Suchergebnisse

The article considers the main indicators of demographic development of the Russian Federation in recent years in connection with the level of development of social infrastructure. It is shown that the demographic situation in the country is deteriorating, that is due to both subjective and objective reasons. Among the objective reasons, the main one is the change in the age structure of the population, which is expressed in a sharp decrease in the number of women in fertile age. This is due to the acute demographic crisis of the 1990s, «demographic waves» generated by the Great Patriotic War, and other factors. Among the subjective causes of the decline in birth rate, the article highlights the general patterns of reduction in the number of children in families as the level of socio-economic development increases, which are characteristic of all countries of European culture. In particular, the reduction in the number of children is facilitated by such factors as reduction in the share of officially registered families, increase in child support costs, and the financial difficultiesfaced by families with children during economic crises and stagnation. All these cases are typical for regions of the Russian Federation in recent years. Development of social infrastructure — education, healthcare, culture, sports, and other similar systems — could improve the demographic situation in Russia. Unfortunately, in recent years, such systems have been degrading rather than developing in Russia. This is facilitated by the system of statistical reporting that does not reflect the actual situation. The article proposes approaches that could overcome this shortcoming of the present statistical reporting system, thereby contributing to the demographic development of the modern Russian Federation.

Scientiic collaboration continues to increase in frequency and importance. It has the potential to solve complex scientiic problems. The relevance of the research is caused by the role of scientiic collaboration in scientiic and technological sphere. Scientiic collaboration can be deined as a science infrastructure and as a process of intellectual cooperation. The aim of the research is to construct the model of scientiic collaboration in Russian science and technology. This has been gained by solving the following research objectives: deinition of the term «scientiic collaboration», types of collaborations consideration, analysis of intellectual and research infrastructure cooperation methods which take place in Russian scientiic organizations. The main feature of this research is the particular methodology which is based on scientometrics, comparative analysis and scientiic modeling. Scientometrics was used for deining productive scientiic collaboration in Russia. Open sources of information about international and Russian scientiic collaboration, oficial websites of Russian Ministry of Education and Science and Russian Academy of Science, such databases as Russian Statistics Committee and Web of Science can be mentioned as main information resources of the research. Main results of theoretical and practical part of the research are the original authors` vision of the base of scientiic collaborations in formation Russia which meansan effective cooperation of three components: intellectual resources (scientists and research teams), infrastructure (which can provide scientists with regular access to research equipment) and government (as a main regulator). Moreover, it should be mentioned that the main productive development option for Russian scientiic collaboration is territory integration of intellectual resources and research infrastructure.

An article about the transformation of the theory and practice of marketing in terms of e-commerce and network economy. The author considers Internet Marketing as an independent marketing communication in a virtual environment. The main thesis of the article: virtual environment determines the transformation of marketing, changing methods, priorities and structure not only practice, but also the theory of marketing.

The round table discussion was devoted to the development problems facing such scientiic infrastructure facilities of the Russian Federation as the Centers of Shared Multi-Access to Research Equipment (hereinafter CKP) and Unique Research Facilities (hereinafter UNU). The round table participants included representatives of CKP, UNU and the relevant back-up organizations with a long history of successful management of their Centers and Facilities. The Keynote report sought to frame the major problems of CKP and UNU development, indicated the causes of these problems, identiied guidelines to their solution through the strengthening of governmental support to scientiic infrastructure. According to the author of the report, the most challenging issues of CKP and UNU development include: – inadequate capacity building rates and modest performance of the core centers and facilities due to low research activity of potential R&D customers; – conlict of interest between CKP/UNU and their back-up organizations, which are primarily interested to use their centers and facilities for internal research with whatever resources remain to meet orders of external users;76 Круглый стол – reluctance of CKP and UNU staff to provide services, which may not include a research component; – unreasonable indicators of CKP/UNU capacity and performance, which relect performance of back-up organizations instead. To remedy the speciied problems, the speaker suggests: – to speed up the process of legal recognition for CKP and UNU status criteria and to perform conformance inspection of these items of scientiic infrastructure and eliminate those CKP and UNU, which were established just to get access to public funds; – to expand CKP status beyond the scope of research institutions for independent legal units with competitive research equipment and highly skilled research staff; – to include CKP/UNU performance indicators into the list of performance indicators of back-up organizations in an attempt to promote CKP and UNU activities ...

