Suchergebnisse

Work purpose is to analyse the situation of waste sorting and management in Lithuania and accomplish the assessment of residents' opinion, identify trends in 2010 – 2012 years period. The research has been conducted on the ground of scientific literature, collected statistical data and the data of accomplished residents' interrogation. Nowadays when consumption and the number of packing is increasing, purchase and sale culture is turning to the usage of disposable packing of small items, when after the economic crisis construction and manufacture are reviving again, we inevitably face a huge amount of waste appearing in the country. Every year in all sectors of Lithuania about 4, 5 million tons of waste are accumulated: where domestic household waste work out slightly more than 1 million tons, whereas manufacturing, industrial, agricultural, transport and other waste work out about 3 million tons. The number of breaches of environment protection in waste management sector is increasing. In 2002 there were slightly more than a thousand of such breaches, whereas in 2009 the number exceeded two thousands. The number of domestic household domestic household domestic household domestic household waste which falls on one resident has increasing tendency and figures up to 300 kg per person in 2004 and 330 kg per person in 2012. Within eight years the amount increased by thirty kilos. Considering the emigration and real statistically undocumented decrease of the number of residents the number of domestic household waste per one person per year can be considerably higher. Detailed analysis of the data collected by questionnaire-based literary reveals the basic reasons why in Lithuanian society sort of municipal waste is not widespread and currently is intensely behind the European Union's Member States. Lithuania lags behind in management system of the collection of waste, infrastructure, taxation, education and information spreading through a poor promotion of waste sorting. Short after Lithuania regained independence consumer society began to develop. Still there was no parallel education of an eco-responsible society that could have encouraged responsibility in the area of waste sorting. This education process started in the subsequent period, and was still going during the 2010-2012 period. This work provides an overview of progress and change, examined whether two years period is enough to reach significant changes in the habits of society. Although the analysis revealed that two years period is too short to arrive at considerable changes, the positive trends still could be seen. People opinions on waste sorting were analysed according to different age groups, younger people are more susceptible to eco-ideas, but they lack the diligence to start the implementation of these ideas; elders are more focused on the goal and have enough diligence, but they are less inclined to accept eco-friendly (namely sorting) ideas as worth to be achieved. The group of average age is characterized by high employment; therefore even if they understand the importance of sorting they cannot spend enough time for that. By gender, women are more environmentally responsible and more inclined to sort waste. The location showed no significant connection. Education and the workplace had influence: people with higher education tend to be more environmentally aware. Income did not show significant influence on waste sorting, it only had influence on the effectiveness of waste sorting encouragement tools.

Work purpose is to analyse the situation of waste sorting and management in Lithuania and accomplish the assessment of residents' opinion, identify trends in 2010 – 2012 years period. The research has been conducted on the ground of scientific literature, collected statistical data and the data of accomplished residents' interrogation. Nowadays when consumption and the number of packing is increasing, purchase and sale culture is turning to the usage of disposable packing of small items, when after the economic crisis construction and manufacture are reviving again, we inevitably face a huge amount of waste appearing in the country. Every year in all sectors of Lithuania about 4, 5 million tons of waste are accumulated: where domestic household waste work out slightly more than 1 million tons, whereas manufacturing, industrial, agricultural, transport and other waste work out about 3 million tons. The number of breaches of environment protection in waste management sector is increasing. In 2002 there were slightly more than a thousand of such breaches, whereas in 2009 the number exceeded two thousands. The number of domestic household domestic household domestic household domestic household waste which falls on one resident has increasing tendency and figures up to 300 kg per person in 2004 and 330 kg per person in 2012. Within eight years the amount increased by thirty kilos. Considering the emigration and real statistically undocumented decrease of the number of residents the number of domestic household waste per one person per year can be considerably higher. Detailed analysis of the data collected by questionnaire-based literary reveals the basic reasons why in Lithuanian society sort of municipal waste is not widespread and currently is intensely behind the European Union's Member States. Lithuania lags behind in management system of the collection of waste, infrastructure, taxation, education and information spreading through a poor promotion of waste sorting. Short after Lithuania regained independence consumer society began to develop. Still there was no parallel education of an eco-responsible society that could have encouraged responsibility in the area of waste sorting. This education process started in the subsequent period, and was still going during the 2010-2012 period. This work provides an overview of progress and change, examined whether two years period is enough to reach significant changes in the habits of society. Although the analysis revealed that two years period is too short to arrive at considerable changes, the positive trends still could be seen. People opinions on waste sorting were analysed according to different age groups, younger people are more susceptible to eco-ideas, but they lack the diligence to start the implementation of these ideas; elders are more focused on the goal and have enough diligence, but they are less inclined to accept eco-friendly (namely sorting) ideas as worth to be achieved. The group of average age is characterized by high employment; therefore even if they understand the importance of sorting they cannot spend enough time for that. By gender, women are more environmentally responsible and more inclined to sort waste. The location showed no significant connection. Education and the workplace had influence: people with higher education tend to be more environmentally aware. Income did not show significant influence on waste sorting, it only had influence on the effectiveness of waste sorting encouragement tools.

