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The international discussion of Trump's dispute over import tariffs for steel, aluminum and even cars is so far focused on the big global players. However, African countries suffer in particular from the planned punitive tariffs, similar to the famous African proverb: 'When elephants fight, it is the grass that suffers'. After years of talk on partnership for economic development (AGOA, Cotonou Agreement, EPAs, etc) Trump's tariffs mean a severe blow to participatory foreign trade and sustainable industrialization in Africa. Egypt and South Africa for example, the potentially most affected African countries, face massive job losses and earning opportunities, with all the consequences that this entails for their already fragile economy and the population in dire poverty. Trump's intervention thus joins the continued power politics of former colonial powers vis à vis Africa. Nevertheless, despite these asymmetric power relations, unfair trade relations and the desolate state of African infant industries are not necessarily due to externalities. More often than not they are home-made. African agency plays an ambiguous role in enhancing participatory trade and indigenous industrialization.

The international discussion of Trump's dispute over import tariffs for steel, aluminum and even cars is so far focused on the big global players. However, African countries suffer in particular from the planned punitive tariffs, similar to the famous African proverb: 'When elephants fight, it is the grass that suffers'. After years of talk on partnership for economic development (AGOA, Cotonou Agreement, EPAs, etc.) Trump's tariffs mean a severe blow to participatory foreign trade and sustainable industrialization in Africa. Egypt and South Africa for example, the potentially most affected African countries, face massive job losses and earning opportunities, with all the consequences that this entails for their already fragile economy and the population in dire poverty. Trump's intervention thus joins the continued power politics of former colonial powers vis à vis Africa. Nevertheless, despite these asymmetric power relations, unfair trade relations and the desolate state of African infant industries are not necessarily due to externalities. More often than not they are home-made. African agency plays an ambiguous role in enhancing participatory trade and indigenous industrialization.

The Victorian Era of writings of works such as Charles Dickens Hard Times used the social and environmental setting by which the characters live in; it is created by a philosophy that adds fuel to sustain the advancement of industrialization. The philosophy mirrors the mechanical characteristics of industrialization and how they are expressed is of great importance to the mechanical perceptions, such as objective utilitarianism. The mechanization that is found in the lives of the characters has an evil presence of depriving them of human dignity by living a mechanical lifestyle. It was the mechanical lifestyle that can be explained through Marxist theory to explain the key characteristics of the Industrial Era and its importance to materialism, as it represented political power. Marxism provides a theory for requiring the working class to concentrate on working in factories in Coketown and the "bourgeois" to separate themselves as competing agents of self-interest. It is a goal of the wealthy social class to maximize utility as a consumer and profit as a producer within the mechanical world.Keywords: Victorian Era; Mechanical Thinking; Marxist Theory

The theory of "colonial industrialization" proposed by Ulrich Menzel emphasizes "colonial inheritance" as a crucial factor in the rapid industrial growth of South Korea from the 1960's onwards. According to Menzel, enormous investments by the Japanese in building and extending infrastructure, in energy supply, mining and modernization of the Korean state, administration and educational system etc provided Korea with a better start than other developing countries. As a matter of fact, the investment was part and parcel of Japanese exploitation and expropriation, and did not lead to the independent development of Korea. Also, up to 80 % of infrastructure and industry were destroyed in the Korean War. Likewise, through the division of Korea the complementary character of the North (energy, mining and heavy industry) und the South (rice production and light industry) lost their relevance. Moreover, Menzel did not mention why the colonial inheritance failed to have any impact after Korean independence. Also, the Japanese defeat in World War ll did not coincide with any changes in the Korean political situation. All in all, the theory of colonial industrialization is a theory of colonial power, not of the colony itself.

