Suchergebnisse

The crisis of 2008 once more highlighted the problems of Russia economic security, of judicious combination of domestic production and imports, of protecting the interests of Russian producers. At this point, import performs quite important functions in the domestic reproduction process. It brings into the local market competition, prevents monopolization, covers the demand for the missing goods, forms a modern model of consumption, etc. However, the import's excess significantly inhibits the process of import substitution. The lack of consistency in dealing with the import reduces its positive implications.

Import policy has played a particularly important role in
Pakistan's economic planning. The amount and allocation of imported
machinery and raw materials have directly affected the nature and pace
of both industrial and agricultural development. The composition of
imports has had a very significant effect on internal relative prices,
which, in turn, essentially determine the allocation of investment in
the private sector. Finally, imports have provided both the government
(in the form of tariffs) and the private sector (in the form of profits)
access to potential savings, which to a large extent have been converted
into investment during the last decade. While import policy should not
be viewed completely in isolation, it is sufficiently important to merit
careful and intensive study. Over the past several years, substantial
research has been carried out on two aspects of Pakistan's import
policy: the description and analysis of the institu¬tional arrangements;
and the development of reasonably accurate statistics. In terms of
institutional arrangements, three contributions are especially worthy of
mention. Naqvi [22] has presented a detailed description of the import
licensing system, indicating the agencies involved and the major
problems faced by them,

137Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Anti-trust and competition law — E.E.C. Treaty, Article 85 — Application to agreement — Where one party situated in a non-member State — Effects produced in member States — Relation of municipal competition law to Community Law — The law of the European Communities

Two methods are used in the preparation of the official import forecasts in Britain. There is the detailed commodity-by-commodity approach, designed to bring in any special factors or information about particular commodities. There is also the aggregate approach, which attempts to find relationships between the volume of imports and various national expenditure series. This note describes a series of experiments conducted to investigate and, if possible, improve the second of these two approaches. It does not attempt to provide a full theory of import behaviour. It is simply concerned to find a method of import forecasting that works reasonably satisfactorily over a short period of 1-2 years.