Suchergebnisse

The EU law terminology has enriched Polish legal language since Poland's accession to the EU and has been subject to changes. Apart from the terms borrowed from English and French, there are more and more polonized equivalents, closer to the linguistic identity of their recipients. At the same time, in the general language, we observe the creation of equivalents of these terms in other registers. They are calles bruxelisms, which are evolving and being terminologized. ; La pubblicazione è stata finanziata con i fondi del preside della Facoltà di Lingue e Lettere dell'Università di Łódź e del direttore dell'Istituto di Romanistica del medesimo ateneo

The history of the Italian Communist Party (Pci) in Sardinia, from its foundation in 1921 to its dissolution in 1991, has not yet been written. The thesis aims to fill this gap, while adding a new aspect: its intertwining with the history of the French Communist Party (Pcf) in Corsica. The study, structured in three periods corresponding to the great historical ruptures (1920-1943; 1944-1962; 1963-1991), focuses on three aspects: territorial implantation, electoral history and island identity. The first part is characterized by the weakness of the two political organizations. The Resistance marked a turning point, especially for the Corsican Party, which was at its militant and electoral peak between 1945 and 1947, but which, from 1947 onwards, began its decline. The decline was due to the consequences of the Cold War, the emigration of the party's cadres, the Party's agenda on decolonization and particularly because of the war in Algeria. The erosion stabilized after 1958, with the participation of Corsican communists in the main revendication movements.The Italian Communist Party in Sardinia increased its influence following the choice of an autonomist political line in 1947. The Sardinian Communist Party, led by the regional secretary Velio Spano (1947-1957), then by Renzo Laconi (1957-1963), reached its membership peak in 1954.From the 1960s onwards, the two islands went through a phase characterized by urbanization, depopulation of the inland, a rapid demographic growth and uneven economic development, based on intensive agriculture and mass tourism in Corsica, and on the creation of industrial poles in the petrochemical sector in Sardinia. During this phase (1962-1991), the Corsican Communist Party maintained its influence through the municipal establishment in the red bastions of the island. From 1959 to 2001, there was a communist mayor in Sartène, while in Bastia, from 1968 to 2014, the communists occupied the seat of the first deputy mayor with a mayor belonging to the Radical party. At the same time ...

The history of the Italian Communist Party (Pci) in Sardinia, from its foundation in 1921 to its dissolution in 1991, has not yet been written. The thesis aims to fill this gap, while adding a new aspect: its intertwining with the history of the French Communist Party (Pcf) in Corsica. The study, structured in three periods corresponding to the great historical ruptures (1920-1943; 1944-1962; 1963-1991), focuses on three aspects: territorial implantation, electoral history and island identity. The first part is characterized by the weakness of the two political organizations. The Resistance marked a turning point, especially for the Corsican Party, which was at its militant and electoral peak between 1945 and 1947, but which, from 1947 onwards, began its decline. The decline was due to the consequences of the Cold War, the emigration of the party's cadres, the Party's agenda on decolonization and particularly because of the war in Algeria. The erosion stabilized after 1958, with the participation of Corsican communists in the main revendication movements.The Italian Communist Party in Sardinia increased its influence following the choice of an autonomist political line in 1947. The Sardinian Communist Party, led by the regional secretary Velio Spano (1947-1957), then by Renzo Laconi (1957-1963), reached its membership peak in 1954.From the 1960s onwards, the two islands went through a phase characterized by urbanization, depopulation of the inland, a rapid demographic growth and uneven economic development, based on intensive agriculture and mass tourism in Corsica, and on the creation of industrial poles in the petrochemical sector in Sardinia. During this phase (1962-1991), the Corsican Communist Party maintained its influence through the municipal establishment in the red bastions of the island. From 1959 to 2001, there was a communist mayor in Sartène, while in Bastia, from 1968 to 2014, the communists occupied the seat of the first deputy mayor with a mayor belonging to the Radical party. At the same time ...

