Suchergebnisse

A theory is said to be fully absorbable whenever its own acceptance by all of the individuals belonging to a certain population does not question its predictive validity. This accounts for strategic equilibria and can be related to the logic underlying convergence of behaviour and intentional herding in sequential games. This paper discusses the absorbability of informational cascades' theory by bounded rational decision-makers and analyses whether providing individuals with theoretic information on informational cascades affects overall probability of herding phenomena to occur as well as whether an incorrect cascade can be reversed because of bounded rational adapting of the theory's prescriptive.

chapter 1 Why study information economics? -- chapter 2 How to use this book -- part PART I Information as an economic good -- chapter 3 What is information? -- chapter 4 The value of information -- chapter 5 The optimal amount of information -- chapter 6 The production of information -- part PART II How the market aggregates information -- chapter 7 From information to prices -- chapter 8 A Introduction -- chapter 9 Coordination problems -- chapter 10 Learning and cascades -- chapter 11 The macroeconomics of information -- part PART III Asymmetric information -- chapter 12 The winner's curse -- chapter 13 Information and selection -- chapter 14 Optimal contracts -- chapter 15 The revelation principle -- chapter 16 A Introduction -- part PART IV The economics of self-knowledge -- chapter 17 Me, Myself, and I.

Intro -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Chapter 1: Characterising Social Machines -- Introduction -- What Is a Social Machine? The Machine Metaphor -- Ten Aspects of Machines -- Mechanistic Explanation -- Building Blocks of Social Machines -- Heterogeneous Human-Computer Networks -- Social Computing -- Communication -- Communication and Engagement Within Social Machines -- Communication as Annotation -- Platforms and Communities -- Social Machines and Their Ecosystems -- From Network to Activity -- Ethical Concepts -- The Dark Side -- Some Examples of Social Machines -- Wikipedia -- Citizen Science -- Healthcare -- Pokémon Go! -- Classifying Social Machines -- Social Machines and Related Paradigms -- Defining Social Machines -- Analysing and Engineering: A Social Machine Lens -- Chapter 2: Theory -- Introduction -- Social Machines as Social -- Narratives -- Prosopography -- Example Narrative 1: Retweeting -- Example Narrative 2: Green Peas in 12 Moments -- Wayfaring -- Transcendental Information Cascades -- Example Application of Transcendental Information Cascades 1: Citizen Science -- Example Application of Transcendental Information Cascades 2: Wikipedia -- Decomposing Reflexivity -- Social Computing and Diversity: Mandevillian Intelligence -- Social Machines as Machines -- The Lightweight Social Calculus -- Shadow Institutions -- Sociograms -- Modelling Coordination and Quality Constraints -- Data -- Annotation -- Annotations and Data -- Annotations vs. Data? -- Provenance -- Use Cases for Provenance in Social Machines -- Functional Use Cases -- Audit Use Cases -- Privacy and Security Use Cases -- Administrative Use Cases -- Provenance Methodology -- Standardisation -- Templates -- Composition -- Summarisation -- Provenance Network Analytics -- Deriving Provenance for Social Computation.

Globally, real estate trade is highly regularized. Usually, the market value is not negotiated simply between the seller and potential buyer but based on an assessment performed by a professional valuer, known as a surveyor or appraiser. This paper inquires about the economic role of valuers in real estate markets. An institutionally embedded framework for valuation intermediation is developed that elucidates a multi-tiered imperfect information cascade. First, the valuer is understood as middleman counteracting information uncertainties on product quality of real estate. An additional constraint is constituted by information asymmetries between valuer and contractor. Drawing on New Institutional Economics, we discuss how the valuation professional with regularizations evolves globally as the superior institutional response to this cascade of information imperfections. A case of empirical evidence is provided for this concept of the regularized valuer.

With some six billion mobile subscriptions now in use worldwide, around three-quarters of the world's inhabitants now have access to a mobile phone. Mobiles are arguably the most ubiquitous modern technology - in some developing countries, more people have access to a mobile phone than to clean water, a bank account or even electricity. Mobile communications now offer major opportunities to advance human development - from providing basic access to education or health information to making cash payments and stimulating citizen involvement in democratic processes. This 2012 edition of the World Bank's Information and Communications for Development Report analyzes the growth and evolution of mobile telephony, and the rise of data-based services delivered to handheld devices, including "apps" or smartphone applications. The report explores the consequences for development of the emerging "app economy". It summarizes current thinking and seeks to inform the debate on the use of mobile phones for development. This report looks, in particular, at key ecosystem-based applications in agriculture, health, financial services, employment and government, with chapters devoted to each. It's no longer about the phone itself, but about how it is used, and the content and applications that mobile phones open up. Mobile applications not only empower individual users, they enrich their lifestyles and livelihoods, and boost the economy as a whole. Mobile apps make phones immensely powerful as portals to the online world. A new wave of apps and "mash-ups" of services, driven by high-speed networks, social networking, online crowdsourcing and innovation, is helping mobile phones transform the lives of people in developed and developing countries alike. The report finds that mobile applications not only empower individuals, but have important cascade effects

