Suchergebnisse

The aim of this thesis From Living in Care to Independence is to analyse the support given to care leavers as they transition to adulthood. Social workers are the main leaving care support service providers, and it is important to research their roles and competencies relevant for supporting care leavers. The thesis also explores what the needs of care leavers are and the existing policies that guide the provision of support to care leavers. This study was carried out in Lithuania with the interviews conducted between April-November 2020. Data for this thesis was obtained from social workers who provide support to youth in care transitioning to adulthood and care leavers. The subjects were selected using judgmental sampling and the criteria was social workers:1)Who work in institutions that provide leaving care services to youth who have lived in alternative care and 2) Who work with youth about to leave care or who have left care. Using semi-structured interviews, the data was collected from the participants via Skype and text messaging. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed then analysed using the thematic analysis. The results show that social workers use their personal competencies of creativity, understanding and being open-minded to create relationships with care leavers to understand better their needs and teach them the necessary life skills. The roles of the social workers are however, not just to teach care leavers skills, they also act as a source of support and guidance for the care leavers. Finally, the results showed that care leavers need independent and interdependent needs in order to transition to adulthood successfully. The study recommends delaying care leaver transition to independence until they have the necessary skills, changes in legislation to develop a care leaver framework that will suit their diverse needs, further research on the perspectives of care leavers and for social workers to guide care leavers to learn by doing.

The aim of this thesis From Living in Care to Independence is to analyse the support given to care leavers as they transition to adulthood. Social workers are the main leaving care support service providers, and it is important to research their roles and competencies relevant for supporting care leavers. The thesis also explores what the needs of care leavers are and the existing policies that guide the provision of support to care leavers. This study was carried out in Lithuania with the interviews conducted between April-November 2020. Data for this thesis was obtained from social workers who provide support to youth in care transitioning to adulthood and care leavers. The subjects were selected using judgmental sampling and the criteria was social workers:1)Who work in institutions that provide leaving care services to youth who have lived in alternative care and 2) Who work with youth about to leave care or who have left care. Using semi-structured interviews, the data was collected from the participants via Skype and text messaging. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed then analysed using the thematic analysis. The results show that social workers use their personal competencies of creativity, understanding and being open-minded to create relationships with care leavers to understand better their needs and teach them the necessary life skills. The roles of the social workers are however, not just to teach care leavers skills, they also act as a source of support and guidance for the care leavers. Finally, the results showed that care leavers need independent and interdependent needs in order to transition to adulthood successfully. The study recommends delaying care leaver transition to independence until they have the necessary skills, changes in legislation to develop a care leaver framework that will suit their diverse needs, further research on the perspectives of care leavers and for social workers to guide care leavers to learn by doing.

Up to the reclaiming Independence, there was censorship in every activity related to the spread of information in Lithuania. In these times, there were many publications published in Russian language. This way, the government of Soviet Union tried to spread soviet ideology to the society. After the collapse of Soviet Union, there were social, political, and economical changes in Lithuania, which consequences were also felt in the area of publishing. After Lithuania reclaimed independence, bookstores in Lithuania started to supply bigger variety of books every year. One of today's urgent things is publishing of publications in minority languages. The problem, stated in this final master of science work is research of decreasing publishing indexes of literature in Russian language, published in Lithuania. Literature in Russian language is also mentioned in these publications. These publications examine quantitative indicators, repertoire of Russian literature. However, there was no luck finding academic works and articles, which analyze books in Russian language, published after Lithuania reclaimed independence. The research objects of this final master work are the books and brochures in Russian language published after reclaiming independence in Lithuania. Manuals, monographies and other scientific works, corresponding the topic of printed book and brochure, are also stated as objects of this work. The purpose of this final master work is to find out how many books in Russian language are among the publications published in Lithuania, and to carry out the quantitative and quality analysis of Russian books. Main goals of this final master work: analyze publishing dynamical indicators of books and brochures in Russian language, released in Lithuania; analyze repertoire of books published in Russian language: assort books and brochures in Russian language by subjects, assort books and brochures in Russian language by purpose, carry out classification of publication in Russian language by variety; find out publishers of books and brochures in Russian language. Statistical method, selected for final master work: gathering, sorting and analyzing statistical data. Using analysis methods of scientific literature, applying statistical and tipological classifications methods, analysis came to conclusion, that there were more books and brochures published in Russian language at the first year of independence than other years. At the first years of Lithuania's independence, number of published publications in russian language was several times bigger, while yearly editions where bigger some ten times. Using typology of publications, books, where sorted by topic, purpose, publishers, printing places, types and types of publications. Analysing repertoire of books and brochures, publications where sorted by topic. Analysing serve the purpose of publications in russian language by topic, study came to conclusion, that biggest variety of topic where at first years (1991) after reclaiming Lithuanian independence. Smallest variety of topics was in the year 1995. Largest number of books and brochures in russian language where published topics of language learning and science, popular literature and science of literature, mathematics and natural sciences. Analysing books and brochures in russian language by their most important classification method in books science. When classification of publications was carried out, study came to conclusion, that learning literature for middle school. Analysing publications qualities, was using topologic methods. It's was helping to establish, that there were more printing books and brochures published in russian language. Writing final master work, was ascertain, which Lithuanian publishing house was published books and brochures in russian language after reclaiming independence.