The aim of the research project is the attempt to answer some basic questions about the identity of the Italian and French Communist parties, considered as complex and dynamic political subjects.The first step was to select two case studies, one in Italy and one in France, as places where to observe and deal with the most meaningful themes linked to the identity, the strategies and the political communist cultures.As far as Italy is concerned, I chose the so-called Triangolo Industriale. It represents a macro-area with economic and social common features and where the Pci played an important role, different from the other sub- cultural areas of Italy in the second post-war period.I realized that the Rhône-Alpes had the economic, social, geographical and anthropic features approaching it to the Triangolo Industriale, with which also as a geographical proximity.Going deeper into the social and the economic texture of the three most important cities – Grenoble, Lyon, Saint Étienne - I discovered that they have the same mixture of "ingredients" compared to Milan, Turin and Genua: well-rooted industrial vocation, heterogeneous society, a good balance among the political forces, local communist Federations able to mark the identity, the history and the cultural of their members and the electors.The research has as starting point the year 1946. Natural chronological caesura but overcome by the memories of the militants and political leaders, which date back until the previous period to the birth of the party.It is a long and complex process lasting until 1976 for Italy and 1978 for France. These dates are extremely representative for both communist parties because they constitute the apogee moment, before the beginning of the decline. Two events characterize this moment: the failed "sorpasso" in Italy and the electoral defeat in France. It is a crucial point implying a radical change also in our two micro-cosmos.The sources used in this research can be divided in three groups: the first group is represented by the ...

The aim of the research project is the attempt to answer some basic questions about the identity of the Italian and French Communist parties, considered as complex and dynamic political subjects.The first step was to select two case studies, one in Italy and one in France, as places where to observe and deal with the most meaningful themes linked to the identity, the strategies and the political communist cultures.As far as Italy is concerned, I chose the so-called Triangolo Industriale. It represents a macro-area with economic and social common features and where the Pci played an important role, different from the other sub- cultural areas of Italy in the second post-war period.I realized that the Rhône-Alpes had the economic, social, geographical and anthropic features approaching it to the Triangolo Industriale, with which also as a geographical proximity.Going deeper into the social and the economic texture of the three most important cities – Grenoble, Lyon, Saint Étienne - I discovered that they have the same mixture of "ingredients" compared to Milan, Turin and Genua: well-rooted industrial vocation, heterogeneous society, a good balance among the political forces, local communist Federations able to mark the identity, the history and the cultural of their members and the electors.The research has as starting point the year 1946. Natural chronological caesura but overcome by the memories of the militants and political leaders, which date back until the previous period to the birth of the party.It is a long and complex process lasting until 1976 for Italy and 1978 for France. These dates are extremely representative for both communist parties because they constitute the apogee moment, before the beginning of the decline. Two events characterize this moment: the failed "sorpasso" in Italy and the electoral defeat in France. It is a crucial point implying a radical change also in our two micro-cosmos.The sources used in this research can be divided in three groups: the first group is represented by the ...

The aim of the research project is the attempt to answer some basic questions about the identity of the Italian and French Communist parties, considered as complex and dynamic political subjects.The first step was to select two case studies, one in Italy and one in France, as places where to observe and deal with the most meaningful themes linked to the identity, the strategies and the political communist cultures.As far as Italy is concerned, I chose the so-called Triangolo Industriale. It represents a macro-area with economic and social common features and where the Pci played an important role, different from the other sub- cultural areas of Italy in the second post-war period.I realized that the Rhône-Alpes had the economic, social, geographical and anthropic features approaching it to the Triangolo Industriale, with which also as a geographical proximity.Going deeper into the social and the economic texture of the three most important cities – Grenoble, Lyon, Saint Étienne - I discovered that they have the same mixture of "ingredients" compared to Milan, Turin and Genua: well-rooted industrial vocation, heterogeneous society, a good balance among the political forces, local communist Federations able to mark the identity, the history and the cultural of their members and the electors.The research has as starting point the year 1946. Natural chronological caesura but overcome by the memories of the militants and political leaders, which date back until the previous period to the birth of the party.It is a long and complex process lasting until 1976 for Italy and 1978 for France. These dates are extremely representative for both communist parties because they constitute the apogee moment, before the beginning of the decline. Two events characterize this moment: the failed "sorpasso" in Italy and the electoral defeat in France. It is a crucial point implying a radical change also in our two micro-cosmos.The sources used in this research can be divided in three groups: the first group is represented by the ...

