedom, and also a stronger believe in future and ability not to lose hope. It was also defined that posttraumatic growth is related to more intense traumatic experience, and that negative and positive outcomes of traumatic experience can exist in coherence. Those political repression survivors who report posttraumatic growth mention more factors that helped them to overcome difficult repression experience: they mention hope, spiritual strength, faith in God and other factors more often.

Summary of Master Thesis 'Establishment of the State of Israel and its Territorial Issues' Blood in Palestine both sharpens hatred between Arabs and Jews and is the best justification to Arab terrorism all over the world. Hatred, slaughter, violence, terror and practically no hope to come to an agreement are inseparable elements of Israel and Palestine. Israel has been an independent state for 60 years now; however, it does not exist in the same way as many other states established some time ago. This reason became an inducement to analyse the establishment of the State of Israel and the problems caused by this process in a more detailed way. This work consists of four parts. The first part discusses establishment of states in terms of international law. Whereas international law itself is pertinent to the state rights and responsibilities, specific criteria revealing state conception in the sense of international law and its main features are presented as well as discrepancy of their theoretical and practical existence. At the same time this part shows the development of state characteristics and distinguishes the importance of additional criteria uprising. The second part analyses peculiarities of one particular Israel state formation in the entire historical and political context. This part consists of four chapters, which consistently discuss historical circumstances of the Palestine Mandate formation, its influence to further idea of state establishment, legitimacy of the mandate content, continuity of the mandate as a law, United Nations Partition Resolution and legal validity of its acceptance. The third part is devoted to the creation of the State of Israel, declaration of independence. This part covers three chapters separately analysing attributes of the State of Israel in terms of international law. It studies the criteria of territory, permanent population and effective authority and how they were compatible with the State of Israel as a newly created territorial entity agreeably to the rules of international law. The biggest attention is paid to the recognition institution as one of the most relevant questions of international law and politics. The fourth part analyses the creation of Palestine Autonomy and peculiarities of the problem of Israel territorial settlement. This part consists of four chapters which distinguish the main reasons of this problem and Israel breaches of international law rules analyse the content of the autonomy and how it is consistent with the State of Israel, define reasons for not recognising Palestine as a state and present possible perspectives to settle the conflict as hopes of all world community.

Summary of Master Thesis 'Establishment of the State of Israel and its Territorial Issues' Blood in Palestine both sharpens hatred between Arabs and Jews and is the best justification to Arab terrorism all over the world. Hatred, slaughter, violence, terror and practically no hope to come to an agreement are inseparable elements of Israel and Palestine. Israel has been an independent state for 60 years now; however, it does not exist in the same way as many other states established some time ago. This reason became an inducement to analyse the establishment of the State of Israel and the problems caused by this process in a more detailed way. This work consists of four parts. The first part discusses establishment of states in terms of international law. Whereas international law itself is pertinent to the state rights and responsibilities, specific criteria revealing state conception in the sense of international law and its main features are presented as well as discrepancy of their theoretical and practical existence. At the same time this part shows the development of state characteristics and distinguishes the importance of additional criteria uprising. The second part analyses peculiarities of one particular Israel state formation in the entire historical and political context. This part consists of four chapters, which consistently discuss historical circumstances of the Palestine Mandate formation, its influence to further idea of state establishment, legitimacy of the mandate content, continuity of the mandate as a law, United Nations Partition Resolution and legal validity of its acceptance. The third part is devoted to the creation of the State of Israel, declaration of independence. This part covers three chapters separately analysing attributes of the State of Israel in terms of international law. It studies the criteria of territory, permanent population and effective authority and how they were compatible with the State of Israel as a newly created territorial entity agreeably to the rules of international law. The biggest attention is paid to the recognition institution as one of the most relevant questions of international law and politics. The fourth part analyses the creation of Palestine Autonomy and peculiarities of the problem of Israel territorial settlement. This part consists of four chapters which distinguish the main reasons of this problem and Israel breaches of international law rules analyse the content of the autonomy and how it is consistent with the State of Israel, define reasons for not recognising Palestine as a state and present possible perspectives to settle the conflict as hopes of all world community.

