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This article presents the opinion that American exceptionalism has returned post 9/11. It is argued that Ronald Reagan's international relations during the cold war displayed the attitude that power is more important than intellectual, factual, historical, ideological, or moral obligations. The uses of power employed by Americans in international conflicts are compared to the uses of power employed by empires of the past. A historical exploration is included of the development of exceptionalist attitudes from the founding of the US in the 1700's, throughout the continual expansions of the 1800's and into the industrial and military power of the 1900's. It is further argued that American traditions during the early 1900's border on messianism, where the American people are the chosen people, and that Reaganism was a natural extension of these traditions, whereas post Reagan there was no need for American messianism or exceptionalism, and thus American Presidents sought a new world order where the US would participate in integrated global economics and politics in cooperation with other nations. George W. Bush's politics post 9/11 with its war on terror marked the return of American exceptionalism. E. Sundby

This article surveys the broad array of arguments addressing the lack of progress made in third-world development over the course of the last fifty years. During this period of time, financial aid given by the world's industrial nations to developing countries became a practice that was seen as both economically & morally demanded. However, in the years that have since elapsed, there has been an increasing volume of critical attention paid to the imbalance between the amount of funding given & the amount of development accomplished. It is at this juncture that the lack of necessary internal conditions in developing counties becomes apparent. Analysis has not only demonstrated that a large portion of funding made to third-world countries becomes subject to abuse by controlling powers, but has also suggested that foreign aid might actually contribute to the imbalance of power in the said recipient countries. Some of the many perspectives that comprise the growing argument against the notion of foreign aid as a viable policy are presented here to illustrate the increasingly clear reality of failed development in the third world. 4 Tables, 20 References. C. Brunski