Up to the reclaiming Independence, there was censorship in every activity related to the spread of information in Lithuania. In these times, there were many publications published in Russian language. This way, the government of Soviet Union tried to spread soviet ideology to the society. After the collapse of Soviet Union, there were social, political, and economical changes in Lithuania, which consequences were also felt in the area of publishing. After Lithuania reclaimed independence, bookstores in Lithuania started to supply bigger variety of books every year. One of today's urgent things is publishing of publications in minority languages. The problem, stated in this final master of science work is research of decreasing publishing indexes of literature in Russian language, published in Lithuania. Literature in Russian language is also mentioned in these publications. These publications examine quantitative indicators, repertoire of Russian literature. However, there was no luck finding academic works and articles, which analyze books in Russian language, published after Lithuania reclaimed independence. The research objects of this final master work are the books and brochures in Russian language published after reclaiming independence in Lithuania. Manuals, monographies and other scientific works, corresponding the topic of printed book and brochure, are also stated as objects of this work. The purpose of this final master work is to find out how many books in Russian language are among the publications published in Lithuania, and to carry out the quantitative and quality analysis of Russian books. Main goals of this final master work: analyze publishing dynamical indicators of books and brochures in Russian language, released in Lithuania; analyze repertoire of books published in Russian language: assort books and brochures in Russian language by subjects, assort books and brochures in Russian language by purpose, carry out classification of publication in Russian language by variety; find out publishers of books and brochures in Russian language. Statistical method, selected for final master work: gathering, sorting and analyzing statistical data. Using analysis methods of scientific literature, applying statistical and tipological classifications methods, analysis came to conclusion, that there were more books and brochures published in Russian language at the first year of independence than other years. At the first years of Lithuania's independence, number of published publications in russian language was several times bigger, while yearly editions where bigger some ten times. Using typology of publications, books, where sorted by topic, purpose, publishers, printing places, types and types of publications. Analysing repertoire of books and brochures, publications where sorted by topic. Analysing serve the purpose of publications in russian language by topic, study came to conclusion, that biggest variety of topic where at first years (1991) after reclaiming Lithuanian independence. Smallest variety of topics was in the year 1995. Largest number of books and brochures in russian language where published topics of language learning and science, popular literature and science of literature, mathematics and natural sciences. Analysing books and brochures in russian language by their most important classification method in books science. When classification of publications was carried out, study came to conclusion, that learning literature for middle school. Analysing publications qualities, was using topologic methods. It's was helping to establish, that there were more printing books and brochures published in russian language. Writing final master work, was ascertain, which Lithuanian publishing house was published books and brochures in russian language after reclaiming independence.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the stances of relevant Serbian political parties (Democratic Party, Democratic Party of Serbia, Serbian Socialist Party, Serbian Radical Party, "New Serbia", "G17 Plus" and Liberal Democratic Party) on Kosovo's independence issue, as well as to assess the dynamics of change and continuity of parties' attitudes during the 2000-2008 period. The analysis confirms that in forming stances toward Kosovo's independence issue Serbian political parties apply utility-maximizing approaches, but it appears to be complementary to parties' ideational values and normative orientations. The political heritage based on the tradition of ethnic mobilization still dictates the electoral behavior of most of Serbian political parties: shaping their positions on the Kosovo's secession issue, parties use widespread value patterns, not rational arguments. This leads to further escalation of the Kosovo issue as an inseparable part of Serbia. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable change in Serbian political actor's representation of Kosovo since the public rhetoric of political parties acquires more pragmatic features. In addition to this, increased sophistication of Serbian electorate's preferences reflects the fact that in Serbia exists institutional and normative pluralism which is crucial for a long-term solution to territorial conflict.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the stances of relevant Serbian political parties (Democratic Party, Democratic Party of Serbia, Serbian Socialist Party, Serbian Radical Party, "New Serbia", "G17 Plus" and Liberal Democratic Party) on Kosovo's independence issue, as well as to assess the dynamics of change and continuity of parties' attitudes during the 2000-2008 period. The analysis confirms that in forming stances toward Kosovo's independence issue Serbian political parties apply utility-maximizing approaches, but it appears to be complementary to parties' ideational values and normative orientations. The political heritage based on the tradition of ethnic mobilization still dictates the electoral behavior of most of Serbian political parties: shaping their positions on the Kosovo's secession issue, parties use widespread value patterns, not rational arguments. This leads to further escalation of the Kosovo issue as an inseparable part of Serbia. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable change in Serbian political actor's representation of Kosovo since the public rhetoric of political parties acquires more pragmatic features. In addition to this, increased sophistication of Serbian electorate's preferences reflects the fact that in Serbia exists institutional and normative pluralism which is crucial for a long-term solution to territorial conflict.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the stances of relevant Serbian political parties (Democratic Party, Democratic Party of Serbia, Serbian Socialist Party, Serbian Radical Party, "New Serbia", "G17 Plus" and Liberal Democratic Party) on Kosovo's independence issue, as well as to assess the dynamics of change and continuity of parties' attitudes during the 2000-2008 period. The analysis confirms that in forming stances toward Kosovo's independence issue Serbian political parties apply utility-maximizing approaches, but it appears to be complementary to parties' ideational values and normative orientations. The political heritage based on the tradition of ethnic mobilization still dictates the electoral behavior of most of Serbian political parties: shaping their positions on the Kosovo's secession issue, parties use widespread value patterns, not rational arguments. This leads to further escalation of the Kosovo issue as an inseparable part of Serbia. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable change in Serbian political actor's representation of Kosovo since the public rhetoric of political parties acquires more pragmatic features. In addition to this, increased sophistication of Serbian electorate's preferences reflects the fact that in Serbia exists institutional and normative pluralism which is crucial for a long-term solution to territorial conflict.

