Suchergebnisse

The issuance of the Emergency Decree 013-2019, which regulates market concentration operations by establishing an ex ante control of said transactions, forces us to reexamine the way in which information exchanges are conducted in the framework of mergers and adquisitions. The exchange of information is vital to this types of operations, however, it can not be unlimited, since that would endager market competition. Faced with this situation, this article analyzes the possible transgresions to this new regimen that could be comitted within these types of transactions, as well as the measures that could be implemented to reduce said risks. First, the authors explores the figures of horizontal colusion and gun jumping, by analyzing national and international legislation and jurisprudence. Then, they explain the powers Indecopi posseses to sanction these conducts. Finally, they conclude with some recommended preventive measures that can be taken by businesses. ; La promulgación del Decreto de Urgencia 013-2019, el cual establece el control previo de operaciones de concentración empresarial, obliga a reexaminar la manera en la que se conduce el intercambio de la información en operaciones de fusión y adquisición de empresas. Este intercambio de información es necesario en este tipo de operaciones; sin embargo, no puede ser irrestricto, ya que ello perjudicaría la competencia. Frente a esta situación, el presente trabajo analiza las infracciones al nuevo régimen regulatorio que podrían configurarse en la esfera de estas operaciones, así como las posibles medidas a implementarse para mitigar los riesgos mencionados. Primero, los autores exploran cómo se desarrollan las conductas anticompetitivas de la colusión horizontal y el gun jumping, analizando normativa, y jurisprudencia nacional e internacional. Luego, explican las facultades del Indecopi para lidiar con estas prácticas. Por último, concluyen con algunas recomendaciones de medidas preventivas que pueden tomar los agentes económicos.

The exchange of information has been evaluated by jurisprudence and comparative widespread doctrine through the rule of reason and, in some cases, as an independent behavior. In 2011, the European Union established specific regulations for such issue and ordered the analysis of the rule of reason in the context of a horizontal collusion case. However, in Peru, the exchange of information has been analyzed through the per se rule when it presented in the research framework of a hard-core cartel, which rather served as an evidence of a collusive hypothesis: a more accurate interpretation according to Peruvian legislation. ; El intercambio de información ha sido evaluado por la jurispru-dencia y la doctrina comparada mayoritaria a través de la regla de la razón y, en algunos casos, como una conducta independiente. En el 2011, la Unión Europea regula específicamente la materia dictando la aplicación de la regla de la razón para su análisis e indicando que solo podrá ser evaluado en el contexto de una colusión horizontal. No obstante, en el Perú, el intercambio de información ha sido analizado a través de la regla per se, cuando esta se daba en el marco de una investigación de un hard core cartel, fungiendo más bien como un insumo probatorio (prueba indirecta) de la hipótesis colusoria, postura que resulta más acorde con nuestra legislación.

BLOCKMARKET (Blockchain system for optimizing traceability in operations associated with e-commerce in the retail sector) is a project funded by the Valencian Institute for Business Competitiveness (IVACE) and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The general objective of this project is the development and validation of blockchain technologies for online sales activities in the retail sector. To this end, a solution to increase transparency in monitoring products and ensure incorruptibility of information exchanged between the various agents involved in the operation is designed. This document corresponds to a poster of the project as one of the dissemination activities. ; BLOCKMARKET. Project funded by the Valencian Institute of Business Competitiveness (IVACE) and European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), within the public grant program adressed to Technological Institutes of the Valencian Community for the development of non-economic R&D projects carried out in cooperation with companies during 2019 with 164.790,50€. File number: IMDEEA/2019/108.

BLOCKMARKET (Blockchain system for optimizing traceability in operations associated with e-commerce in the retail sector) is a project funded by the Valencian Institute for Business Competitiveness (IVACE) and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The general objective of this project is the development and validation of blockchain technologies for online sales activities in the retail sector. To this end, a solution to increase transparency in monitoring products and ensure incorruptibility of information exchanged between the various agents involved in the operation is designed. This document is part of the work package "Dissemination", which has as goal to disseminate the scientific and technical results of the project, once the dissemination strategy has been defined at the beginning of the project, the results of the different dissemination activities are continuously evaluated and adapting the plan according to the results. ; BLOCKMARKET. Project funded by the Valencian Institute of Business Competitiveness (IVACE) and European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), within the public grant program adressed to Technological Institutes of the Valencian Community for the development of non-economic R&D projects carried out in cooperation with companies during 2019 with 164.790,50€. File number: IMDEEA/2019/108.