Work purpose is to analyse the situation of waste sorting and management in Lithuania and accomplish the assessment of residents' opinion, identify trends in 2010 – 2012 years period. The research has been conducted on the ground of scientific literature, collected statistical data and the data of accomplished residents' interrogation. Nowadays when consumption and the number of packing is increasing, purchase and sale culture is turning to the usage of disposable packing of small items, when after the economic crisis construction and manufacture are reviving again, we inevitably face a huge amount of waste appearing in the country. Every year in all sectors of Lithuania about 4, 5 million tons of waste are accumulated: where domestic household waste work out slightly more than 1 million tons, whereas manufacturing, industrial, agricultural, transport and other waste work out about 3 million tons. The number of breaches of environment protection in waste management sector is increasing. In 2002 there were slightly more than a thousand of such breaches, whereas in 2009 the number exceeded two thousands. The number of domestic household domestic household domestic household domestic household waste which falls on one resident has increasing tendency and figures up to 300 kg per person in 2004 and 330 kg per person in 2012. Within eight years the amount increased by thirty kilos. Considering the emigration and real statistically undocumented decrease of the number of residents the number of domestic household waste per one person per year can be considerably higher. Detailed analysis of the data collected by questionnaire-based literary reveals the basic reasons why in Lithuanian society sort of municipal waste is not widespread and currently is intensely behind the European Union's Member States. Lithuania lags behind in management system of the collection of waste, infrastructure, taxation, education and information spreading through a poor promotion of waste sorting. Short after Lithuania regained independence consumer society began to develop. Still there was no parallel education of an eco-responsible society that could have encouraged responsibility in the area of waste sorting. This education process started in the subsequent period, and was still going during the 2010-2012 period. This work provides an overview of progress and change, examined whether two years period is enough to reach significant changes in the habits of society. Although the analysis revealed that two years period is too short to arrive at considerable changes, the positive trends still could be seen. People opinions on waste sorting were analysed according to different age groups, younger people are more susceptible to eco-ideas, but they lack the diligence to start the implementation of these ideas; elders are more focused on the goal and have enough diligence, but they are less inclined to accept eco-friendly (namely sorting) ideas as worth to be achieved. The group of average age is characterized by high employment; therefore even if they understand the importance of sorting they cannot spend enough time for that. By gender, women are more environmentally responsible and more inclined to sort waste. The location showed no significant connection. Education and the workplace had influence: people with higher education tend to be more environmentally aware. Income did not show significant influence on waste sorting, it only had influence on the effectiveness of waste sorting encouragement tools.

Master's thesis formulates a problem for household participation in II pension pillar. It identifies the factors that have the greatest impact on households choice to withdraw or extend the accumulation in II pension pillar. Master's thesis is formed – to analyze theoretically the characteristics of the pension system and to identify households choice accumulate II pillar determinants and to assess the determinants effects of the Lithuanian population cumulated II pension pillar, pension reform aspect. Theoretical part of the thesis provides analyzed and systematized various Lithuanian and foreign authors' opinion about the household saving significance and cause, the pension system's development, pension pillars, which dominates in the world. It was identify the advantages and disadvantages of the pension system and systematise factors (economic, political, demographic and social), which promotes the accumulation of their old age through the pension system pillars. It was found that there is no universal pension systems that is appropriate for differentparts of the world. And it should take into account each country's political, economic, demographic and social situacijon when it needs to choose pay as you go and funded pensions systems alternatives. Empirical part of the thesis analyses Lithuanian social insurance to insured persons, II pillar participants, pensioners, contributions and benefits dynamics and structure of the retrospective point of view. It was found that 73.29 percent. social insurance for insured persons are II pension pillar participants, because they wanted to ensure financial security during pension. The average pension is only 230.50 EUR and the poverty line - 208 EUR in Lithuania. It was a quantitative survey (questionnaire) to collect the raw data on household participation in the II pension pillar. It was found that most of of respondents share (48.25 percent.) decided to keep under the conditions in force until 2012. 39,75 percent. of the respondents chose to expand the collection of pension contributions and pay additional pension contributions from their own funds. The smallest share of respondents (12 percent.) decided to stop the accumulation of II pension pillar. Logistic regression analysis showed that the primary factor leading to the choice to withdraw, modify or extend the storage conditions of II pension pillar is training after high school graduation.