Recommended readings (Machine generated): 1.MichaelSpence(2002),'SignalinginRetrospectandtheInformationalStructureofMarkets',AmericanEconomicReview,92(3),June,434-59 -- 2. George A. Akerlof (2002), 'Behavioral Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Behavior', American Economic Review, 92 (3), June, 411-33 -- 3. Joseph E. Stiglitz (2002), 'Information and the Change in the Paradigm in Economics', American Economic Review, 92 (3), June, 460-501 -- 4. John G. Riley (2001), 'Silver Signals: Twenty-Five Years of Screening and Signaling', Journal of Economic Literature, XXXIX (2), June, 432-78 -- 5. Kenneth J. Arrow (1996), 'The Economics of Information: An Exposition', Empirica, 23 (2), June, 119-28 -- 6. W. Bentley MacLeod (2007), 'Reputations, Relationships, and Contract Enforcement', Journal of Economic Literature, XLV (3), September, 595-628 -- 7. Bengt Holmström (1999), 'Managerial Incentive Problems: A Dynamic Perspective', Review of Economic Studies, Special Issue: Contracts, 66 (1), January, 169-82 -- 8. Jeffrey C. Ely and Juuso Välimäki (2003), 'Bad Reputation', Quarterly Journal of Economics, CXVIII (3), August, 785-814 -- 9. Johannes Hörner (2002), 'Reputation and Competition', American Economic Review, 92 (3), June, 644-63 -- 10. Mathias Dewatripont and Jean Tirole (2005), 'Modes of Communication', Journal of Political Economy, 113 (6), December, 1217-38 -- 11. Richard Rogerson, Robert Shimer and Randall Wright (2005), 'Search-Theoretic Models of the Labor Market: A Survey', Journal of Economic Literature, XLIII (4), December, 959-88 -- 12. Dean Karlan, Markus Mobius, Tanya Rosenblat and Adam Szeidl (2009), 'Trust and Social Collateral', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124 (3), August, 1307-61 -- 13. Abhijit V. Banerjee (1992), 'A Simple Model of Herd Behavior', Quarterly Journal of Economics, CVII (3), August, 797-817 -- 14. Yannis M. Ioannides and Linda Datcher Loury (2004), 'Job Information Networks, Neighborhood Effects, and Inequality', Journal of Economic Literature, XLII (4), December, 1056-93 -- 15. Matthew O. Jackson (2014), 'Networks in the Understanding of Economic Behaviors', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28 (4), Fall, 3-22 -- 16. H. Peyton Young (2009), 'Innovation Diffusion in Heterogeneous Populations: Contagion, Social Influence, and Social Learning', American Economic Review, 99 (5), December, 1899-924 -- 17. Sushil Bikhchandani, David Hirshleifer and Ivo Welch (1992), 'A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades', Journal of Political Economy, 100 (5), October, 992-1026 -- 18. Roland Benabou and Guy Laroque (1992), 'Using Privileged Information to Manipulate Markets: Insiders, Gurus, and Credibility', Quarterly Journal of Economics, CVII (3), August, 921-58

The word media hype is often used as rhetorical argument to dismiss waves of media attention as overblown, disproportional and exaggerated. But these explosive news waves, as well as - nowadays - the twitter storms, are object of scientific research, because they are an important phenomenon in the public area. Sometimes it is indeed 'much ado about nothing' but in many cases these media storms have play an important role in political issues, scandals and crises. Twitter storms sometimes ruin reputations within hours.
Although different concepts are used, such as media hypes, news waves, media storms, information cascades or risk amplification, all the studies in this book refer to the same process in which key events trigger a chain of reactions and interactions, building up huge news waves in the media or rapidly spreading social epidemics in the social media.