Introduction. In 2016, according to the World Economic Forum, Ukraine was 85th among 138 countries in terms of national competitiveness. The competitiveness of the national economy is decreasing due to the lack of legal and institutional mechanisms that support competition; drawdown of entrepreneur-innovators; low level of per capital income; military aggression of the neighboring state, growth of corruption and inability of the authorities to counteract this proclivity. Sagging of competitiveness is to a large extent due to further deterioration of basic infrastructure provision of economic activity and significant lagging behind in the creation of a new generation infrastructure, including technological and scientific infrastructure.Purpose. The objective of the article is justification for the necessity of the priority development of the national economy infrastructure as a factor of increasing the competitiveness level.Results. The competitiveness of the national economy is determined to be the subject of research of various international economic scientific schools, individual scolars, international institutions and organizations. The main areas of research are to clarify the content of the economic category of "competitiveness", the determination of factors that shape its level, the definition of the level (rating) of competitiveness and the development of strategies, policies, mechanisms for managing the processes of its improving. Empoiwerment of infrastructure development on economic growth and the level of competitiveness of the national economy are determined. It was emphasized that the modernization of global, regional, national infrastructures in recent years is based on reorganization, improvement of the quality of utilization of existing infrastructure and implementation of "breakthrough" infrastructure projects. The necessity of revision of the approaches to assessing the impact of the level of gross fixed capital accumulation (investment into the realm) on the level of infrastructure development and competitiveness, the definition of the strategic principles of investment, science and education policy, which should be aimed at supporting the development of the "infrastructure conglomerate" of the national economy which integrates the basic, technological and scientific infrastructure is justified. The trends of gross accumulation in different groups of countries of the world and in Ukraine during the period of independence are established. The factors influencing the parameters of gross accumulation and the consequences of changes in the investment processes in the national economies are determined. The methodological approach of the International Institute for Management Development to determine the level of competitiveness of national economies is analyzed. The profile of Ukraine in the rating of digital competitiveness is analyzed and the necessity of forming special programs for filing an infrastructure lag is determined.Originality. Trends of gross accumulation in developed countries, developing countries and transition economies are determined. The peculiarities of the implementation of gross accumulation in Ukraine during the period of independence are determined and the need to increase the investment attractiveness of the country, implementation of state, state-private infrastructure projects, development of international cooperation in this area is emphasized. The factors influencing the parameters of gross accumulation and the consequences of changes in the investment processes in the national economies are determined. The specificity of the methodological approach of the International Institute for Management Development for determining the level of competitiveness of national economies, which involves considerable attention to infrastructure factors, is determined. The profile of Ukraine in the rating of digital competitiveness is analyzed and the necessity of forming special programs for filing an infrastructure lag is determined.Conclusion. The level of competitiveness of the country as an indicator of the state's ability to create an environment for development, to accumulate values and to raise people's standard of living is determined by a considerable quantity of factors that reflect the peculiarities of the external and internal environment. One of the most important factors is the level of infrastructure development, which depends on the volumes and distribution of gross fixed capital accumulation among different sectors of the economy. Significant volumes of gross accumulation of gross capital in some countries of the world make it possible to increase the level of competitiveness. In developed countries, stable amounts of gross accumulation (about 20%) are quite favorable due to the availability of efficient and modern infrastructure, the need for modernization measures (which are cheaper compared to new construction) and the implementation of joint projects that involve the use of benefits of all economic agents, which reduces their cost. Ukraine has recorded very low (compared to the average in the world and in developed countries) indicators of gross fixed capital accumulation in almost all years of independence, which led to a drop in the level of economic development and competitiveness of national economy. In order to increase the competitiveness of the national economy, special infrastructure development programs, including technological and scientific, are needed.