Master's thesis formulates a problem for household participation in II pension pillar. It identifies the factors that have the greatest impact on households choice to withdraw or extend the accumulation in II pension pillar. Master's thesis is formed – to analyze theoretically the characteristics of the pension system and to identify households choice accumulate II pillar determinants and to assess the determinants effects of the Lithuanian population cumulated II pension pillar, pension reform aspect. Theoretical part of the thesis provides analyzed and systematized various Lithuanian and foreign authors' opinion about the household saving significance and cause, the pension system's development, pension pillars, which dominates in the world. It was identify the advantages and disadvantages of the pension system and systematise factors (economic, political, demographic and social), which promotes the accumulation of their old age through the pension system pillars. It was found that there is no universal pension systems that is appropriate for differentparts of the world. And it should take into account each country's political, economic, demographic and social situacijon when it needs to choose pay as you go and funded pensions systems alternatives. Empirical part of the thesis analyses Lithuanian social insurance to insured persons, II pillar participants, pensioners, contributions and benefits dynamics and structure of the retrospective point of view. It was found that 73.29 percent. social insurance for insured persons are II pension pillar participants, because they wanted to ensure financial security during pension. The average pension is only 230.50 EUR and the poverty line - 208 EUR in Lithuania. It was a quantitative survey (questionnaire) to collect the raw data on household participation in the II pension pillar. It was found that most of of respondents share (48.25 percent.) decided to keep under the conditions in force until 2012. 39,75 percent. of the respondents chose to expand the collection of pension contributions and pay additional pension contributions from their own funds. The smallest share of respondents (12 percent.) decided to stop the accumulation of II pension pillar. Logistic regression analysis showed that the primary factor leading to the choice to withdraw, modify or extend the storage conditions of II pension pillar is training after high school graduation.

While Lithuania is among the countries with the highest at-risk-of-poverty rates in the European Union, poverty research has so far been dominated by cross-sectional poverty analysis. This paper is aimed at contributing to better understanding of poverty as a dynamic process in Lithuania by examining poverty risk persistence, transitions and triggers. The analysis is based on the longitudinal component of the Survey on Income and Living Conditions. The longitudinal at-risk-of-poverty rate within the four-year panels is estimated to be at around a third of the Lithuanian population within a period of 2005–2012. Poverty risk in Lithuania proved to be both widely spread and persistent. The major role of income events for poverty risk entries and exits highlights the importance of activation into work, especially as concerns secondary household earners and better income protection in Lithuania. While no robust evidence of poverty penalty was found for poverty exits, the incidence of poverty re-entries within the initial three-year period after poverty exit substantially exceeds poverty entry rates in the general population.

While Lithuania is among the countries with the highest at-risk-of-poverty rates in the European Union, poverty research has so far been dominated by cross-sectional poverty analysis. This paper is aimed at contributing to better understanding of poverty as a dynamic process in Lithuania by examining poverty risk persistence, transitions and triggers. The analysis is based on the longitudinal component of the Survey on Income and Living Conditions. The longitudinal at-risk-of-poverty rate within the four-year panels is estimated to be at around a third of the Lithuanian population within a period of 2005–2012. Poverty risk in Lithuania proved to be both widely spread and persistent. The major role of income events for poverty risk entries and exits highlights the importance of activation into work, especially as concerns secondary household earners and better income protection in Lithuania. While no robust evidence of poverty penalty was found for poverty exits, the incidence of poverty re-entries within the initial three-year period after poverty exit substantially exceeds poverty entry rates in the general population.