How Digital Communication Technology Shapes Markets -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations and Acronyms -- List of Figures -- 1 The Technology: Has the Digital Communication Technology Changed the Way Markets Function? Cooperation or Competition? -- My Take -- Appendix - Graph Theory -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 2 The Three Drivers: Connectivity, Data and Attention -- My Take -- Appendix - Cooperation and Internet Architecture -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 3 The Three Trends: Granularity, Behemoths and Cooperation -- Firm Boundaries and Agency Issues -- Multi-Sided Markets -- Organizational Restructuring - Information and Disintermediation -- Evidence for Disintermediation -- Production Side -- (A) Bloomberg Bata -- (B) Kauffmann Foundation Results -- (C) US Census Data -- Consumption Side -- Organizational Behemoths - How Do Amazon, Facebook, Google and Apple Co-exist with Granularity? -- My Take -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 4 The Independent Contractor and Entrepreneurship in Labor Markets -- Productivity and Income Inequality -- Skill Enhancement and Digitization of Learning -- My Take -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 5 The On-Demand Economy and How We Live: Communication, Information, Media and Entertainment -- The Market -- Customization -- The Seller - Unbundling the Medium and the Message -- The Buyer - Unbundling Ownership and Access -- Content and the Nascent Behemoths -- Over-the-Top Content -- Pricing Broadband -- Social Media and Social Networks -- Social Media -- (1) Information -- (2) Entertainment -- (3) Collective Action -- Social Networks -- (4) Engagement -- (5) Empowerment -- (6) Immediacy -- (7) Cultural Homogeneity or the Global Citizen -- Advertising -- Mobile Advertising -- Reviews and Ratings -- My Take -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 6 The Sharing Economy: Information Cascades, Network Effects and Power Laws

I. Introduction -- 1. Shockless Airfoils and Supercritical Wing Sections -- 2. Differential Equations of Gas Dynamics -- II. The Method of Complex Characteristics -- 1. A New Boundary Value Problem -- 2. Topology of the Paths of Integration -- 3. Iterative Scheme for the Map Function -- III. Transonic Airfoil Design Code -- 1. Isolated Airfoils -- 2. Compressor Cascades -- 3. Turbine Cascades -- 4. Comparison with Experiment -- IV. Two-Dimensional Analysis Code -- 1. Wave Drag -- 2. A Fast Solver -- 3. Remarks about Three-Dimensional Flow -- V. References -- VI. Users Manual for the Design Code -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Input Deck -- 3. Closure -- 4. Achieving a Good Design -- 5. Boundary Layer Correction -- 6. Error Messages -- 7. Glossary of TAPE7 Parameters -- 8. Glossary of Output Parameters -- VII. Plots and Tables of Results -- 1. Airfoils Designed Using the New Code -- 2. Data from Analysis and Experiment -- VIII. Fortran Listings of the Codes -- 1. The New Design Code K -- 2. Update of the Analysis Code H.

Introduction / Katarzyna Kopecka-Piech and Bartlomiej Lódzki -- Dilemmas and uncertainty : seven research challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic / Katarzyna Kopecka-Piech -- The Uberisation of higher education : datafied dynamics in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic / Göran Bolin -- An ecological approach : the infodemic, pandemic, and COVID-19 / Fausto Colombo -- Research project reformulation : a narrative on the design and methodological changes implemented during the emergency / Leopoldina Fortunati -- Broadcasters' strategy case studies : modification of product offers as a challenge in times of plague and survival / Anna Jupowicz-Ginalska -- Natural language processing and statistic : the first six months of the COVID-19 infodemic in Croatia / Slobodan Beliga, Sanda Martincic-Ipšic, Mihaela Matešic and Ana Meštrovic -- News shareability analysis : global television channels as sources of information during the pandemic / Bartlomiej Lódzki -- Narrative mode of analysis : from media texts to pandemic memoryscape / Nevena Dakovic -- Diaries : the lockdown narratives of individuals / Valentina Marinescu, Bianca Fox, Ramona Marinache, Daniela Roventa Frumusani and Silvia Branea -- Media-aesthetic approach : a global visualization of the pandemic / Marina Zagidullina -- Qualitative and quantitative social media content analysis : TikTok usage by the World Health Organisation during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic / Roksana M. Zdunek -- Mixed analysis of user activity, content, and networks : Twitter's information cascades on conspiratorial pandemics / Sara Monaci and Simone Persico -- Participative research : the case of media usage by children due to the COVID-19 pandemic / Anda Rodideal -- Diaries : researching lockdown social distancing in the digital age / Manuela Farinosi and Chiara Piccolo -- Search trends analysis : how the COVID-19 pandemic affected other health campaigns / Ricardo Matos de Araújo Rios and Edson Carlo Brandão Silva -- Sentiment analysis, topic modelling and social network analysis : COVID-19, protest movements, and the Polish tweetosphere / Andrzej Jarynowski and Daniel Platek -- Various dynamics of the COVID-19 world of media and communication research / Katarzyna Kopecka-Piech.