I have chosen the subject "Ideas of Economic Independence in Soviet Lithuania in 1988-1989", because it is not widely investigated in Lithuanian historiography. Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was established after Soviet Occupation of Lithuania in 1940 and existed to 1990. The Lithuanian SSR was renamed the Republic of Lithuania again on March 11, 1990, all legal ties of sovereignty were cut with the Soviet Union as Lithuania declared the restitution of its independence. But its way to independence was long and not easy. The last five years of occupation beginning in 1985, when Mikhail Gorbachev made significant changes in the economy were perestroika and glasnost. His policy of glasnost gave some freedom for media and hope for occupied nations. The objective of master thesis is to investigate process and development of ideas of economic independence in Soviet Lithuania (1988-1989). To obtain the objective I made three tasks: 1) to review Soviet Lithuanian economy in the end on 1980s and to show discussions about Lithuanian SSR as dependant republic of Soviet Union; 2) to introduce "Lithuania's economic independence conception" and to analyze its implementation; 3) to review ideas about its own currency and to introduce Lithuania's system of money and credit conception. In the end I came to these conclusions: 1) Soviet Lithuania's economy was integrated to Soviet Union's central economy and there was no self-sufficiency for Soviet republics; 2) in the discussions about dependency of Soviet Lithuania's economy from Soviet Union, Lithuanian economists reasoned denied Soviet government affirmations that Soviet Lithuania is dependant; 3) The ideas of Soviet Lithuania were systematized in "Lithuania's economic independence conception" (1988). This conception determined political, law and economic conditions, and only with these conditions republic economy could be independent; 4) Lithuania's economic independence conception did not threatened disintegration of Soviet Union, but it had some essential independent state features like: a) all property situated in Lithuania's territory should be Lithuanian, b) Lithuania's government institutions are not under central Soviet rule jurisdiction anymore; 5) in 1988 and 1989 the important discussion was about its own currency. In media this idea was discussed no less, than the idea of Lithuania as dependent state on the Soviet Union or not. Discussions about own currency were summarized and systematized in "Lithuania's system of money and credit conception".