BLOCKMARKET (Blockchain system for optimizing traceability in operations associated with e-commerce in the retail sector) is a project funded by the Valencian Institute for Business Competitiveness (IVACE) and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The general objective of this project is the development and validation of blockchain technologies for online sales activities in the retail sector. To this end, a solution to increase transparency in monitoring products and ensure Incorruptibility of information exchanged between the various agents involved in the operation is designed. This document contains the manuals associated with the different modules and components of the BLOCKMARKET platform. ; BLOCKMARKET. Project funded by the Valencian Institute of Business Competitiveness (IVACE) and European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), within the public grant program adressed to Technological Institutes of the Valencian Community for the development of non-economic R&D projects carried out in cooperation with companies during 2019 with 164.790,50€. File number: IMDEEA/2019/108.

BLOCKMARKET (Blockchain system for optimizing traceability in operations associated with e-commerce in the retail sector) is a project funded by the Valencian Institute for Business Competitiveness (IVACE) and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The general objective of this project is the development and validation of blockchain technologies for online sales activities in the retail sector. To this end, a solution to increase transparency in monitoring products and ensure Incorruptibility of information exchanged between the various agents involved in the operation is designed. This document describes the proof of concept carried out for the validation of the blockchain system developed, in collaboration with the retail company CONSUM, and more specifically, with the logistics operator that performs its home delivery service, CADE Logistics. ; BLOCKMARKET. Project funded by the Valencian Institute of Business Competitiveness (IVACE) and European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), within the public grant program adressed to Technological Institutes of the Valencian Community for the development of non-economic R&D projects carried out in cooperation with companies during 2019 with 164.790,50€. File number: IMDEEA/2019/108.

Tax authorities are increasingly relying on mutual cooperation with their foreign peers to enforce more effectively their internal tax laws. After the banking scandals of 2008 and the subsequent global financial crisis, the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for TaxPurposes has proposed the exchange of information upon request as the fiscal transparency standard. However, some measures adopted by the European Union, previous initiatives from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and, above all, the introduction of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (Fatca) by the United States in 2010 have promoted the need to adopt the automatic exchange of information as the new fiscal transparency standard. Automatic exchange of information allows home countries to verify whether their taxpayers have correctly included foreign income, allowing tax authorities to have early warning of possible noncompliance cases. In February 2014, the OECD published its proposal for a new global model of automatic exchange of financial account information. The new global model contains the necessary legal instruments and due diligence and reporting procedures, mainly for financial institutions. ; Las autoridades tributarias dependen cada vez más de la cooperación con sus contrapartes extranjeras para administrar más eficazmente sus leyes tributarias nacionales. Luego de los escándalos bancarios de 2008y la crisis financiera global posterior, el Foro Global sobre Transparencia e Intercambio de Información Tributaria ha impulsado el intercambio de información a requerimiento como el estándar internacional en materia de transparencia fiscal. Sin embargo, algunas medidas adoptadas por la UniónEuropea, iniciativas previas de la Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y, sobre todo, la introducción en 2010 del«Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act» (Fatca) de los Estados Unidos han promovido la necesidad de adoptar el intercambio automático de informacióncomo nuevo estándar de transparencia fiscal internacional. El intercambio automático de información le permite a las jurisdicciones de la residencia verificar si sus contribuyentes han incluido correctamente las rentas obtenidas en el exterior, permitiéndole a las autoridades tributarias contar con alertas tempranas de posibles casos de incumplimiento. En febrero de 2014, la OCDE publicó su propuesta para un nuevo modelo global de intercambio automático de información aplicable a las cuentas mantenidas en entidades financieras. El nuevo modelo global contiene los instrumentos legales necesarios y los procedimientos de debida diligencia y reporte principalmente para las instituciones financieras.

The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda defined by the United Nations aims to guide actions at the global level to address the most relevant issues. The objectives of sustainable development are a guide for a more egalitarian, diverse, fair and environmentally responsible strengthening of community efforts in its resolution. The benefits of Open Data for measuring sustainable development have also been demonstrated for: (i) improving the efficiency and coverage of public services, (ii) increasing transparency, accountability and citizen participation, and (iii) facilitating information exchange with governments. Having an Open Data agenda is a requirement and necessity to advance with commitment and consistency in the fulfillment of the SDG 2030.