Cover -- Advance Praise -- Title Page -- Copyright Information -- Dedications -- Contents -- Meeting Sweetgrass -- An Invitation to Remember -- Skywoman Falling -- Wiingaashk -- Planting Sweetgrass -- The Council of Pecans -- The Gift of Strawberries -- An Offering -- Asters and Goldenrod -- Tending Sweetgrass -- Maple Sugar Moon -- Witch Hazel -- Allegiance to Gratitude -- Picking Sweetgrass -- Epiphany in the Beans -- The Three Sisters -- Wisgaak Gokpenagen: A Black Ash Basket -- Mishkos Kenomagwen: The Teachings of Grass -- Maple Nation: A Citizenship Guide -- The Honorable Harvest -- Braiding Sweetgrass -- In the Footsteps of Nanabozho: Becoming Indigenous to Place -- Sitting in a Circle -- Burning Cascade Head -- Putting Down Roots -- Old-Growth Children -- Burning Sweetgrass -- Windigo Footprints -- People of Corn, People of Light -- Shkitagen: The People of the Seventh Fire -- Defeating Windigo -- Author's Note -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- Photo Acknowledgments -- About the Creators -- Acknowledgments -- Back Cover.

Collaborative Mechanisms, Models, Approaches, Algorithms and Systems -- Decentralized Predictive Enterprise Resource Planning Framework on Private Blockchain Networks using Neural Networks -- Fine-grained Diagnosis Method for Microservice Faults Based on Hierarchical Correlation Analysis -- Two-Stage Clustering for Federated Learning with Pseudo Mini-Batch SGD Training on Non-IID Data -- Elastic Container Scheduling for stochastically arrived workflows in Cloud and Edge Computing -- Modeling Method for Function Trees Guided by the Symmetric Quintuple Implicational Controller -- An adaptive and collaborative method based on GMRA for Intrusion detection -- The Scheduling Model of Forest Fire-Extinguishing Resources and Its Simulation -- Research on Data Dynamic Adjustment Method Considering Security Requirements in Cloud Computing Environment -- Optimal Storage Cloud Data Recoverability Audit Method Based on Regenerative Code -- A Three-Way Group Decision-Making Approach Based on Mixture Risk -- Fog Computing Federated Learning System Framework For Smart Healthcare -- Research on Temporal Workflow Task Assignment Strategy -- Intrusion Detection Algorithm of Industrial Control System Based on Improved Bloom Filter -- A Novel Traversal Search-based D2D Collaborative Offloading Approach for Workflow Application in Dynamic Edge Environment -- A Road Congestion Detection Model Based on Sequence Change of Vehicle Feature Matrix -- Resource Scheduling Method Based on Microservices -- A Novel Construction Approach for Dehazing Dataset Based on Realistic Rendering Engine -- Cooperative Evolutionary Computation and Human-like Intelligent Collaboration -- Differential Evolution Algorithm Based on Adaptive Rank exponent and Parameters -- Information Centrality Evaluation Method Based on Cascade Topological Relevance -- Marine Predators Algorithm with Stage-Based Repairment for the Green Supply Network Design. Compressed-coding Particle Swarm Optimization for Large-scale Feature Selection -- An Attention-based Multiobjective Optimization Evolutionary Algorithm for Community Detection in Attributed Networks -- Kernel Subspace Possibilistic Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm Driven by Feature Weights -- Multi-Loop Adaptive Di↵erential Evolution for LargeScale Expensive Optimization -- Sentiment Analysis of Chinese Complex Long Sentences Based on Reinforcement Learning -- CATS: A Cache Time-to-Live Setting Auto Adjustment Strategy for an Air Ticket Query Service -- Human-Machine Collaboration Based Named Entity Recognition -- Cloud Manufacturing Workflow Scheduling with Learning and Forgetting Effects -- Forecasting Traffic Flow by Learning Local and Global Spatial-Temporal Representations -- A Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm and Its Application to Optimal Dynamic Investment in Market Microstructure Model -- Domain-Specific Collaborative Applications -- A Novel Method of Multi-sensor Information Fusion Based on Comprehensive Conflict Measurement -- Research on the Structure and Key Algorithms of Smart Gloves Oriented to Middle School Experimental Scene Perception -- Minimum-Energy Computation offloading in Mobile Edge Computing with Hybrid PSO-DE Algorithm -- A Semi-supervised Video Object Segmentation Method based on Adaptive Memory Module -- An Improved SSD-based Gastric Cancer Detection Method -- Attention and Multi-Granied Feature Learning for Baggage Re-identification -- Legal Judgement Prediction of Sentence Commutation with Multi-Document Information -- Understanding Expert Knowledge for Chinese Essay Grading -- Autonomous Navigation System for Indoor Mobile Robots Based on a Multi-sensor Fusion Technology -- Inertial Sensor-Based Upper Limb Rehabilitation Auxiliary Equipment and Upper Limb Functional Rehabilitation Evaluation -- An Improved Ant Colony Algorithm for Vehicle Routing Problem with Workload Balance -- Composite Localization for Human Pose Estimation -- The Image-based Automatic Detection Method for Cutter Ring Edge Wear of Shield Machine -- Reinforcement Learning-Based Computation Offloading Approach in VEC 537 -- A Survey on Learning Path Recommendation -- Olfactory Psychological Computation and Olfactory Environment for Human-Machine Collaboration -- Merge Multiscale Attention Mechanism MSGAN-ACNN-BiLSTM Bearing Fault Diagnosis Model -- A Semi-supervised Learning based on Variational Autoencoder for visual-based robot localization.