Africa's improved growth performance over the last 15 years provides an opportunity for the continent to transit from recovery to structural transformation. This paper reviews the evolution of development theory and practice, the role of agriculture therein, and the pace of structural transformation in Africa over the last 50 years. The evolution has involved shifting roles of industry vs. agriculture and that of government, and the public sector vs. markets and the private sector. Government intervention in favour of industrialization in the 1960s-1970s resulted in the neglect of agriculture, poor growth performance, and a productivity-reducing structural transformation, characterized by an increasing concentration of low productivity labour in the informal service sector. The paper suggests a move away from the dual-economy to a three-dimensional model that pays greater attention to the large informal segment of the service sector. A successful transformation will require accelerated agricultural productivity growth, a modernized informal service sector, and effective industrialization strategies, with balanced roles for government, markets, and the private sector, all supported by country-led, evidence-based strategies exemplified under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP).

Both Ireland and Taiwan are considered to have experienced "economic miracles" worthy of attention for how they managed to bring about economic/industrial development. Former colonies, by the late 1940s, neither was particularly well developed economically or industrially. Both pursued state-led industrial development, first by way of import-substitution industrialization under protectionism, followed by a turn to emphasizing export-led industrialization in the late 1950s / early 1960s. However, Ireland increasingly favored embracing foreign direct investment in the face of an indigenous sector that was proving ever more unsuited to a world of falling trade barriers. Although Taiwan also welcomed foreign investment, it did so while continuing to protect and advance the development of indigenous industry. Taking the view that industrial development does not appear ready formed, as an essence that always-already existed, what is of interest in this talk is the work of producing industrial development as an on-going process. Accordingly, and through the lens of actor-network theory (ANT), the talk will follow how industrial development was "performed" in both countries between the late 1940s and late 1960s.

Developing electric vehicles (EVs) has been chosen as national strategy as solution to energy security and urban air pollution by China. China has invested much to develop electric vehicle technologies. In past 15 years, the EVs technologies have improved greatly, and in public serving field, the electric vehicle were used in large-scale. The traction battery and electric motor technologies were improved distinguished. By the EVs demonstration programs, the mainstream technology roadmap in line with China's national conditions is becoming gradually clear. In this paper, the progress of China EVs technologies breakthrough and industrialization, pushing policies (government and local government) were summarized. The progress on EVs demonstration program was reviewed and the effectiveness was evaluated. The technology roadmap of traction battery, fuel cell, and electric motor for EVs in past years was concluded. The different technological roadmaps were evaluated by effects in demonstration program. Based on the review of the progress of China EVs R& ; D and demonstration program, the existing problems and future challenges in EV development were put forth. And the future electric transportation in China was proposed, including electric powertrain technologies roadmap, electric car model strategy, EV industrialization strategy.

AbstractThis paper provides a critical assessment of Turkey's economic performance under the neoliberal economic policies which have been instrumental in generating a profound transformation in its socioeconomic structure since 1980. The paper draws special attention to the government's loss of policy autonomy and the democratic deficit at the initial and implementation stages of this transformation. It then evaluates Turkey's economic performance on the basis of indicators with medium and long-term impacts, such as investment, saving, industrialization, unemployment, and income distribution. This assessment shows that the neoliberal model has failed to fulfill its promises, with the Turkish economy failing to achieve performance equal to that under the previous import-substitution strategy or in comparable countries. The paper then identifies the main problem areas confronting the economy: the current account deficit, the labor market, insufficient industrial progress and income distribution, and poverty. To solve these problems, it calls for both a radical rethinking of the neoliberal policy regime and for proactive state intervention to stimulate saving and investment as part of a new development strategy, giving primary importance to industrialization, employment creation, and more equitable income distribution.