The aim of the research project is the attempt to answer some basic questions about the identity of the Italian and French Communist parties, considered as complex and dynamic political subjects.The first step was to select two case studies, one in Italy and one in France, as places where to observe and deal with the most meaningful themes linked to the identity, the strategies and the political communist cultures.As far as Italy is concerned, I chose the so-called Triangolo Industriale. It represents a macro-area with economic and social common features and where the Pci played an important role, different from the other sub- cultural areas of Italy in the second post-war period.I realized that the Rhône-Alpes had the economic, social, geographical and anthropic features approaching it to the Triangolo Industriale, with which also as a geographical proximity.Going deeper into the social and the economic texture of the three most important cities – Grenoble, Lyon, Saint Étienne - I discovered that they have the same mixture of "ingredients" compared to Milan, Turin and Genua: well-rooted industrial vocation, heterogeneous society, a good balance among the political forces, local communist Federations able to mark the identity, the history and the cultural of their members and the electors.The research has as starting point the year 1946. Natural chronological caesura but overcome by the memories of the militants and political leaders, which date back until the previous period to the birth of the party.It is a long and complex process lasting until 1976 for Italy and 1978 for France. These dates are extremely representative for both communist parties because they constitute the apogee moment, before the beginning of the decline. Two events characterize this moment: the failed "sorpasso" in Italy and the electoral defeat in France. It is a crucial point implying a radical change also in our two micro-cosmos.The sources used in this research can be divided in three groups: the first group is represented by the ...

Le programme de recherche international sur "Les élites dans le haut Moyen Âge occidental. Formation, identité, reproduction" (2002-2009) s'est donné pour objectif d'examiner dans une perspective comparative, à l'échelle européenne, les catégories sociales dominantes aussi bien laïques qu'ecclésiastiques, celles de la cour autant que celles des régions. Le sixième et dernier volume issu de ce projet fournit d'abord un bilan et une synthèse des travaux. Il associe par ailleurs à ces premiers acquis une analyse des concepts, de la perception et de la façon dont les élites se concevaient elles-mêmes. Il tente enfin de vérifier, sur la base de dossiers régionaux ou d'enquêtes sur des catégories particulières, dans quelle mesure la perception médiévale était en conformité avec les pratiques

