Suchergebnisse

My research focuses on race and incarceration in South Africa. People in the "Coloured"community are overrepresented in incarceration statistics, both on the national and onthe regional level. With the help of inmates' life stories gathered at various correctionalcentres in the Western Cape, my thesis seeks to make sense of this phenomenon. ; La thèse porte sur les problématiques d'identités raciales en Afrique du Sud, en lien avecla question carcérale. Les personnes issues de la minorité "Coloured" se trouvent surincarcérésau niveau national comme régional. A l'aide d'entretiens non-directifs de type"récit de vie" récoltés auprès de détenus, la présente thèse entend faire sens desparcours individuels des personnes incarcérées, membres de la communauté ou non.

My research focuses on race and incarceration in South Africa. People in the "Coloured"community are overrepresented in incarceration statistics, both on the national and onthe regional level. With the help of inmates' life stories gathered at various correctionalcentres in the Western Cape, my thesis seeks to make sense of this phenomenon. ; La thèse porte sur les problématiques d'identités raciales en Afrique du Sud, en lien avecla question carcérale. Les personnes issues de la minorité "Coloured" se trouvent surincarcérésau niveau national comme régional. A l'aide d'entretiens non-directifs de type"récit de vie" récoltés auprès de détenus, la présente thèse entend faire sens desparcours individuels des personnes incarcérées, membres de la communauté ou non.

Introduction: Prison is a special, often unrecognized and under-researched world that must not impede access and use of care. The female prison population, although constituting a minority of the prison population, shows a need for specific health especially in reproductive health.Objectives of the study: To draw up an inventory of the conditions for gynecological and obstetric follow-up. In a population mainly coming from precarious socioeconomic environments, define whether access to care facilitated in prisons favors patient care initiatives.Materials and methods: This study was a quantitative, descriptive and mono-centric study (Baumettes, Marseille) with a retrospective collection of data from medical records. 62 files were studied. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out.Results: The sanitary organization at Les Baumettes obeys the legislative provisions. The health status of women on entry seems less good than that of the general population. Incarceration and the use of care are linked, but the influence of incarceration on gynecological and obstetric follow-up is mainly due to control by health professionals.Conclusion: The impact of incarceration is both positive and negative. It depends primarily on the sociodemographic profile of the woman before her incarceration. ; Introduction à l'étude : La prison est un monde particulier, souvent méconnu et peu étudié qui ne doit pas entraver l'accès et le recours aux soins. La population carcérale féminine bien que constituant une part minoritaire de la population carcérale témoigne de besoin de santé spécifique, en particulier en ce qui concerne la santé génésique.Objectifs de l'étude : Dresser un état des lieux des conditions de suivi gynécologique et obstétrical. Dans une population issue pour la majorité de milieux précaires, définir si l'accès aux soins facilité en milieu pénitentiaire favorise les initiatives de prise en charge des patientes.Matériel et méthode : Cette étude était une étude quantitative, descriptive et monocentrique (Maison d'arrêt des femmes des Baumettes, Marseille) avec un recueil rétrospectif des données à partir de dossiers médicaux. 62 dossiers ont été étudiés. Une analyse descriptive des données a été effectuée.Résultat : L'organisation sanitaire aux Baumettes obéit aux dispositions législatives. L'état de santé des femmes à l'entrée en détention semble moins bon que celui de la population générale. L'incarcération et le recours aux soins sont liées mais l'influence de l'incarcération sur le suivi gynécologique et obstétrical s'observe essentiellement par un contrôle des professionnels de santé.Conclusion : L'impact de l'incarcération est à la fois positif et négatif. Il dépend essentiellement du profil sociodémographique de la femme avant son incarcération.