The impacts of industrialization on socio-economic development cannot be over emphasized, but so are the negative consequences. This paper examines the health and environmental challenges of Ewekoro Cement Industry on the physical environment of the surrounding settlement of Ewekoro, Ogun State. This was with a view to providing sustainable solution to the negative impact of large scale industries in an emerging economy like Nigeria. The study involved empirical observation and interview of residents of the area. About 200 questionnaires were administered randomly on workers and residents, out of which 172 were returned. These were analysed using simple tables. The study confirms extensive incidence of land, air, and noise pollution over and above recommended minimum limits. It also discovers lack of substantial compliance with the principle of environmental integrity sustainability and National Environmental Standard Regulation Authority (NESRA) in terms of environmental resource protection. The study recommends that, for Nigeria to maximize benefits of industrialization and minimize its negative effects, a tripartite arrangement that involves, the industry, the community and the government must be involved in environmental monitoring and protection.

This paper provides a critical assessment of Turkey's economic performance under the neoliberal economic policies which have been instrumental in generating a profound transformation in its socioeconomic structure since 1980. The paper draws special attention to the government's loss of policy autonomy and the democratic deficit at the initial and implementation stages of this transformation. It then evaluates Turkey's economic performance on the basis of indicators with medium and long-term impacts, such as investment, saving, industrialization, unemployment, and income distribution. This assessment shows that the neoliberal model has failed to fulfill its promises, with the Turkish economy failing to achieve performance equal to that under the previous import-substitution strategy or in comparable countries. The paper then identifies the main problem areas confronting the economy: the current account deficit, the labor market, insufficient industrial progress and income distribution, and poverty. To solve these problems, it calls for both a radical rethinking of the neoliberal policy regime and for proactive state intervention to stimulate saving and investment as part of a new development strategy, giving primary importance to industrialization, employment creation, and more equitable income distribution.

Developmental states are criticized for rapid "industrialization without enlightenment." In the last 30 years, China's breathtaking growth has been achieved at a high environmental and food safety cost. This article, utilizing a recent survey of China's livestock industry, illustrates the initiating role of China's developmental state in the exponential expansion of the country's livestock production. The enthusiastic response of the livestock industry to the many state policy incentives has made China the world's biggest animal farming nation. Shortage of meat and dairy supply is history. Yet, the Chinese government is facing new challenges of no less a threat to political stability. Production intensification has created a welfare crisis impacting the world's biggest number of farm animals. The resulting food safety incidents are affecting consumer confidence and health. Untreated waste contributes to the nation's environmental degradation. Developmental states may have a proud record of growth in the initial stage of industrialization. Their prospects for sustained development have long been questioned. China has come to an important juncture to march towards a sustained development.

Contemporary developments are characterized at the same time by a series of economic changes and by a crisis in, international political leadership. The extent to which the density of economic relations has increased is such that a world economy is now a reality. The growing internationalization of the processes of trade and production and the internationalization of business strategies have resulted in a concentration and an oligopolization of the world economy. In the majority of the key development sectors, about ten firms at the most share the market, inducing by that very fact, an increase in specialization and, therefore, the search for a new international division, of work. The age of low-cost energy and raw materials that ensured a marked advantage to the industrialization nations seems at an end. The arrival on world markets of Third-world countries in the process of industrialization constitutes a new challenge. International competition is situated squarely in the economic field and the new international hierarchy is being established in accordance with the capacity of each participant to adapt to these new givens.

Based on a modest sample of skeletons from northern Europe, average heights fell from 173.4 centimeters in the early Middle Ages to a low of roughly 167 centimeters during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Taking the data at face value, this decline of approximately 6.4 centimeters substantially exceeds any prolonged downturns found during industrialization in several countries that have been studied. Significantly, recovery to levels achieved in the early Middle Ages was not attained until the early twentieth century. It is plausible to link the decline in average height to climate deterioration; growing inequality; urbanization and the expansion of trade and commerce, which facilitated the spread of diseases; fluctuations in population size that impinged on nutritional status; the global spread of diseases associated with European expansion and colonization; and conflicts or wars over state building or religion. Because it is reasonable to believe that greater exposure to pathogens accompanied urbanization and industrialization, and there is evidence of climate moderation, increasing efficiency in agriculture, and greater interregional and international trade in foodstuffs, it is plausible to link the reversal of the long-term height decline with dietary improvements.