Le RICA (Réseau d'Information Comptable Agricole : Farm Accountancy Data Network en anglais) est la plus importante source d'information comptable micro-économique sur les exploitations agricoles de l'Union Européenne (UE). La collecte des informations concernées est effectuée annuellement, et de façon homogène entre les pays de l'UE. Cela permet de connaître la situation économique de l'agriculture européenne et d'effectuer des comparaisons temporelles et spatiales entre Etats-Membres. Dans cet article le RICA est utilisé pour analyser l'efficacité technique des exploitations laitières de montagne dans les Alpes italiennes et françaises. La comparaison est réalisée entre la Valle d'Aoste (Italie) et cinq départements français situés dans les régions Rhône-Alpes et Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, sur la période 1997-2006. La méthode utilisée pour calculer l'efficacité technique est la méthode non-paramétrique d'Analyse d'Enveloppement des Données (Data Envelopment Analysis ; DEA). L'efficacité est calculée sous des frontières efficaces séparées pour les deux pays, afin de comparer les deux pays en termes d'utilisation de technologies propres. L'efficacité est ensuite calculée avec un échantillon fusionné sous hypothèse d'une frontière efficace commune, afin d'évaluer le pays présentant une technologie mobilisable plus performante. ; La FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) è la più importante fonte di raccolta dei dati contabili delle aziende agricole dell'Unione Europea effettuata a livello microeconomico. La rilevazione, effettuata con cadenza annuale e in maniera omogenea, contiene importanti informazioni finalizzate alla conoscenza della situazione economica dell'agricoltura comunitaria e permette sia confronti temporali che spaziali tra i diversi Stati Membri. Nel presente lavoro la FADN è utilizzata per una analisi preliminare sull'efficienza delle aziende zootecniche della montagna alpina italiana e francese. Il confronto è fatto tra la Valle d'Aosta e il territorio alpino francese limitatamente alle aziende che producono latte per il periodo 1997-2006. La metodologia di indagine utilizzata è quella non parametrica della DEA, accompagnata da un'analisi statistico-descrittiva sulla struttura degli allevamenti nei territori oggetto di studio. L'approccio utilizzato è quello dell'analisi dell'efficienza tecnologica dei due campioni, inizialmente sulla base di una frontiera per ogni campione e in seguito con la costruzione di una meta-frontiera in comune. Una regressione permetterà di isolare le variabili più importanti che influenzano l'efficienza tecnica delle aziende campione. ; The Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) of the European Union was established with the Council Regulation 79/65, repealed by the Regulation 09/1217. The FADN system gathers accountancy data from farms with the aim of determining their incomes and making business analyses of agricultural holdings possible. Today, FADN fulfils the role of a guideline and reference point for agricultural accounting in Europe, by doing a microeconomic analysis of agricultural activities of different farm types, size and regions. FADN can thus be considered one of the most important sources of statistics available in the European Union. In this work FADN data are used to make a preliminary analysis of technical efficiency between Italian and French dairy farms situated in the Alps. More specifically the comparison is made between Valle d'Aosta and the region of Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The evaluation is made in the period 1997-2006 using FADN data. Efficiency scores and ratios are calculated using the non parametric approach of DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis). The samples are selected on the basis of the value of milk output in total output (more than 70%). Results indicates that Italian dairy farms are less efficient on average than French farms with respect the single frontier but are more efficient with respect the common frontier. So, there is an efficiency differential and a productive gap between the two regions. This can be explained considering the different structure of the farms but could be further investigated considering allocative and economic efficiency on the basis of input and output prices. Further investigations will be made to analyse allocative and economic efficiency and to investigate the determinants of the different efficiency scores in both countries. This work is a part of FACEPA project (Farm Accountancy Cost Estimation and Policy Analysis of European Agriculture), funded from the European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013).

Mentre si celebra il centenario dell'accordo Sykes-Picot, la disintegrazione attuale degli Stati siriano e iracheno resta frequentemente attribuita al supposto carattere «artificiale» che avrebbero loro conferito le frontiere coloniali fissate arbitrariamente. Qui viene messa in causa l'eterogeneità etnico-confessionale delle entità create dagli imperialismi francese e britannico, aventi come corollario l'idea che qui si sarebbe di fronte a Stati che avrebbero fatto fallimento per l'assenza di identità nazionale. Qui per la Siria si porterà l'argomento inverso, affermando che la persistenza dei legami primordiali etnici e confessionali, in quanto vettori di mobilitazione politica, non risulta dalla debolezza dell'idea nazionale, ma piuttosto da quella di istituzioni statali, le quali, essendo di recente costruzione, si sono mostrate permeabili a queste solidarietà primordiali e le hanno anzi rafforzate. ; Alors que l'on célèbre le centenaire de l'accord Sykes-Picot, la désintégration actuelle des États syrien et irakien demeure fréquemment attribuée au caractère supposément «artificiel» que leur aurait conféré l'arbitraire des frontières coloniales. Est ici mise en cause l'hétérogénéité ethno-confessionnelle des entités créées par les impérialismes français et britannique, avec pour corollaire l'idée que l'on serait ici face à des États qui auraient échoué du fait de l'absence d'identité nationale. On fera ici, pour la Syrie, l'argument inverse en affirmant que la persistance des liens primordiaux ethniques et confessionnels en tant que vecteurs de mobilisation politique ne résulte pas de la faiblesse de l'idée nationale mais plutôt de celle d'institutions étatiques qui, parce que de construction récente, se sont montrées perméables à ces solidarités primordiales et les ont renforcées en retour.

