Suchergebnisse

Poziom bezpieczeństwa energetycznego państwa najlepiej można ocenić rozpoznając rynek w sektorach gazu, ropy naftowej i paliw oraz energii elektrycznej. W celu określenia poziomu bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Polski w 2015 r. w pierwszej kolejności zbadano istotę problemu krajowego rynku energii - przeanalizowano zasoby surowcowe, zapotrzebowanie oraz stan infrastruktury wytwórczej i przesyłowej tych surowców i energii. Następnie rozpoznano główne założenia polityki energetycznej i zaplanowane do realizacji w latach 2010–2015 działania. W dalszej kolejności zweryfikowano poziom wykonania tych założeń odzwierciedlony w rzeczywistych zrealizowanych i obecnie realizowanych działaniach. Tak przeprowadzone badanie pozwoliło, w końcowym efekcie pracy, potwierdzić założoną na wstępie hipotezę, że rząd Polski w latach 2010-2015 realizował i obecnie dalej realizuje planową politykę, która mimo pewnych opóźnień, prowadzi do zrównoważonego rozwoju oraz wzrostu bezpieczeństwa energetycznego i gospodarczego Polski. ; The level of national energy security can be rated by studying gas, oil, fuel and electricity markets. In order to estimate the level of Polish energy security in 2015, at first the essence of the national energy market problems was examined in the terms of the state of resources, demand, the condition of energy generation and distribution infrastructure. Next, the main principles of the energy policy and actions scheduled for 2010-2015 were analyzed. This analysis was followed by estimations of the extent at which these goals and plans had been met; it was done by analyzing the actions actually being performed and already completed. The research allowed to confirm the hypothesis put forward at the beginning of the paper that in 2010-2015 the Polish government had accomplished and still was performing the coherent policy which, despite some delays, led to sustainable development and improvement in energy and economic security of Poland.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the actions taken by the Polish government to achieve energy security. On the basis of specifi ed assumptions and its specifi c circumstances, the realization of Polish energy security is examined by looking at three levels: the state level, the EU level and the international level. At the state level, Poland seeks to diversify its energy mix [does author mean 'and' here instead of 'or'] and develop infrastructure. Energy security at the European Union level is sought by the development of trans- European networks between all member states and the attempt to build an internal energy market. At the international level the achievement of energy security is sought by the diversifi cation of Polish contracts for import of fossil fuels and efforts to build international infrastructure projects. All three levels are interdependent and their nature is one of mutual interpenetration. ; Celem artykułu jest analiza działań podejmowanych przez rząd Polski w celu realizacji bezpieczeństwa energetycznego. Biorąc pod uwagę jego specyfi czne uwarunkowania, realizacja bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Polski sprowadza się do trzech poziomów. Na poziomie państwa jest ono realizowane między innymi poprzez próby dywersyfi kacji struktury bilansu surowcowo-energetycznego oraz rozbudowę infrastruktury. Na poziomie Unii Europejskiej bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Polski jest realizowane w kontekście budowy wspólnego rynku energii, a także rozbudowy sieci transeuropejskich. Z kolei na poziomie międzynarodowym, realizacja bezpieczeństwa odbywa się poprzez dywersyfi kację struktury kontraktów na import surowców energetycznych oraz działania zmierzające do budowy międzynarodowych projektów infrastrukturalnych.

Energy market in EU is changing, for examle: economic crisis, energy consumption is still growing, CO2 emissions problems, costs of clean energy. That's why UE needs good cooperations between all the actors. The EU needs a stable long term strategy to promote the development of the energy sector in 2050. The Polish Presidency will suport this way and suport aspirations of European conutries. Poland started the Presidency in July 2011 (the first country of the Trio, which also includes the Kingdom of Denmark and the Republic of Cyprus). During the 6-month presidency took place a lot of meeting and events. The Polish Presidency for example finalise the negotiations on the Regulation on the Integrity and Transparency of the Energy Market (REMIT), The Presidency adopt also the TTE Council conclusion in november 2011. Polnad also make progress on the Infrastructure Package and Energy Efficiency Acts.

