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How do individual differences interact with situational factors to shape social behavior? Are people with certain traits more likely to form lasting marriages; experience test-taking anxiety; break the law; feel optimistic about the future? This handbook provides a comprehensive, authoritative examination of the full range of personality variables associated with interpersonal judgment, behavior, and emotion. The contributors are acknowledged experts who have conducted influential research on the constructs they address. Chapters discuss how each personality attribute is conceptualized and ass

Source vs. message orientation produced no differences under either source- or message-immunization conditions, nor did sex. But self-esteem did interact with immunization strategies as predicted.

In this study, political tolerance is defined as the willingness to extend human rights to different socio-political groups. We considered 12 rights based on Human Rights and the 13 sociopolitical groups most relevant to Spain. Results based on 273 Spanish adolescents suggest that rights
with a higher social component are extended more willingly than those which are more political in nature. This study also attempted to find variables related to political tolerance. Statistically, differences in political tolerance were found in terms of age, political experience, self esteem,
support for democratic norms, support for violent groups, and identification with a group of friends, a religious group or a soccer team.

Pragmatic competence plays a key role in the era of globalization where communication across cultural boundaries is an everyday phenomenon. The ability to use language in a socially appropriate manner is critical, as lack of it may lead to cross-cultural miscommunication or cultural stereotyping. This book describes second language learners' development of pragmatic competence. It proposes an original theoretical framework combining a pragmatics and psycholinguistics approach, and uses a variety of research instruments, both quantitative and qualitative, to describe pragmatic development over

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the cognitive factors that predictability and adaptability during multitasking with a flight simulator. Background: Multitasking has become increasingly prevalent as most professions require individuals to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. Considerable research has been undertaken to identify the characteristics of people (i.e., individual differences) that predict multitasking ability. Although working memory is a reliable predictor of general multitasking ability (i.e., performance in normal conditions), there is the question of whether different cognitive faculties are needed to rapidly respond to changing task demands ( adaptability). Method: Participants first completed a battery of cognitive individual differences tests followed by multitasking sessions with a flight simulator. After a baseline condition, difficulty of the flight simulator was incrementally increased via four experimental manipulations, and performance metrics were collected to assess multitasking ability and adaptability. Results: Scholastic aptitude and working memory predicted general multitasking ability (i.e., performance at baseline difficulty), but spatial manipulation (in conjunction with working memory) was a major predictor of adaptability (performance in difficult conditions after accounting for baseline performance). Conclusion: Multitasking ability and adaptability may be overlapping but separate constructs that draw on overlapping (but not identical) sets of cognitive abilities. Application: The results of this study are applicable to practitioners and researchers in human factors to assess multitasking performance in real-world contexts and with realistic task constraints. We also present a framework for conceptualizing multitasking adaptability on the basis of five adaptability profiles derived from performance on tasks with consistent versus increased difficulty.

"The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences provides a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of recent research, current perspectives, practical applications, and likely future developments in the field of individual differences. Bringing together the work of top researchers in the field from around the world, this essential reference work covers methodological, theoretical, and paradigm changes in the area of individual differences. Separate chapters cover core areas of individual differences including personality and intelligence, biological causes of individual differences, and creativity and emotional intelligence. The unparalleled scope of this work makes it a must-have resource for advanced psychology students, academics, and practitioners"--

One of humanity's most pressing problems is the inequality between people from "developed" and "developing" countries, which counteracts joint efforts to combat other large scale problems. Little is known about the psychological antecedents that affect the perception of and behavioral responses to global inequality. Based on, and extending, Duckitt's dual‐process model, the current research examines psychological antecedents that may explain how people in an industrialized Western country respond to global inequality. In two studies (N1 = 116, N2 = 117), we analyzed the relationship between the Big Five and justice constructs, right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), and behavioral intentions to reduce global inequality. Two‐group path analysis revealed support for the dual‐process model in that RWA and SDO were important predictors of behavioral intentions and partially acted as mediators between personality and such intentions. Moreover, justice sensitivity explained variance beyond the "classic" DPM variables. In Study 2, we additionally assessed individuals' global social identification and perceived injustice of global inequality that explained additional variance. Extending previous work on the dual‐process model, these findings demonstrate that individual and group‐based processes predict people's responses to global inequality and uncover potentials to promote behavior in the interest of global justice.

This book examines young people's involvement in crime (including crimes of violence, vandalism, shoplifting, burglary and car crime) as both victims and offenders. Although adolescence is the time when involvement in crime peaks, few previous UK-based studies have attempted to provide a methodical and comprehensive understanding of adolescent offending on a city-wide basis. This book seeks a better understanding of adolescent crime by studying the relationship between individual characteristics (social bonds and morality and self-control) and lifestyles (as defined by delinquent peers, substa

Unter Rückgriff auf Daten einer Erhebung unter 687 niederländischen Jugendlichen im Alter von 10 bis 17 Jahren untersucht der vorliegende Beitrag, inwiefern sich deren Vorstellungen von Internetkommunikation unterscheiden und welche Hintergrundvariablen (z.B. Alter, Geschlecht, soziale Beunruhigung, Einsamkeit oder das Bedürfnis nach Anschluss und Zugehörigkeit). Die Analyse konzentriert sich darauf, welche Vorstellung die Jugendlichen von der Steuerbarkeit, der Wechselseitigkeit sowie der Breite und Tiefe der Internetkommunikation im Vergleich zur direkten persönlichen Kommunikation von Angesicht zu Angesicht haben. Jüngere, sozial beunruhigte und einsame Jugendliche legen sehr starken Wert auf die Steuerbarkeit der Internetkommunikation und empfinden sie als breiter, tiefer und wechselseitiger als ältere, nicht sozial beunruhigte jugendliche Probanden, die sich darüber hinaus auch nicht einsam fühlen. Jungen empfinden Internetkommunikation als wechselseitiger als Mädchen. Je größer das Bedürfnis der Jugendlichen nach Anschluss und Zugehörigkeit ist, desto häufiger bewerten sie die Internetkommunikation als tiefer als die direkte persönliche Kommunikation von Angesicht zu Angesicht. Die Ergebnisse lassen darauf schließen, dass eine stärkere Fokussierung auf die Vorstellungen von Internetkommunikation dazu führen kann, das Internet besser als ein gesellschaftliches Medium zu verstehen. (UNübers.)