Innovation infrastructure is one of the key elements of the technology transfer process. In Russia, at the government level, great attention is paid to the construction of new infrastructure, but an appropriate framework for its efectiveness evaluation has not been suiciently developed. In recent years the government has tried out various forms of support for innovation through infrastructure developments, many of which have demonstrated lack of viability in the absence of government subsidies. In the course of the inspection of large-scale projects Supervisory bodies have also discovered the fragmentation and inconsistency of the state policy aimed at construction of regional research infrastructure complexes. The eiciency of local innovation systems is a subject of interest for academic economists. Many rankings are intended to explicitly indicate the comparative advantages of some subjects of the Russian Federation over the others in many diferent aspects. Another line of research relevant to the problem is Regression Modeling. Based on the knowledge production function, Russian researchers studied the dependence of the innovative output in the Russian regions on a large number of factors, including human capital, research funding, productivity of applied research, etc. Despite the impressive number of such works, signiicance of the innovative infrastructure has remained outside the focus of attention. This paper presents the estimates for panel data regression model, which has shown a positive relationship between the presence of innovative territorial cluster and the growth of innovative products. However, under this approach no evidence has been obtained for a positive impact of special economic zones and regional development corporations on regional innovation complexes.

Researches of influence of infrastructure on the economic growth and development of the countries gained currency. However the majority of authors drop the problem of definition of accurate concept of studied object and its criteria out. In the given article various approaches in the definition of «infrastructure» concept, criterion and the characteristics of infrastructure distinguishing it from other capital assets are presented. Such types of infrastructure, as personal, institutional, material, production, social, etc. are considered. Author's definition of infrastructure is given. ; Исследования влияния инфраструктуры на экономический рост и развитие стран получили широкое распространение. Однако большинство авторов проблему определения четкого понятия исследуемого объекта и его критериев опускают. В статье представлены различные подходы в определении понятия «инфраструктура», критерии и характеристики инфраструктуры, отличающие ее от других капитальных активов, рассмотрены такие виды инфраструктуры, как личная, институциональная, материальная, производственная, социальная и др. Дано авторское определение инфраструктуры.

Tourism is becoming one of the perspective/ priority guideline of development of the cross-border regions of Russia. The aim of the study is to determine the general trends and features of tourism infrastructure development as one of the major structural components of a tourist destination, a key factor in the development of regional tourism. The study used the analysis of the conceptual and terminological system, comparison method, analog approach, the method of analysis of time series. Influence of cross-border location on the development of tourism infrastructure is proved on analyzing of indexes of 37 cross-border regions. The condition and level of tourism infrastructure development depend of the nature of cooperation between Russia and neighboring countries in historical aspect. The received practical results allow us to present a comprehensive picture of the state of tourist infrastructure. Besides, they can be used in the study of development of tourist infrastructure and tourist business at the regional level. The practical application of the proposed approach gives an opportunity to expand possible options for management decisions, acting as a tool of regional economic policy in the sphere of tourism.

The task of logistics is to ensure optimal living conditions for urban and rural residents, including the costs of efficiency of operations and services provided to meet the needs of entities operating in it. Implementation of the logistics function is aimed at increasing the quality of life of a given agglomeration's society and improving the work of entities located there, while eliminating unnecessary transport, opening up the communication system, which in consequence should be expressed in the reduction of operating costs and prices of services provided.The article assessed the existing legal and economic environment concerning the acquisition of land for creation the logistic infrastructure facilities. Logistic facilities provide great flexibility in the implementation of economic initiatives. Well developned logistic processes are characterized by: easy networks and supply chains configurations, variety of transport solutions, rich technical and IT infrastructures. All this makes the government administration and local governments obliged to create proper development plans for their land. The idea is that future investors need to have access to complete information about the development plans for investment land of a municipality, county or voivodeship. For future investors, this is an important condition when making business decisions, when they are able to finance their investments, especially using the fiancial support from the available financial programs of the European Union.Problems related to the development of logistic infrastructure elements are extremely complex but at the same time have a significant impact on the shape and pace of economic development. New possibilities for financing logistics infrastructure facilities from EU funds as well as public-private partnerships have opened to Poland. This intensified the activities of investors in acquiring the necessary areas for the creation of logistics infrastructure facilities. Local self-governments faced the opportunity to accelerate the pace of development of their local and regional communities, which required them to create legal basis for spatial development policy and the separation of land for investment activities.