La creciente demanda de información ha obligado a las Unidades de Información documental a compartir recursos y a desarrollar formas de intercambio. El modo en que muchas bibliotecas han operado en el pasado puede ser definido como poseedores de "masas de información para las masas" y aunque el principio de democratización de la información sigue imperando, debemos canalizar esfuerzos hacia la creación de redes de información documental, donde el equipo y el personal formen un grupo inteligente que resuelva necesidades individuales de información, ya sea de instituciones o de individuos. ; The growing demand for information has forced the documentary information units to share resources and develop forms of exchange. The way in which many libraries have operated in the past can be defined as having "masses of information to the masses" and although the principle of democratization of information continues to prevail, we must channel efforts towards the creation of documentary information networks, where equipment and staff form a smart group that meets individual needs of information, whether institutions or individuals.

[ES] The documentation of architectural heritage has in recent years become a priority for heritage management and conservation institutions. One of the possible solutions is to use standards such as CityGML to store 3D information and semantic information related to architectural heritage. This article presents the working methodology we are following in the ADISPA project which consists of: generate and store the information to be documented in CityGML; and analyse tools and standards for interoperability, compatibility and exchange in order to exploit data model information in modelling, annotation and 3D display applications. This work is part of the project "Analysis, Digitalisation and Interoperability between Systems for Architectural Heritage" (ADISPA), which is a non-oriented fundamental research project in development, 2010-2012. Partly financed by the Ministry of Science and Innovation. Prieto, I.; Egusquiza, A.; Delgado, FJ.; Martínez, R. (2012). CityGML as a data model for the representation, exchange and visualisation of information on architectural heritage. Virtual Archaeology Review. 3 (5): 48-52. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2012.4504 Avanza2 plan (2011): at http://www.planavanza.es/InformacionGeneral/ResumenEjecutivo2/ Paginas/ResumenExecutivo.aspx (accessed 01.04.2011). ; 48 52 3 5 ; [ES] The documentation of architectural heritage has in recent years become a priority for heritage management and conservation institutions. One of the possible solutions is to use standards such as CityGML to store 3D information and semantic information related to architectural heritage. This article presents the working methodology we are following in the ADISPA project which consists of: generate and store the information to be documented in CityGML; and analyse tools and standards for interoperability, compatibility and exchange in order to exploit data model information in modelling, annotation and 3D display applications. This work is part of the project "Analysis, Digitalisation and Interoperability ...

La Asociación Internacional de Gendarmerías y Fuerzas Policiales con Estatuto Militar (FIEP), representa un caso muy particular de cooperación. Esta estructura permite la participación de fuerzas de Estados europeos con otros Estados no europeos y en igualdad de condiciones. Por otra parte, sus objetivos facilitan una acción muy importante en la gestión integrada de fronteras exteriores, incluido el control y vigilancia fronterizos y actuando con Estados de origen y tránsito de la inmigración, y ello a través de mecanismos de formación conjunta e intercambio de información, particularmente. Finalmente, la FIEP representa una interesante herramienta complementaria con otras formas de cooperación policial en el contexto europeo, como Eurogendfor y Frontex. ; The International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status (FIEP) represents a very particular case of cooperation. This structure allows for the participation of forces from European states with other non- European states and on equal terms. On the other hand, its objectives facilitate very important action in the integrated external border management, including border control and surveillance and acting with States of origin and transit of immigration, particularly through joint training and information exchange mechanisms. Finally, the FIEP represents an interesting complementary tool to other forms of police cooperation in the European context, such as Eurogendfor and Frontex.

The exponential growth in the term post-truth has emerged due to the global influence of certain relevant political and social processes, as well as the characteristics of the processes by which individuals obtain, generate and exchange information. These processes are increasingly linked to Internet usage and digital social networks. This article aims to analyse the concept of post-truth and contextualise its use and main theoretical problems. Additionally, the article proposes the idea of liquid information – in allusion to Zygmust Bauman's proposals – as information that is not verified, supported or confirmed; in contrast to information that is solid, understood as information that is documented, reasoned and enriching, and verifies its truth. This analysis considers current sources for obtaining information and generating public opinion. ; El crecimiento exponencial en el uso del término posverdad surge tanto por la influencia global que han alcanzado algunos procesos políticos y sociales coyunturales, como por las características de los procesos por los cuales los individuos obtienen, generan e intercambian información. Estos procesos, cada vez más, están vinculados al uso de internet y de las redes sociales digitales. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el concepto de posverdad y matizar su uso y sus principales problemáticas teóricas; así como proponer la idea de información líquida, en alusión a las propuestas de Zygmunt Bauman, como aquella información no verificada, sustentada o confirmada; a diferencia de la información sólida, entendida como información documentada, razonada y enriquecida que comprueba su veracidad. Este análisis considera las fuentes actuales para la obtención de información y la generación de opinión pública.