While Lithuania is among the countries with the highest at-risk-of-poverty rates in the European Union, poverty research has so far been dominated by cross-sectional poverty analysis. This paper is aimed at contributing to better understanding of poverty as a dynamic process in Lithuania by examining poverty risk persistence, transitions and triggers. The analysis is based on the longitudinal component of the Survey on Income and Living Conditions. The longitudinal at-risk-of-poverty rate within the four-year panels is estimated to be at around a third of the Lithuanian population within a period of 2005–2012. Poverty risk in Lithuania proved to be both widely spread and persistent. The major role of income events for poverty risk entries and exits highlights the importance of activation into work, especially as concerns secondary household earners and better income protection in Lithuania. While no robust evidence of poverty penalty was found for poverty exits, the incidence of poverty re-entries within the initial three-year period after poverty exit substantially exceeds poverty entry rates in the general population.

While Lithuania is among the countries with the highest at-risk-of-poverty rates in the European Union, poverty research has so far been dominated by cross-sectional poverty analysis. This paper is aimed at contributing to better understanding of poverty as a dynamic process in Lithuania by examining poverty risk persistence, transitions and triggers. The analysis is based on the longitudinal component of the Survey on Income and Living Conditions. The longitudinal at-risk-of-poverty rate within the four-year panels is estimated to be at around a third of the Lithuanian population within a period of 2005–2012. Poverty risk in Lithuania proved to be both widely spread and persistent. The major role of income events for poverty risk entries and exits highlights the importance of activation into work, especially as concerns secondary household earners and better income protection in Lithuania. While no robust evidence of poverty penalty was found for poverty exits, the incidence of poverty re-entries within the initial three-year period after poverty exit substantially exceeds poverty entry rates in the general population.

Work objective: to identify the opportunities for the use of solar energy in Lithuania. Aim of this work is to identify the opportunities for the use of solar energy in Lithuania and solar energy advantages. In order to achieve these goals following tasks are rised: formulate theoretical incentives for solar energy support, perform the analysis of renewable energy politics in Lithuania, identify the resons and existing challenges for the use of solar energy in Lithuania. Research good-practice examples of different solar energy utilization in Lithuania and other coutries; evaluate solar energy potential in Lithuania, perform surveys for individual households and businesses in order to evaluate obstacles preventing more widespread use of solar energy in Lithuania, after evaluation of solar energy opportunities, formulate suggestions for incentives to promote the use of solar energy and renewable energy resources. Global energy demands are increasing and solar energy will come to play dominant role in global energy production as fossil fuels getting more expensive. The information collected from survey showed, that there are government and market barriers for solar energy adoption in Lithuania. Experts believe that solar energy could take a major part of the Lithuanian energy balance, particularly in buildings and water heating. However, it is necessary to start supporting the potential users of solar energy. The survey showed that the best support form is to cover costs of technology acquisition. Opportunities to increase utilization of photovoltaic in Lithuania are increasing also because of rising research and manufacturing centers in our country. Investment in these centers is not only facilitating the use of solar energy in Lithuania,but also economic and export growth. Work consists of an introduction, 3 parts and conclusions. The main material described in 54 pages, including 6 tables, 11 pictures. There are also presented 5 annexes. Bibliography includes 46 sources.

Work objective: to identify the opportunities for the use of solar energy in Lithuania. Aim of this work is to identify the opportunities for the use of solar energy in Lithuania and solar energy advantages. In order to achieve these goals following tasks are rised: formulate theoretical incentives for solar energy support, perform the analysis of renewable energy politics in Lithuania, identify the resons and existing challenges for the use of solar energy in Lithuania. Research good-practice examples of different solar energy utilization in Lithuania and other coutries; evaluate solar energy potential in Lithuania, perform surveys for individual households and businesses in order to evaluate obstacles preventing more widespread use of solar energy in Lithuania, after evaluation of solar energy opportunities, formulate suggestions for incentives to promote the use of solar energy and renewable energy resources. Global energy demands are increasing and solar energy will come to play dominant role in global energy production as fossil fuels getting more expensive. The information collected from survey showed, that there are government and market barriers for solar energy adoption in Lithuania. Experts believe that solar energy could take a major part of the Lithuanian energy balance, particularly in buildings and water heating. However, it is necessary to start supporting the potential users of solar energy. The survey showed that the best support form is to cover costs of technology acquisition. Opportunities to increase utilization of photovoltaic in Lithuania are increasing also because of rising research and manufacturing centers in our country. Investment in these centers is not only facilitating the use of solar energy in Lithuania,but also economic and export growth. Work consists of an introduction, 3 parts and conclusions. The main material described in 54 pages, including 6 tables, 11 pictures. There are also presented 5 annexes. Bibliography includes 46 sources.