Functioning of the Visegrad Group since its beginning was not an easy issue. V4 was established to integrate East-Central European countries into Euro-Atlantic structures in the atmosphere of cooperation. However, it was a partnership o f countries which in many cases guided by different interests. From the beginning, there was no sympathy inside the Group, but over time it changed. Since joining into the European Union in this cooperation experienced moments of common mobilizing such as: a struggle under the EU Cohesion Policy, the fight for the Union budgets, and the last one position against the welcome of refugees arriving to Europe. It should be noted that properly develop cooperation of Visegrad Group at the elementary level in areas such as: environmental protection, infrastructure, transport and energy projects and tourism. An important new motivation to this cooperation is founded in 2016 EU Battle Group of the Visegrad Group with almost 4 thousand soldiers.

The Elbe/Oder Chamber Union (KEO) is a consortium of German, Polish and Czech chambers of industry and commerce, which has set itself the goal of jointly representing the interests of companies in the region at a national and European level. In 2010, 37.6 million people lived in the represented region, representing a market share of 7.5% of the EU population. The gross domestic product of the KEO region in 2008 was 716.6 billion Euros, equal to 5.7% of the total EU GDP. Despite the overall strength of the region, there are pronounced differences within each member state which can be addressed and equalized through joint cooperation. Also, as both foreign and interregional trade is increasing in the KEO area, it is important that member states focus on their core competencies and, through doing so, work together towards an economically viable future. Many policy areas have been identified in order to strengthen the competitiveness of these regions, among them the development of research capabilities, the reduction of transaction costs for cross-border activities and the qualitative and quantitative improvement of the transport infrastructure are particularly relevant.

President's bill on cooperation in local government for local and regional development and on amendments to certain laws presupposes the introduction of new forms of cooperation between local government units. These include associations and committees of local activity, teams of territorial cooperation conventions of the local government delegates at the province. Submitted proposals for new forms of cooperation of local government units should be assessed as interesting and innovative at the same time. Residents of local communities are expected even more than they were a dozen years ago to modernize the infrastructure, increase efforts to protect the environment, ensure public safety and order, as well as to guarantee a stable system of health care and education. Only municipalities that are financially and organizationally strong and that cooperate with each other will be raised by counties to better positions which consequently means development of the whole province. The recently adopted EU budget for 2014-2020 may give us the last such opportunity to use EU funds even further for development of our local and regional communities. ; Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim

The problem of shaping the security designates one of the most important tasks facing the state nowadays. The key role in constituting and maintaining an adequate level of security of the state plays a strategy and national policy on the field of leadership, efficient organization of crisis management system or the elimination of internal and external threats. Knowledge about the essence of the state security sets the scope of self-determination of citizens with reference to their basic existential needs and requirements, as well as national values. The implementation of these requirements is generally understood as protection of life and health, timeless ethical values, property and environment, as well as state institutions against threats from the forces of nature and human activities. Neutralizing these threats must be a priority of the state, since the proper management of security leads to the survival of current and future generations of Poles and ensures proper living conditions and development. Creation of a superior, integrated plans of defense of life and human health and the protection of national infrastructure is of a great importance for the security of the country. The focus on the utilization of full potential of both the state and local authorities and commercial protection establishments also becomes the most valuable

Presented article is focused on the analysis of forced evictions caused by the organization of sport megaevents. The development of sport arenas and associated urban infrastructure usually resulted in forced displacement of many thousand of local inhabitants from its direct neighbourhoods. The first cases of such evictions were observed already during the first half of the twentieth century. During the last three decades mass displacment associated with the sport events becomes a particularly negative sosial issue. We have observed several cases of mass displacement caused by preparation of summer olympic games in Seoul, Atlanta, Athens, Beijing, and Rio de Janeiro. Currently we are observing the growing scale of such evictions in many parts of the globe. The significant scale of such problem is observed in developing states (India, Brazil), as well as in countries ruled in non-democratic manner, charaterized by the low developemt of the institutions of human rights protection. Discussed facts and statistical analysis becomes a point of reference for the in-depth analysis of the economic, political, social, and legal context of this problem. Forced evictions associated with the sport events (so-called mega events) can be considered as a specific category of development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR). The article is focused on the most spectacular examples of such evictions observed between 1988 and 2016. My particular attention is devoted to the negative social consequences of this issue and its legal implications.