There is a growing amount of studies that prove the fact that negative and positive outcomes of traumatic experience can exist in coherence. Positive outcomes are defined as posttraumatic growth (PTG). Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996) were the first to offer the concept of posttraumatic growth. Posttraumatic growth is defined as positive change that the individual experiences as a result of the struggle with a traumatic event and difficulties following it. Posttraumatic growth is reported in three major domains: change in the sense of self, change in philosophy of life and change in relationships with others. The aim of this study was to evaluate posttraumatic growth experience among political repression survivors in Lithuania and identify the relation between PTG and trauma symptoms, traumatic experience and the factors that helped to overcome traumatic experience. 205 survivors of political repression participated in the survey: 1) PTG group: the ones who reported positive outcomes of political repression and gave qualitative information about this experience (N = 107); 2) non PTG group: the ones who did not report positive changes related to political repression (N = 98). The methods used: The first part of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ-I), Lithuanian version (Mollica et al., 1992; Gailienė, Kazlauskas 2005); Lithuanian version of Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-35) (Gailienė, Kazlauskas, 2005); some questions were given: 1) about the traumatic experience of political repression and difficulties when returned home; 2) about the factors that helped to overcome difficult experience of repression; 3) about the positive aspects of traumatic experience of repression (Kazlauskas, 2006). Theoretical thematic analysis was used for analyzing the qualitative information (Braun, Clarke, 2006). The results revealed that experience of posttraumatic growth among political repression survivors in Lithuania corresponds to the theoretical model of PTG. It was also defined that personal strength is most commonly reported by political repression survivors. The results showed that two more aspects are common to PTG experience of political repression survivors: stronger patriotism, appreciation of homeland and freedom, and also a stronger believe in future and ability not to lose hope. It was also defined that posttraumatic growth is related to more intense traumatic experience, and that negative and positive outcomes of traumatic experience can exist in coherence. Those political repression survivors who report posttraumatic growth mention more factors that helped them to overcome difficult repression experience: they mention hope, spiritual strength, faith in God and other factors more often.

The paper analyzes contemporary rural development, which includes economic, social, political, cultural and environmental changes and tendencies that appeared in the recent years. The possibility to apply European rural development model is discussed. This model changes approach to rural areas. It is characterized by concept of sustainable rural development, multifunctional agriculture with focus on rural heritage, organic farming, and modernization of rural settlements. Long-term strategy of development of rural areas is based on the modern tendencies of economics in post-industrial society and prospects for creation of educated and active society, as well as on optimal use of local resources and creation of safe and comfortable environment for the present and future generations. Much attention is paid to sustainable use of renewable energy sources, organic agriculture, and healthy lifestyle. European rural development model is a contrast to the so-called Cairns Group model, which favours aggressive actions to ensure rapid profit growth, using for this purpose all the currently available technologies and measures in hope that future generations will find new ways to restore degraded areas and resources to survive. [.]

The paper analyzes contemporary rural development, which includes economic, social, political, cultural and environmental changes and tendencies that appeared in the recent years. The possibility to apply European rural development model is discussed. This model changes approach to rural areas. It is characterized by concept of sustainable rural development, multifunctional agriculture with focus on rural heritage, organic farming, and modernization of rural settlements. Long-term strategy of development of rural areas is based on the modern tendencies of economics in post-industrial society and prospects for creation of educated and active society, as well as on optimal use of local resources and creation of safe and comfortable environment for the present and future generations. Much attention is paid to sustainable use of renewable energy sources, organic agriculture, and healthy lifestyle. European rural development model is a contrast to the so-called Cairns Group model, which favours aggressive actions to ensure rapid profit growth, using for this purpose all the currently available technologies and measures in hope that future generations will find new ways to restore degraded areas and resources to survive. [.]

The present article analyses insurgent platoons and tactical peculiarities of units during the January Uprising of 1863ñ1864 in present Lithuania and neighbouring territories (Kaunas, Vilnius, Augustavas provinces). It also addresses march and battle tactics and tactical ruse. Insurgentsí actions in Lithuania during the period of 1863-1864 may be considered as full-scale guerrilla warfare. Insurgents successfully adopted the experience of previous uprisings in 1794 and 1831 and made use of the skills of officers and soldiers who previously served in the Imperial Russian Army and joined the insurgents during the January Uprising. Fighting efficiency of separate insurgent platoons mostly depended on their commanders and their ability to teach insurgents warfare, maintain discipline and great fighting spirit. Most efficient and most commonly used insurgent tactics included ambush, tree barrier, diversion, and attacking infrastructure and administrative objects. When fighting with the Imperial Russian Army took place in an open battlefield, success usually came to Russian forces. Insurgentsí defeat was determined not only by particular military-tactical reasons but also by overall political situation, severe repressions of Russian administration against the uprising supporters, and also gradual loss of residentsí support. In 1864, the last hope of receiving military support from abroad was lost and the January Uprising was suppressed.

The present article analyses insurgent platoons and tactical peculiarities of units during the January Uprising of 1863ñ1864 in present Lithuania and neighbouring territories (Kaunas, Vilnius, Augustavas provinces). It also addresses march and battle tactics and tactical ruse. Insurgentsí actions in Lithuania during the period of 1863-1864 may be considered as full-scale guerrilla warfare. Insurgents successfully adopted the experience of previous uprisings in 1794 and 1831 and made use of the skills of officers and soldiers who previously served in the Imperial Russian Army and joined the insurgents during the January Uprising. Fighting efficiency of separate insurgent platoons mostly depended on their commanders and their ability to teach insurgents warfare, maintain discipline and great fighting spirit. Most efficient and most commonly used insurgent tactics included ambush, tree barrier, diversion, and attacking infrastructure and administrative objects. When fighting with the Imperial Russian Army took place in an open battlefield, success usually came to Russian forces. Insurgentsí defeat was determined not only by particular military-tactical reasons but also by overall political situation, severe repressions of Russian administration against the uprising supporters, and also gradual loss of residentsí support. In 1864, the last hope of receiving military support from abroad was lost and the January Uprising was suppressed.