Introduction: Prison is a special, often unrecognized and under-researched world that must not impede access and use of care. The female prison population, although constituting a minority of the prison population, shows a need for specific health especially in reproductive health.Objectives of the study: To draw up an inventory of the conditions for gynecological and obstetric follow-up. In a population mainly coming from precarious socioeconomic environments, define whether access to care facilitated in prisons favors patient care initiatives.Materials and methods: This study was a quantitative, descriptive and mono-centric study (Baumettes, Marseille) with a retrospective collection of data from medical records. 62 files were studied. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out.Results: The sanitary organization at Les Baumettes obeys the legislative provisions. The health status of women on entry seems less good than that of the general population. Incarceration and the use of care are linked, but the influence of incarceration on gynecological and obstetric follow-up is mainly due to control by health professionals.Conclusion: The impact of incarceration is both positive and negative. It depends primarily on the sociodemographic profile of the woman before her incarceration. ; Introduction à l'étude : La prison est un monde particulier, souvent méconnu et peu étudié qui ne doit pas entraver l'accès et le recours aux soins. La population carcérale féminine bien que constituant une part minoritaire de la population carcérale témoigne de besoin de santé spécifique, en particulier en ce qui concerne la santé génésique.Objectifs de l'étude : Dresser un état des lieux des conditions de suivi gynécologique et obstétrical. Dans une population issue pour la majorité de milieux précaires, définir si l'accès aux soins facilité en milieu pénitentiaire favorise les initiatives de prise en charge des patientes.Matériel et méthode : Cette étude était une étude quantitative, descriptive et monocentrique (Maison d'arrêt des femmes des Baumettes, Marseille) avec un recueil rétrospectif des données à partir de dossiers médicaux. 62 dossiers ont été étudiés. Une analyse descriptive des données a été effectuée.Résultat : L'organisation sanitaire aux Baumettes obéit aux dispositions législatives. L'état de santé des femmes à l'entrée en détention semble moins bon que celui de la population générale. L'incarcération et le recours aux soins sont liées mais l'influence de l'incarcération sur le suivi gynécologique et obstétrical s'observe essentiellement par un contrôle des professionnels de santé.Conclusion : L'impact de l'incarcération est à la fois positif et négatif. Il dépend essentiellement du profil sociodémographique de la femme avant son incarcération.

<i>Liberating Sentencing Policy !
The Place of Open Prisons in Penitentiary Policies </i>

Penitentiary policies have undergone a certain number of changes influenced in particular by the quest for alternatives to incarceration and the desire on the part of society for a 'zero' risk guarantee. These transformations may be the object of various critiques which suggest the need to underline the necessity to reorganise the two functions of open prisons -surveillance and social rehabilitation.

The penal use of prison is often considered as the breaking point in historigraphy. One cannot deny the fundamental transformations implied by the prison and consequently the penitentiary. But their use does not signify a total break with previous repressive policies. The study of the American situation shows that servitude and hard labour may be presented as the bridge between two different repressive logics. Thus servitude was first substituted to capital punishment ; incarceration then appeared as the material modality necessary to the execution of the sanction.

While the prison population of most occidental countries increased dramatically, the incarceration rate in Germany decreased significantly twice during the past thirty years: first in 1969 and second between 1983 and 1991. The present research tries to find out the reasons for these decreases. The first decrease is clearly the result of the 1969 reform of the German criminal law (reform which had positive as well as negative repercussions). The second decrease cannot be explained by legal reform and seems to result from a change of attitude on the part of judges and prosecutors towards criminals.

Michelle Alexander enseigne le droit à l'Université d'Etat de l'Ohio, après une carrière d'avocate spécialisée dans les civil rights , aussi bien dans les milieux activistes de défense des libertés fondamentales (elle a dirigé le Racial Justice Project de l'ACLU – American Civil Liberties Union – en Californie du Nord) que dans un cabinet d'avocats où elle était spécialisée dans les actions de groupe contre des cas de discriminations raciales et de genre. Elle a publié en 2010 The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness qui est devenu un best-seller et a relancé le débat aux Etats-Unis sur la sur-incarcération des hommes noirs. Si le fait est connu depuis longtemps, et étudié, l'argument central de l'ouvrage d'Alexander est qu'il ne s'agit pas d'un effet pervers de la politique pénale, mais au contraire d'une forme insidieuse de reconstitution, sous d'autres formes, de la ségrégation raciale abolie par les lois des droits civils dans les années 1960 ( civil rights act ). Pour de nombreux Afro-Américains et plus largement pour l'ensemble de la société étatsunienne, ce livre a provoqué une véritable onde de choc à travers tout le pays, qui a permis de fonder et de donner corps à un plaidoyer contre un système pénal injuste et impitoyable vis-à-vis des hommes noirs. L'article publié ici est initialement paru en 2010, au moment de la sortie du livre The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness dans la revue The American Prospect .

Reform of the Penitentiary Map : Towards a Rationalisation and Modernisation of the French Penitentiary System

The historic development of the french penitentiary System has brought about a number of geographical disparities. Consequently, reform of the penitentiary map has not so much aimed to increase the capacity to accept inmates as to harmonize of the geographical spread of places according to a general indicator. Moreover, this reform has tended to the reaffirmation of a number of principles regarding the functioning of the public penitentiary service, such as detention in individual cells, a progressive approach to the period of incarceration, and localness as a factor in placing detainees.