The dissertation aims at analysing the role of cash social benefits in poverty reduction in Lithuania in the context of diversification of the ways the poverty problem is framed in the academic and political domains. In the first part of the dissertation, a theoretical scheme for analysis of the poverty reduction strategies is proposed. The scheme incorporates four approaches: disciplinary, redistributive, social inclusion and social investment. The poverty reduction strategies, their change, links and the role of cash social benefits are analysed by looking through the proposed scheme. The selected disciplinary, redistributive, social inclusion and investment elements of the Lithuanian cash social benefit system are further researched by using a quantitative analysis of the representative household level Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) for the period between 2005 and 2013. The dissertation is novel in that it suggests an original poverty reduction analysis scheme, the previously rarely used SILC panel data and microsimulation techniques for poverty research in Lithuania. The research revealed that the Lithuanian cash benefit system is inclusive in its relatively high and expanding coverage, especially in the sphere of social insurance. The role of the cash social benefit system in reducing poverty in Lithuania is jeopardized by negative effects on work incentives built into its design, low redistributive capacity and weak income protection, and insufficient levels of investment into children in income poor families.

The dissertation aims at analysing the role of cash social benefits in poverty reduction in Lithuania in the context of diversification of the ways the poverty problem is framed in the academic and political domains. In the first part of the dissertation, a theoretical scheme for analysis of the poverty reduction strategies is proposed. The scheme incorporates four approaches: disciplinary, redistributive, social inclusion and social investment. The poverty reduction strategies, their change, links and the role of cash social benefits are analysed by looking through the proposed scheme. The selected disciplinary, redistributive, social inclusion and investment elements of the Lithuanian cash social benefit system are further researched by using a quantitative analysis of the representative household level Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) for the period between 2005 and 2013. The dissertation is novel in that it suggests an original poverty reduction analysis scheme, the previously rarely used SILC panel data and microsimulation techniques for poverty research in Lithuania. The research revealed that the Lithuanian cash benefit system is inclusive in its relatively high and expanding coverage, especially in the sphere of social insurance. The role of the cash social benefit system in reducing poverty in Lithuania is jeopardized by negative effects on work incentives built into its design, low redistributive capacity and weak income protection, and insufficient levels of investment into children in income poor families.

The dissertation aims at analysing the role of cash social benefits in poverty reduction in Lithuania in the context of diversification of the ways the poverty problem is framed in the academic and political domains. In the first part of the dissertation, a theoretical scheme for analysis of the poverty reduction strategies is proposed. The scheme incorporates four approaches: disciplinary, redistributive, social inclusion and social investment. The poverty reduction strategies, their change, links and the role of cash social benefits are analysed by looking through the proposed scheme. The selected disciplinary, redistributive, social inclusion and investment elements of the Lithuanian cash social benefit system are further researched by using a quantitative analysis of the representative household level Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) for the period between 2005 and 2013. The dissertation is novel in that it suggests an original poverty reduction analysis scheme, the previously rarely used SILC panel data and microsimulation techniques for poverty research in Lithuania. The research revealed that the Lithuanian cash benefit system is inclusive in its relatively high and expanding coverage, especially in the sphere of social insurance. The role of the cash social benefit system in reducing poverty in Lithuania is jeopardized by negative effects on work incentives built into its design, low redistributive capacity and weak income protection, and insufficient levels of investment into children in income poor families.

The dissertation aims at analysing the role of cash social benefits in poverty reduction in Lithuania in the context of diversification of the ways the poverty problem is framed in the academic and political domains. In the first part of the dissertation, a theoretical scheme for analysis of the poverty reduction strategies is proposed. The scheme incorporates four approaches: disciplinary, redistributive, social inclusion and social investment. The poverty reduction strategies, their change, links and the role of cash social benefits are analysed by looking through the proposed scheme. The selected disciplinary, redistributive, social inclusion and investment elements of the Lithuanian cash social benefit system are further researched by using a quantitative analysis of the representative household level Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) for the period between 2005 and 2013. The dissertation is novel in that it suggests an original poverty reduction analysis scheme, the previously rarely used SILC panel data and microsimulation techniques for poverty research in Lithuania. The research revealed that the Lithuanian cash benefit system is inclusive in its relatively high and expanding coverage, especially in the sphere of social insurance. The role of the cash social benefit system in reducing poverty in Lithuania is jeopardized by negative effects on work incentives built into its design, low redistributive capacity and weak income protection, and insufficient levels of investment into children in income poor families.