Many of us are being misled. Claiming to know dark secrets about public officials, hidden causes of the current economic situation, and nefarious plans and plots, those who spread rumors know precisely what they are doing. And in the era of social media and the Internet, they know a lot about how to manipulate the mechanics of false rumors-social cascades, group polarization, and biased assimilation. They also know that the presumed correctives-publishing balanced information, issuing corrections, and trusting the marketplace of ideas-do not always work. All of us are vulnerable. In On Rumors, Cass Sunstein uses examples from the real world and from behavioral studies to explain why certain rumors spread like wildfire, what their consequences are, and what we can do to avoid being misled. In a new afterword, he revisits his arguments in light of his time working in the Obama administration

1. Introduction -- Part I. Social learning : 2. Bayesian tools : The bayesian framework ; Binary and Gaussian information ; Private signals and beliefs ; Martingales -- 3. Social learning with a common memory : A canonical model of social learning ; Efficient learning ; Observation noise ; Extensions -- 4. Cascades and herds : The basic model of herding ; The standard model with bounded beliefs ; The convergence of beliefs ; Herds and the slow convergence of beliefs ; Pricing the informational externality ; Crashes and booms -- 5. Limited memories : The sequential model with sampling ; The welfare-improving principle ; Sampling in a very large population ; Social learning or sampling in a large population? -- 6. Delays : The simplest model ; A general model with heterogeneous beliefs ; Properties -- 7. More delays : The length of a period ; Continuous times ; Buildup of private information ; Observation of payoffs -- 8. Outcomes : Incomplete learning ; The determinant of economic success: luck or effort? ; Complete learning with a diversity of private beliefs -- 9. Networks and diffusion : Optimization and diffusion of innovations ; Learning in networks -- 10. Words : Advice by one expert ; Larger sets of states and messages ; Panel of experts ; The receiver does not make the evaluation -- Part II. Coordination : 11. Guessing to coordinate : Overview ; Eductive stability in a standard market ; Strategic complementarities ; Speculative attacks against a fixed exchange rate -- 12. Learning to coordinate : A distribution with a cluster ; Observation noise -- 13. Delays and payoff externalities : Strategic substitutability ; Strategic complementaries -- Part III. Financial herding : 14.l Sequences of financial trades : Learning in the model of Glosten and Milgrom ; Herds ; Avalanches ; Herding in auctions -- 15. Gaussian financial markets : Actions in the CARA-Gauss model ; Markets ; The convergence of beliefs ; Multiple equilibria, crashes, and booms -- 16. Financial frenzies : Speculative attacks against a fixed exchange rate ; Information delays in financial markets ; The crash of a bubble.

Acidic deposition and its effect on aquatic ecosystems have become major scientific and public policy issues in the United States since the early 1970s, and many diverse studies have been completed. This book is the first comprehensive, integrated synthesis of available information on current and potential effects of acidic precipitation on lakes and streams in geographic regions with a high number of low-alkalinity surface water from the Adirondacks and the Southern Blue Ridge to the Upper Midwest to the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, and the Cascades. Written by leading authors, the book examines the current status of water chemistry and characterizes the processes controlling water chemistry on a regional basis by using and comparing high-quality data sets. Methods for the assessment of long-term changes in water chemistry and their effects in fish and other biota are also presented. The book amply illustrates the substantial diversity among geographical regions with respect to the nature of surface waters and the complexity of their response to acidic deposition. This volume will be of great interest to researchers in limnology, aquatic ecology, environmental chemistry, hydrology, and atmospheric sciences. It will also serve as an important reference for environmental managers and policy makers