L'avatar yéménite des «Printemps arabes» a initialement donné lieu à un processus de transition politique enthousiasmant. Celui-ci s'est toutefois rapidement gâté, débouchant sur une guerre et le délitement des institutions étatiques. Comment expliquer cette détérioration? Ce court article se focalise sur deux dynamiques de segmentarisation et de polarisation identitaires qui semblent saper les bases et ressources de l'État yéménite, entre Nord et Sud(s), entre sunnites et chiites. Il entend également tracer les prémices de l'émergence d'une tierce identité, structurée autour de la ville de Taëz, qui permet de dépasser les impasses de la polarisation. ; La reincarnazione yemenita delle «primavere arabe» ha inizialmente dato luogo ad un processo di transizione politica entusiasmante. Questo si è tuttavia rapidamente deteriorato, approdando ad una guerra e alla deliquescenza delle istituzioni statuali. Come spiegare questo deterioramento ? Questo breve articolo mette l'accento su due dinamiche di segmentarizzazione e polarizzazione identitarie, che sembrano minare le basi e le risorse dello Stato yemenita, tra Nord e Sud(s), tra sunniti e sciiti. Si intendono ugualmente tracciare le premesse di una identità 'terza', strutturata intorno alla città di Taëz, che permetta di superare le impasse di questa polarizzazione.