The paper presents the results of studies on the estate autonomy and accountability of publicly funded higher education institutions in Poland. An attempt has been made to answer the questions: "Was the level of HEI campus use in recent years the subject of public and administrative control? Were the decisions on significant extension of campuses economically viable?" The questions are of special importance in view of the deepening demographic decline, the lower level of public funding and the growing estate operating costs. An analysis of empirical data shows that when considerable resources, both national and European, were available for HEI infrastructure upgrading and development, Polish HEIs were not under an obligation to show how they manage the assets at their disposal. This may have contributed to a substantial, albeit not always judicious increase in the space available, which in turn may give rise to financial problems of individual HEIs and affect the future of the whole system of higher education. ; W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad autonomią i rozliczalnością polskich uczelni publicznych w zakresie nieruchomości. Starano się w nim odpowiedzieć na pytanie: Czy w ostatnich latach uczelnie podlegały społecznej i administracyjnej kontroli poziomu wykorzystania posiadanych kampusów, a podejmowane przez nie decyzje o znacznej ich rozbudowie były ekonomicznie uzasadnione? Pytanie to ma szczególne znaczenie w dobie pogłębiającego się niżu demograficznego i zmniejszania stopnia finansowania szkolnictwa wyższego ze środków publicznych oraz rosnących kosztów utrzymania budynków. Analiza danych empirycznych pokazuje, że w okresie rozdzielania znacznych krajowych i europejskich środków publicznych na rozbudowę czy modernizację infrastruktury akademickiej uczelnie w Polsce nie były zobligowane do wykazywania, jak gospodarują powierzonym im majątkiem. W konsekwencji mogło przyczynić się to do istotnego (nie zawsze jednak uzasadnionego) wzrostu powierzchni uczelnianych zasobów, który może w kolejnych latach skutkować problemami finansowymi poszczególnych jednostek, a także determinować przyszłość całego systemu szkolnictwa wyższego.

Funkcjonowanie Grupy Wyszehradzkiej od początku jej istnienia nie było łatwym zagadnieniem. V4 powstała, dlatego aby państwa środkowoeuropejskie integrowały się ze strukturami euroatlantyckimi w atmosferze współpracy. Niemniej była to współpraca państw, które w wielu przypadkach kierowały się odmiennymi interesami. Wewnątrz Grupy od początku nie było sympatii, z czasem jednak to się zmieniało. Od momentu przystąpienia do Unii Europejskiej w tej koegzystencji bywały momenty mobilizujące takie jak: wspólne zmagania w ramach polityki spójności, walka o unijne budżety, czy ostatnio wspólny sprzeciw wobec przyjmowania uchodźców masowo przybywających do Europy. Trzeba przy tym zaznaczyć, iż poprawnie rozwija się współpraca państw wyszehradzkich na poziomie elementarnym, w takich obszarach jak: ochro¬na środowiska, infrastruktura, wspólne projekty transportowe i energetyczne czy turystyka. Ważnym nowym impulsem w tej kooperacji jest powołana do życia w 2016 r. Grupa Bojowa Unii Europejskiej państw Grupy Wyszehradzkiej licząca prawie 4 tys. żołnierzy. ; Functioning of the Visegrad Group since its beginning was not an easy issue. V4 was established to integrate East-Central European countries into Euro-Atlantic structures in the atmosphere of cooperation. However, it was a partnership of countries which in many cases guided by different interests. From the beginning, there was no sympathy inside the Group, but over time it changed. Since joining into the European Union in this cooperation experienced moments of common mobilizing such as: a struggle under the EU Cohesion Policy, the fight for the Union budgets, and the last one position against the welcome of refugees arriving to Europe. It should be noted that properly develop cooperation of Visegrad Group at the elementary level in areas such as: environmental protection, infrastructure, transport and energy projects and tourism. An important new motivation to this cooperation is founded in 2016 EU Battle Group of the Visegrad Group with almost 4 thousand soldiers.