Based upon criminal trials, this paper explores the decline of death penalty (will be abolished in 1874) during the eighteenth century in the Republic of Geneva. Low rates of hangings reflected the decline of murders and other violent crimes. The arguments elaborated by various Attorney generals in charge of prosecuiting murderers and robbers revels a precocious reformism arguing for the rehabilitation of the convicts by their incarceration. A great part of the judicial reformism developped by Calvinist and enlightened Attorneys from the end of 1750's, foreshadows the modernization of penology which will take place at the beginning of the 19th century.

The prison reform announced in 2000 had two manifest objectives: humanitarian motives (improve conditions of incarceration) & motives of security (reassert state authority in the prisons). It mainly involved replacing the dormitories with one- to three-inmate cells. These dormitories were, however, places where socialization & politicization occurred, particularly among Kurdish & extreme leftwing organizations. Inmate resistance took on the form of a hunger strike which, for various reasons, was soon isolated from public opinion, & therefore took a more desperate & radical turn. In conducting their reform, the Turkish authorities responded to European pressure by choosing among the demands expressed by European institutions those which it suited them to implement, regardless of any priority Europe had given them. Adapted from the source document.

Responses to Juvénile Delinquency
In 1998 Christine Lazerges and Jean-Pierre Balduck made a report to the Prime Minister on behalf of the inter-ministerial taskforce on the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency. The 135 proposals contained in this report are oriented around the two axes of prevention and repression. Better preventive measures require mobilisation on the part of those responsible for socialisation, in schools and through integration into urban policy issues particularly. Introduction of the repressive measures was initiated by the application of the whole spectrum of measures introduced by the Order of 2 November 1945 on juvenile delinquency, followed by the renewed responses of the police and judicial authorities achieved via a greater specialisation of police, judicial and incarceration structures.

Background: In some penitentiary centers, children may stay with their incarcerated mother until they are 18 months old. These women have a special arrangement for their detention during the special moments of the pregnancy and the first months of the child.Objectives: Study the management of incarcerated pregnant women and the support they receive during the creation of the mother-child bond, from the point of view of professionals involved in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Study the declaration of professionals on the impact of incarceration on the establishment of maternity, and the impact of maternity on incarceration, on medical, legislative and psychological. Describe the support provided for the arrival and separation of the child from women prisoners.Method: This qualitative descriptive and interpretative study was conducted in 2018 among nine professionals: midwives, nursery nurse, supervisors, and prison counselor for insertion and probation surrounding women during their pregnancy in prison in two of the three prisons of the region.Results and discussion: The topics addressed by the professionals focused on the pregnant woman and the young mother who finds herself isolated, and in the face of new difficulties, as well as on the role of each of the professionals and the limits to which they were face.Conclusion: The need for a multidisciplinary team working in an early and continuous way is essential to accompany these women in this stage of their lives and to support the mother-child bond that is created despite detention. ; Introduction : Dans certains centres pénitentiaires, des enfants peuvent rester auprès de leur mère incarcérée jusqu'à leurs 18 mois. Ces femmes bénéficient d'un régime spécial de détention pendant les moments particuliers que sont la grossesse et les premiers mois de l'enfant.Objectifs : Étudier la prise en charge des femmes enceintes incarcérées et l'accompagnement dans la création du lien mère-enfant par les professionnels intervenants en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Étudier ...

Why is prison one of the seamy side of our democracies? This thesis try to highlight the logicsbehind the construction of an institution which produces asymmetrical power relationship andcauses suffering among the prisoners, based on a study of prison during the French Revolution. Thisperiod allows us to reveal the political issue at stake, because it inherited philanthropic trends whilerenewing, in confronting the facts, the desire for humanity; it also developed various models of theRepublic.The Carceral, the "actual experience of enclosure, constraint and exclusion, for the prisoner, by thejailer, through the power relationship that brings them together", is an unstable structure that issocially constructed. In order to understand how the practices and the intentions have shaped theCarceral, our research focused on the history of emotions and was conducted with an approach ofscales variations. Three parts implemented this point of view, using the Archives Parlementairesand the clerical archives of the Nord department and Nord cities.The first part renders the prism through which reformers envisioned prison during the ConstituentAssembly; the project aiming at humanizing penalties was fraught with contradictions as itfluctuated between new usages of the Law, the subversion of the institution and practices tomaintain social order. The second part explores the variations in republican perceptions of theprotagonists with regard to the state of prisons and of prisoners: it highlights the specific sensibilityof the sequence of An II. Then, keeping as close as possible to the prisoners and jailers, the object isto understand what chains of concrete causality and what mental processes of legitimization bringabout some non-republican incarceration regimes within a "liberal" incarceration regime. ; Pourquoi la prison est-elle une des parts d'ombre de nos démocraties ? Cette thèse tente d'éclairerles logiques de fabrique de l'institution, productrice d'une relation de pouvoir asymétrique et desouffrance pour les ...