I have chosen the subject "Ideas of Economic Independence in Soviet Lithuania in 1988-1989", because it is not widely investigated in Lithuanian historiography. Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was established after Soviet Occupation of Lithuania in 1940 and existed to 1990. The Lithuanian SSR was renamed the Republic of Lithuania again on March 11, 1990, all legal ties of sovereignty were cut with the Soviet Union as Lithuania declared the restitution of its independence. But its way to independence was long and not easy. The last five years of occupation beginning in 1985, when Mikhail Gorbachev made significant changes in the economy were perestroika and glasnost. His policy of glasnost gave some freedom for media and hope for occupied nations. The objective of master thesis is to investigate process and development of ideas of economic independence in Soviet Lithuania (1988-1989). To obtain the objective I made three tasks: 1) to review Soviet Lithuanian economy in the end on 1980s and to show discussions about Lithuanian SSR as dependant republic of Soviet Union; 2) to introduce "Lithuania's economic independence conception" and to analyze its implementation; 3) to review ideas about its own currency and to introduce Lithuania's system of money and credit conception. In the end I came to these conclusions: 1) Soviet Lithuania's economy was integrated to Soviet Union's central economy and there was no self-sufficiency for Soviet republics; 2) in the discussions about dependency of Soviet Lithuania's economy from Soviet Union, Lithuanian economists reasoned denied Soviet government affirmations that Soviet Lithuania is dependant; 3) The ideas of Soviet Lithuania were systematized in "Lithuania's economic independence conception" (1988). This conception determined political, law and economic conditions, and only with these conditions republic economy could be independent; 4) Lithuania's economic independence conception did not threatened disintegration of Soviet Union, but it had some essential independent state features like: a) all property situated in Lithuania's territory should be Lithuanian, b) Lithuania's government institutions are not under central Soviet rule jurisdiction anymore; 5) in 1988 and 1989 the important discussion was about its own currency. In media this idea was discussed no less, than the idea of Lithuania as dependent state on the Soviet Union or not. Discussions about own currency were summarized and systematized in "Lithuania's system of money and credit conception".

the political and professional qualifications. As in 1940–1941 Lithuanian communist party was not numerous, the membership in the communist party was not the condition of becoming a soviet judge. The political qualification of the candidate to the soviet judge was identified by the candidates' loyalty to the party which was estimated according to his or her and his or her family social status, nationality, profession, the main occupation before 15 th of June 1940 and after that date, the participation in opposition or trade union, the determination to implement party line and the connections with foreign countries. In 1940 the requirement for judges of special legal education was abolished, in result this let to format soviet courts from persons which had no legal work experience. The legal qualification of soviet judges was improved in law courses and in law schools. In soviet law doctrine the model of the appointment of the judges was rejected, so soviet judges in Lithuania in 1940–1941 were elected, but the system of soviet judges elections was created so that only the party had right to decide about the "election" of a judge.