This research was originally based on the objective to individuate the newspapers and the periodicals that, in the early post-unity era, hosted the novellas of the most important writers of the time. However, even if we took into account some interesting publishing examples and the evolution of press in the 19th century, we decided to focus on the case of "Rassegna Settimanale", since we believe that this hebdomadal, founded by Leopoldo Franchetti and Sidney Sonnino in 1878 in Florence, played an essential role in the evolution of modern novella. Therefore, in order to give the reader the opportunity to gather the innovations produced by the Florentine periodical, the first chapter illustrates the historical, political and socio-cultural context of the journal. While during Risorgimento the idealistic and oligarchic concept of society was prevailing, starting from the '70s Franchetti and Sonnino's thought introduced new subjects into the debate about the relationship between elites and farming masses, between the North and the South. In their thought there is a new idea of State, seen as a super partes welfarist authority, called to intervene in the economic life of the Country to fight mistreatments and social disequilibrium. The new perspective about masses and poverty is the foothold for the rise of verism and novella, which becomes the typical genre of modernity when novelists dismiss omniscient narration and opt for a type of narrator supporting a less stylized idea of the working class. That is, novella turns into short story when it assumes the ideological perspective suggested by the directors of "Rassegna Settimanale". Taking into consideration the theories of novella composition advocated by Edgar Allan Poe, the contraintes established by the journal (especially standard length and organic connection with the social themes dear to the two directors) turn out to be essential to the future acknowledgment of the genre. For these reasons, the last part of this research consists of a reinterpretation of novellas of the journal's most renowned writers, such as Giovanni Verga, Mario Pratesi, Matilde Serao, Renato Fucini, Emilio De Marchi, in light of the new publishing conditions fostered by Sonnino and Franchetti. ; À la suite d'une recherche préliminaire vouée à l'identification des principaux journaux qui, après l'unification de l'Italie, ont ouvert leurs colonnes aux écrivains de nouvelles, la thèse porte sur le cas de la Rassegna Settimanale. Cet hebdomadaire, fondé en janvier 1878 à Florence par Leopoldo Franchetti et par Sidney Sonnino, marque un tournant dans l'histoire de la prose narrative nationale et notamment dans l'histoire de la nouvelle. Dans la première partie de la thèse on analyse en profondeur le contexte socioculturel du Risorgimento pour mieux faire ressortir le dépassement de certaines questions artistiques connexes à une conception idéaliste et oligarchique de la société, où les besoins des masses populaires restent sans réponse. La réflexion stimulée par Franchetti et Sonnino pénètre au cœur du débat sur les relations entre le pouvoir et la paysannerie, entre le Nord et le Sud, en culminant dans la proposition d'un nouveau rôle pour l'État dans la vie économique du Pays. Ce nouveau regard sur les masses et sur la pauvreté devient le point d'appui pour l'essor du vérisme et de la nouvelle. Cette dernière est caractérisée comme un genre typique de la modernité (short story) qui entend se rapprocher du peuple en s'enrichissant de la perspective idéologique suggérée par les directeurs, et en s'adaptant aux contraintes formelles fixées par la revue. La dernière partie de la thèse consiste à relire, à la lumière des conditions fondamentales créées par les directeurs de la Rassegna Settimanale, les nouvelles publiées par les écrivains les plus renommés de la revue, tels que Giovanni Verga, Mario Pratesi, Renato Fucini, Matilde Serao et Emilio De Marchi. ; Il presente lavoro muove da una ricerca preliminare volta all'individuazione dei quotidiani e dei periodici che nei primi decenni postunitari hanno ospitato sulle proprie colonne le novelle dei più importanti scrittori dell'epoca. Tuttavia, sebbene si tenga conto di alcune interessanti proposte editoriali (con un focus sulle seguenti aree geografiche: Milano, Torino, Firenze, Roma) e, in linea generale, dell'evoluzione conosciuta dal mondo della stampa nel XIX secolo, si è deciso di affrontare il caso specifico della "Rassegna Settimanale" perché si è convinti che a questo particolare ebdomadario, fondato nel 1878 a Firenze da Leopoldo Franchetti e Sidney Sonnino, sia legato un momento di svolta del giornalismo nonché della narrativa nazionale e, soprattutto, lo sviluppo della novella moderna. Così, affinché il lettore possa cogliere nella loro entità le rivoluzionarie novità apportate dalla rivista fiorentina, nel primo capitolo della tesi si è illustrato il contesto storico, politico e socioculturale nel quale il periodico va ad inserirsi. Se durante il Risorgimento predomina una concezione idealista e oligarchica della società e i bisogni del popolo restano essenzialmente inascoltati, a partire dai primi anni '70 la riflessione stimolata da Franchetti e Sonnino introduce nuovi argomenti nel dibattito riguardante le relazioni tra potere e masse contadine, tra Nord e Sud. Nel loro pensiero politico trova posto una nuova idea di Stato, definibile a tutti gli effetti assistenzialista, dal momento che, in quanto ente super partes, è chiamato ad intervenire nella vita economica del Paese per far fronte a fenomeni di sfruttamento e al disequilibrio sociale. Il nuovo sguardo sulle masse e sulla povertà diventa il punto d'appoggio per l'ascesa del verismo e della novella: quest'ultima comincia a delinearsi come genere tipico della modernità quando gli scrittori adottano, nella finzione narrativa, non più la prospettiva di un narratore onnisciente bensì la voce di un narratore che si fa portavoce di una concezione diversa del mondo popolare, meno stilizzato; la novella, cioè, diventa short story quando si impreziosisce della prospettiva ideologica suggerita dai direttori della "Rassegna Settimanale". Dal punto di vista formale, con uno sguardo rivolto alle teorie sulla composizione della novella avanzate da Edgar Allan Poe, le contraintes fissate dalla rivista – due su tutte: la lunghezza standard e il rapporto organico con le tematiche sociali care ai due direttori – si rivelano necessarie per la futura canonizzazione del genere. L'ultima parte del presente lavoro, pertanto, verte su una rilettura delle novelle pubblicate dagli scrittori più rinomati della rivista, quali Giovanni Verga, Mario Pratesi, Matilde Serao, Renato Fucini, Emilio De Marchi, alla luce delle condizioni editoriali favorite da Sonnino e Franchetti.