The new branches formation of material production and non-production sphere leads to the need of their geographic study. Therefore, this leads also to the formation of new research directions that, with the development of the theoretical and methodological framework, gains new features of scientific disciplines. Interest in studying of geospatial features of transport infrastructure continuously grows. Formation of the geography of transport infrastructure as the separate scientific direction is connected, first, with the development of the market economy. One of the key factors is a territorial division of labour, which has caused an intensification of exchange processes.There are principles of social production considered in research on the geography of transport infrastructure. Continuous functioning of the transport system is a material basis without which achievement of sustained economic growth is impossible. The economy of the country cannot function efficiently without transport, as it represents a connecting link from production to consumption of various sectors of the economy. Allocation of the geography of transport infrastructure in a separate branch is substantially caused also by its communications with others, in particular, geographical disciplines: physical geography, social and political geography, transport economics etc. The economic and geographical features of countries and regions directly affect transport systems – the general configuration of the transport network, volumes of transportation, the structure of cargo turnover, and the direction of the main freight flows.There is the place of the geography of transport infrastructure in the general system of geographical sciences covered in the article. In addition, it is considered the main approaches to determination of major categories of this scientific direction and is disclosed specific of transport infrastructure as the integral component of the functioning of the national economy and influence of transport on the country economic and social situation.Visn. Lviv. Univ., Ser. Geogr. 2018: 52; 275–282 • DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10193 ; Процес формування нових галузей матеріального виробництва та невиробничої сфери приво­дить до потреби їхнього географічного вивчення. Це, відповідно, зумовлює формування нових наукових напрямів, які з розвитком теоретико-методологічної бази набувають рис нових наукових дисциплін. Інтерес до вивчення геопросторових особливостей транспортної інфра­структури безперервно зростає. Формування географії транспортної інфраструктури як окремого наукового напряму пов'язане, насамперед, з розвитком ринкового господарства. Один із клю­чових чинників – територіальний поділ праці, який зумовив інтенсифікацію обмінних процесів. У дослідженнях з географії транспортної інфраструктури, перш за все, враховано закони суспільного виробництва. Безперервне функціонування транспортної системи є матеріальною основою, без якої досягнення сталого економічного зростання є неможливим. Економіка будь-якої держави не може ефективно функціонувати без транспорту, оскільки він являє собою сполучну ланку від виробництва до споживання різних галузей господарства.Виділення географії транспортної інфраструктури в окрему галузь у значній мірі зумовлено також її зв'язками із іншими, зокрема географічними дисциплінами: фізичною географією, соціальною та політичною географією, економікою транспорту тощо. Економіко-географічні особливості країн та регіонів безпосередньо впливають на транспортні системи – загальну конфі­гурацію транспортної мережі, обсяги перевезень, структуру вантажообороту, та напрям основних вантажних потоків.Висвітлено місце географії транспортної інфраструктури в загальній системі географічних наук, розглянуто основні підходи до визначення найважливіших категорій цього наукового напряму, розкрито специфіку транспортної інфраструктури як невід'ємної складової функціону­вання господарства та вплив транспорту на соціально-економічне становище країни. Вісн. Львів. ун-ту. Сер. геогр. 2018: 52; 275–282 • DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10193