the political and professional qualifications. As in 1940–1941 Lithuanian communist party was not numerous, the membership in the communist party was not the condition of becoming a soviet judge. The political qualification of the candidate to the soviet judge was identified by the candidates' loyalty to the party which was estimated according to his or her and his or her family social status, nationality, profession, the main occupation before 15 th of June 1940 and after that date, the participation in opposition or trade union, the determination to implement party line and the connections with foreign countries. In 1940 the requirement for judges of special legal education was abolished, in result this let to format soviet courts from persons which had no legal work experience. The legal qualification of soviet judges was improved in law courses and in law schools. In soviet law doctrine the model of the appointment of the judges was rejected, so soviet judges in Lithuania in 1940–1941 were elected, but the system of soviet judges elections was created so that only the party had right to decide about the "election" of a judge.

The article focuses on the beginning of the Singing Revolution in Lithuanian culture and tries to identify the most significant dominant features in order to understand the entirety of the new changes in literature. In the face of political upheaval, such a dominant feature was the question of truth; however, the well-established poetry tradition – romantic, neo-romantic, modern neo-romantic, which coexisted with social realism in Soviet times, and experimental – did not raise such questions of truth but only reflected the nation's collective expectations. The evolution of Lithuanian literature, which was highly fragmented during all the decades of the Soviet occupation, united the country through the expatriate poet Bernardas Brazdžionis while he was visiting Lithuania in the summer of 1989. Poetic texts predominated during the first demonstrations of Sąjūdis (the Reform Movement), but while trying to understand their position in the general Lithuanian culture and literature discourse, one needs to acknowledge the leading nature of poetry throughout the Soviet times: having its niche in the cultural system, poetry posed a large number of vexed questions, sought philosophical profundity, and was able to constantly address the deepest metaphysical questions even in strict censorship conditions. Lithuanian prose, which evaded the requirement by the doctrine of social realism to portray the world and characters engaged in class struggles, also found support in the poetry system and created a non-linear but coherent narrative where metaphors prevail. Lithuanian prose poetry became a sign of esthetic quality in independent Lithuania too, where the question of truth, which was important for achieving independence, found a way similar to that of poetry – through memoirs and essays to esthetics and little prose. At the beginning of independence, poetry, which had fed Lithuanian prose with its ideas, themes, conception of the world and esthetic solutions, also merged with memoirs and essays, thus being part of the discourse of telling the truth.

The article focuses on the beginning of the Singing Revolution in Lithuanian culture and tries to identify the most significant dominant features in order to understand the entirety of the new changes in literature. In the face of political upheaval, such a dominant feature was the question of truth; however, the well-established poetry tradition – romantic, neo-romantic, modern neo-romantic, which coexisted with social realism in Soviet times, and experimental – did not raise such questions of truth but only reflected the nation's collective expectations. The evolution of Lithuanian literature, which was highly fragmented during all the decades of the Soviet occupation, united the country through the expatriate poet Bernardas Brazdžionis while he was visiting Lithuania in the summer of 1989. Poetic texts predominated during the first demonstrations of Sąjūdis (the Reform Movement), but while trying to understand their position in the general Lithuanian culture and literature discourse, one needs to acknowledge the leading nature of poetry throughout the Soviet times: having its niche in the cultural system, poetry posed a large number of vexed questions, sought philosophical profundity, and was able to constantly address the deepest metaphysical questions even in strict censorship conditions. Lithuanian prose, which evaded the requirement by the doctrine of social realism to portray the world and characters engaged in class struggles, also found support in the poetry system and created a non-linear but coherent narrative where metaphors prevail. Lithuanian prose poetry became a sign of esthetic quality in independent Lithuania too, where the question of truth, which was important for achieving independence, found a way similar to that of poetry – through memoirs and essays to esthetics and little prose. At the beginning of independence, poetry, which had fed Lithuanian prose with its ideas, themes, conception of the world and esthetic solutions, also merged with memoirs and essays, thus being part of the discourse of telling the truth.