Since 2005 an increased investment activity of territorial governments in Poland has been noticed. This was possible due to the availability of quite significant funds from the EU non--repayable aid. Investments that are being implemented have led, on the one hand, to the widening of the scope and the improvement of quality of local public services and, on the other hand, to the rise in the maintaining costs of the infrastructure that was brought to life. Investment needs of self--governments are still really high. This article aims to present financial investment opportunities of Polish self governments after the year 2012. Achieving such an aim was possible due to the analysis of historical data concerning revenues and expenses of LSE as well as their forecasts for the future. Study of theliterature was also carried out. Taking into consideration both the revenue and expenditure situation of self-governments and limitations in the indebtedness from 2014, it is possible to state that it is highly likely thata significant number of LSE will not be able to carry out investment activity, including this one, which can be financed from the EU non-repayable aid. Decreasing tax revenues together withincreasing running expenses caused by, among others, increase in the cost of debt service or salaries, will result in the higher difficulty for the self-governments to set investment funds aside.As the forecasted revenues and expenditures of LSE show, keeping the system of financing with no changes will lead to such a situation that LSE neither will be able to carry out investment activity nor pass the budget for the future years. According to the estimates, the number of suchLSEs can equal to 1300. Such a lingering situation in the long run will lead to the deepening of the infrastructural gap between Polish self-governments and better developed European countries.

One of the current priorities in the economic policy of the country is to achieve a balance in public finances. It is the desire to reduce the deficit in the state budget to 1% of GDP in 2015., And inhibition of growth of public debt at 800 billion zł. This is accompanied by high uncertainty about future economic growth. This makes it difficult to obtain the desired balance the budget. Achieving a balance in the budget will contribute to the implementation of a number of activities. These are activities whose implementation would increase revenues to the state budget and reduce spending from the budget. These activities are activating, harmonizing, standardizing and extending business activities. Implementation of the budget-balancing action is conditioned by the views of the social and political parties representing the public. Rated the extent to which the views of right-wing, centrist and leftist, may contribute to the implementation of these activities. The most favorable views for deployment balancing the state budget, are right-wing views. Moderately their favor centrist views. The least favorable are leftist. In the absence of the Polish right-wing political parties, it will be difficult to implement budget balancing act. Hence will not be easy to achieve in the coming years, a balanced budget, due to the existing conditions. Favor balancing the budget are escalating phenomenon causing sustained growth of the economy. They are growing human capital, more and more efficient state, more and better functioning of the market and improving infrastructure. ; Jednym z głównych obecnych priorytetów w polityce gospodarczej państwa jest uzyskanie równowagi w finansach publicznych. Jest to dążenie do obniżenia deficytu w budżecie państwa do poziomu 1% PKB w 2015 r. oraz zahamowanie wzrostu długu publicznego na poziomie 800 mld zł. Towarzyszy temu wysoka niepewność, dotycząca przyszłego wzrostu gospodarczego. Utrudnia to uzyskanie pożądanej równowagi budżetu. Uzyskiwaniu równowagi w budżecie sprzyjać będzie wdrażanie szeregu działań. Są to działania, których wdrożenie zwiększyłoby dochody do budżetu państwa i zmniejszyłoby wydatki z budżetu. Są to działania aktywizujące, ujednolicające, wydłużające i standaryzujące prowadzenie działalności gospodarczej. Wdrażanie działań równoważących budżet jest uwarunkowane poglądami społecznymi i reprezentujących społeczeństwo partii politycznych. Oceniono, w jakim stopniu poglądy prawicowe, centrowe i lewicowe, mogą sprzyjać wdrażaniu tych działań. Najbardziej sprzyjającymi poglądami dla wdrożeń równoważących budżet państwa, są poglądy prawicowe. Umiarkowanie im sprzyjają poglądy centrowe. Najmniej sprzyjającymi są poglądy lewicowe. Wobec braku w Polsce prawicowych partii politycznych, trudno będzie wdrożyć działania równoważące budżet. Stąd nie będzie łatwe uzyskanie w najbliższych latach zrównoważonego budżetu, ze względu na występujące uwarunkowania. Sprzyjać równoważeniu budżetu będą nasilające się zjawiska wywołujące trwały wzrost gospodarki. Są to rosnący kapitał ludzki, coraz to sprawniejsze państwo, coraz lepsze funkcjonowanie rynku oraz poprawa infrastruktury