The Reform of Labour Law in Lithuania after the Reestablishment of Independence Summary Labor law reform has started in Lithuania after the restoration of Independence in 1990. The reform was predetermined by a number of reasons, most important of them were political and economical. These circumstances created conditions for social changes in the society and all this could not have been neglected in the labor law. Labor law reform could be split into two phases. During the first period separate labor laws corresponding to certain labor law institutions have consolidated the norms of the labor laws. The second period marks the systematization of labor law norms into one single act, namely the Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania. These two phases cannot be simply regarded as the issue of choosing the way of entrenching labor law norms; stage-by-stage introduced reform has essentially changed the labor law doctrine. Gradually the normative legal regulation of labor relations has been replaced by the contractual regulation of labor relations. It is important to note that labor law liberalization has been carried out with respect to the specifics of labor relations. Bearing in mind that the subjects of labor relations are not regarded as equal entities (employee is acknowledged as a more exposed subject of labor relations) the role of state in regulating these relationship has been maintained. Therefore, in spite of the fact that priority is given to the regulation of the collective relations, the state has left the right for itself to set minimal standards necessary for the security of employees' protection. In the whole reform process, apart from the issue of labor law liberalization, there have been numerous other problems raised; efforts were made to solve these problems by means of compromise. The commitments that Lithuania has assumed during the euro integration process have not permitted to reach certain compromises (there were intentions to legitimate lockout, or trade unions wanted to get exclusive rights to represent the employees, etc.) Since the introduced innovations correspond to the widely accepted labor law standards, the newly adopted Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania should be viewed positively (by the way, the European Union and International Labor organization experts assessed it in this way too). In addition to this, the very existence of the Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania has already proved that this legal act is stable enough, for a long period there were no amendments done to it, this also confirms favorable long term labor relationships' perspectives. On the other hand, it should also be taken into account that labor law is facing other modern challenges; major one of them would be the necessity to assess different aspects stipulated by globalization's processes, in this respect it would be important to evaluate the possible impact of these processes on legal labor relations, as well as to find ways to regulate them correspondingly.

The Reform of Labour Law in Lithuania after the Reestablishment of Independence Summary Labor law reform has started in Lithuania after the restoration of Independence in 1990. The reform was predetermined by a number of reasons, most important of them were political and economical. These circumstances created conditions for social changes in the society and all this could not have been neglected in the labor law. Labor law reform could be split into two phases. During the first period separate labor laws corresponding to certain labor law institutions have consolidated the norms of the labor laws. The second period marks the systematization of labor law norms into one single act, namely the Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania. These two phases cannot be simply regarded as the issue of choosing the way of entrenching labor law norms; stage-by-stage introduced reform has essentially changed the labor law doctrine. Gradually the normative legal regulation of labor relations has been replaced by the contractual regulation of labor relations. It is important to note that labor law liberalization has been carried out with respect to the specifics of labor relations. Bearing in mind that the subjects of labor relations are not regarded as equal entities (employee is acknowledged as a more exposed subject of labor relations) the role of state in regulating these relationship has been maintained. Therefore, in spite of the fact that priority is given to the regulation of the collective relations, the state has left the right for itself to set minimal standards necessary for the security of employees' protection. In the whole reform process, apart from the issue of labor law liberalization, there have been numerous other problems raised; efforts were made to solve these problems by means of compromise. The commitments that Lithuania has assumed during the euro integration process have not permitted to reach certain compromises (there were intentions to legitimate lockout, or trade unions wanted to get exclusive rights to represent the employees, etc.) Since the introduced innovations correspond to the widely accepted labor law standards, the newly adopted Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania should be viewed positively (by the way, the European Union and International Labor organization experts assessed it in this way too). In addition to this, the very existence of the Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania has already proved that this legal act is stable enough, for a long period there were no amendments done to it, this also confirms favorable long term labor relationships' perspectives. On the other hand, it should also be taken into account that labor law is facing other modern challenges; major one of them would be the necessity to assess different aspects stipulated by globalization's processes, in this respect it would be important to evaluate the possible impact of these processes on legal labor relations, as well as to find ways to regulate them correspondingly.